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OBJECTIVES: Mindfulness training reduces anger and aggression, but the mechanisms of these effects are unclear. Mindfulness may reduce anger expression and hostility via reductions in anger rumination, a process of thinking repetitively about angry episodes that increases anger. Previous research supports this theory but used measures of general rumination and assessed only the present-centered awareness component of mindfulness. The present study investigated associations between various aspects of mindfulness, anger rumination, and components of aggression. METHOD: The present study used self-report measures of these constructs in a cross-sectional sample of 823 students. RESULTS: Structural equation modeling revealed that anger rumination accounts for a significant component of the relationship between mindfulness and aggression, with the largest effect sizes demonstrated for the nonjudgment of inner experiences facet of mindfulness. CONCLUSION: Nonjudgment and present-centered awareness may influence aggression via reduced anger rumination. The importance of examining mindfulness as a multidimensional construct is discussed. Language: en

Self-criticism is a form of negative self-evaluation that has strong associations with many forms of psychopathology. Rumination is a maladaptive form of repetitive thinking that is associated with many psychological disorders. Although measures of several different types of rumination (e.g., general rumination, depressive rumination, anger rumination) have been developed, none focuses specifically on self-critical rumination. An initial pool of items addressing self-critical rumination was developed by adapting items from existing rumination measures and through a writing task administered to both student and clinical samples. Following an evaluation of content validity, 24 items were administered to a large sample of undergraduates along with measures of related constructs. The final 10-item version of the Self-Critical Rumination Scale showed excellent internal consistency, a clear single-factor structure, convergent relationships with related constructs, and incremental validity over other measures of self-criticism and rumination in predicting both general distress and features of borderline personality disorder.

Personality traits and resting mean arterial pressure are known to play a role in how people experience and cope with chronic pain, but their relationships with acute pain responses in healthy adults remain unknown. The current study aims to examine the effects of personality variables, blood pressure variables, and their interactions on pain tolerance in a sample of healthy, pain-free adults. Data were collected from 41 pain-free participants. Results revealed a significant crossover interaction such that those with higher mean arterial pressure (MAP) were able to tolerate more pain only at low levels of neuroticism. At high levels of neuroticism, MAP was inversely related to pain tolerance. The current study is the first to our knowledge to suggest that stable personality traits interact with physiology to influence pain tolerance in healthy populations. These findings could be useful in advancing the theoretical understanding of the psychological correlates of pain.

Psychopathy is associated with emotional dysfunction that impedes the experience of emotions such as fear and sadness and has been purported to facilitate violent behavior. However, findings relative to the association between psychopathy and anger have not been reliably substantiated. Theorists have proposed that psychopathy predisposes one to experience greater frustration and anger, whereas other experts have suggested that there is no convincing evidence for this assertion. In the present study, we tested the relationship between psychopathy subfactors and anger subsequent to conflict or non-conflict interactions. Sixty-eight collegiate-men completed the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale and read vignettes depicting either a conflict or non-conflict scenario and were asked to imagine themselves in the situation. Following presentation of the vignettes, participants completed a lexical-decision-task assessing affective states. Results indicated that the psychopathy subfactors demonstrated strong differential associations, where Factor 1 showed negative and Factor 2 showed positive association with anger activation in response to interpersonal conflict. Findings are discussed in terms of the importance of anger as a facilitator of violence in some psychopathic individuals.

Mindfulness training reduces anger and aggression, but the mechanisms of these effects are unclear. Mindfulness may reduce anger expression and hostility via reductions in anger rumination, a process of thinking repetitively about angry episodes that increases anger. Previous research supports this theory but used measures of general rumination and assessed only the present-centered awareness component of mindfulness. The present study investigated associations between various aspects of mindfulness, anger rumination, and components of aggression.The present study used self-report measures of these constructs in a cross-sectional sample of 823 students.Structural equation modeling revealed that anger rumination accounts for a significant component of the relationship between mindfulness and aggression, with the largest effect sizes demonstrated for the nonjudgment of inner experiences facet of mindfulness.Nonjudgment and present-centered awareness may influence aggression via reduced anger rumination. The importance of examining mindfulness as a multidimensional construct is discussed.

The purpose of this chapter is to examine how families deal with bereavement in Kenya. Our discussion is based on the constructivist assumption that bereaved individuals and families construct the meaning of the death of a loved one, shaped by the cultural context but not determined by it. The colonial experience disrupted and reshaped the traditions and belief systems of the numerous ethnic groups in Kenya. We provide an overview of traditional religion and spirituality in three Kenyan ethnic groups (Luo, Luhya, and Embu), give an overview of Kenyan family structure, and then provide a brief case study of a bereavement experience in each of the three tribes. We apply the family strengths perspective to the case study material, illustrating family strengths with excerpts from the bereaved individuals whom we interviewed. Implications of our findings include that established cultural practices support family and community mourning, but that no rituals are in place to support individual mourning, giving little room for grieving at the individual level. Professionals who work outside of their own culture, particularly internationally, will be effective only to the extent that they have cultural awareness and the ability to make sensitive interventions from a global perspective.

A user-centered, iterative design philosophy requires a common language between users, designers and builders to translate user needs into buildable specifications. This paper details the rationale, evolution and implementation of use scenarios—structured narrative descriptions of envisioned system use—in the development of the Alexandria Digital Earth Prototype. This paper discusses the strengths of the scenario approach, obstacles to their use, and lessons learned in the overall development process.

This article provides an overview of the history of internships in undergraduate family science programs as well as describes internships in current baccalaureate family science programs. Although social service internships have been a component of family science programs since the 1970s, standards for them have not been developed. Representatives from 32 U.S. baccalaureate family science programs responded to a survey regarding their internship program. The programs were found to differ in their definitions of terms such as practicum and internship, how many clock hours students serve internships, how far from campus the sites are, which classes and experiences are prerequisites for the internship, who directs and/or administers the experience, the type of sites identified as appropriate, and the professions for which students are being prepared. Future research questions are also identified.

A growing body of evidence has tied borderline personality disorder (BPD) to heightened sensitivity to rejection; however, mechanisms through which rejection sensitivity contributes to BPD features have not been identified. Rejection may lead to the dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies common in BPD, such as impulsive responses to distress, anger rumination, difficulties engaging in goal-oriented behavior, non acceptance of emotions, and low emotional clarity. The present study used self-report measures and bootstrapping procedures to investigate the role of difficulties in emotional regulation in the relationship between rejection sensitivity and borderline personality features in a crosssectional sample of 410 undergraduates. Difficulties in emotion regula tion accounted for significant variance in the relationships between rejection sensitivity and BPD features, with varying sets of deficits in emotion regulation skills accounting for associations with specific BPD features. Potential clinical implications and the need for replication in longitudinal studies are discussed.

Presents an obituary for Mollie Stevens Smart (1916-2012). Mollie attended the University of Toronto, from which she graduated with honors in psychology at age 20 in 1936. She studied and worked at the Merrill-Palmer Institute in Detroit, earning a master's degree in child development from the University of Michigan in 1941. She earned her doctorate in educational psychology at the University of Delhi in 1969. An author, teacher, and mentor, Mollie won Fulbright research grants to India and New Zealand and lectured in the United States, India, New Zealand, Canada, and China. She wrote 26 books, most co-authored with her husband, Russell (Rus) C. Smart. Beginning in the 1940s, when Freudian theory had a strong grip on the popular view of child development, the books placed the developing child in the context of family and community systems. The Smarts' best-selling college textbook Children: Development and Relationships (1967, 1973, 1977, 1982) was based on the theories of Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget. Mollie was a member of the American Psychological Association throughout her professional career and held memberships also in the Society for Research in Child Development, the National Council on Family Relations, the Groves Conference on Marriage and Family, and the Fulbright Association. After moving to Ridgefield, Washington, in 2003 with her daughter Ellen following Rus's death in 1996, she applied her great knowledge to advise a community-based organization that serves the needs of new babies born into destitute families. Mollie died at home in Ridgefield on October 22, 2012, at age 96.

Two prominent emotions in borderline personality disorder (BPD) are shame and anger. Rumination has been demonstrated to occur in response to shame and to escalate anger, and rumination, particularly anger rumination, has been shown to predict BPD symptoms. The present study tested a structural equation model in which shame leads to the features of BPD via increased anger and anger rumination. A sample of 823 undergraduates completed self-report measures of shame, trait-level anger, anger rumination, and BPD features. The hypothesized model of shame to anger and anger rumination to BPD features was largely supported. Bootstrapping was used to establish significant indirect effects from both situational and global forms of shame via anger rumination to BPD features, and from global shame via anger to most BPD features. The alternative hypothesis that anger and anger rumination contribute to BPD features via increased shame was also examined, with no significant indirect effects found. Recognizing this function of anger and anger rumination may be important in understanding the relationship between shame-proneness and BPD features and may have implications for treatment. Further research into determining other ways individuals maladaptively respond to shame, and understanding the functions of anger and anger rumination, is recommended.

Contemporary bereaved parents who usually lack prior experience with the death of an infant or young child also lack understanding of how parents reacted in previous centuries when a child died. This article reviews social science writing on parental bereavement in Anglo-American history, concluding that parents as early as the early seventeenth century have left records of their grief. Cultural understanding and customs surrounding death have changed, and around 1800 women began to leave records of their grief in letters and diaries. Emotional expressiveness following infant death was greatest during the nineteenth century, but decreased toward the end of the century and became taboo in the twentieth. Compared to men's, expressions of grief by women and writings directed toward women have been more expressive of emotion. Relatively little has been written about parental bereavement in the early and mid-twentieth century.

Oxime carbonates (I), (III), (V) and (VII) are found to be excellent precursors for the generation of iminyl radicals under UV irradiation.

Oxime carbonates were found to be excellent precursors for the clean and direct generation of iminyl radicals under UV irradiation. Suitably functionalised iminyls underwent cyclisations yielding various phenanthridines and also substituted quinolines and isoquinolines. EPR and X-ray analyses of oxime carbonates provided insight into the mechanism.

Few studies have examined the therapeutic helping relationship within married couples, and those that have done so have considered stressor events that affect one spouse more than the other. This qualitative study of couples who experienced pregnancy loss and infant death explores the emotional support that spouses give to their partner. A minority of couples did not provide support to each other. In most couples, however, the support was described by both partners as mutual. Among all couples who provided mutual support, most of these perceived a fairly even exchange; some saw the husband as providing more support than he received, and one couple felt that the wife had been the primary helper. Couples who provided very little support to each other were helped by attending a peer support group.

Substance use and levels of cohesion and adaptability were assessed in three consecutive high school freshman classes in a small midwestern city. As predicted, adolescents who perceived their families to be extreme on cohesion and adaptability (measured by FACES II) were more likely than adolescents from balanced and midrange families to use marijuana, alcohol, tobacco, depressants, and psychedelics. Inconsistent results were found for cocaine use. Adolescents from extreme families were especially vulnerable to substance use when a family member was perceived as having a drinking problem.

Purpose: The neuregulin (NRG) 1, 2, and 3 genes undergo extensive alternative mRNA splicing, which results in variants that show structural and functional diversity. The aims of this study were to establish whether the fourth member of this family, NRG4, is expressed in prostate cancer, if it is alternatively spliced and whether any functional differences between the variants could be observed. Experimental Design: The expression of NRG4 was determined using immunohistochemical staining of 40 cases of primary prostate cancer. Bioinformatic analysis and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) using NRG4 isotype-specific primers on a panel of normal and prostate cancer cell lines were used to identify alternatively spliced NRG4 variants. Expression of these variants was determined using isotype-specific antibodies. Transfection into Cos-7 cells of two of these green fluorescent protein-tagged variants allowed analysis of their subcellular location. Four of the variants were chemically synthesized and tested for their ability to activate the ErbB4 receptor. Results: NRG4 was variably expressed in the cytoplasm in the majority of prostate cancer cases, and in a subset of cases in the membrane, high levels were associated with advanced disease stage. Four novel NRG4 splice variants (NRGA2, NRG4 B1-3) were characterized, where each seemed to have a different subcellular location and were also expressed in the cytoplasm of the prostate tumors. NRG4 B3 was also present in endothelial cells. In transfected cells, the A type variant (NRG4 A1) was localized to the membrane, whereas the B type variant (NRG4 B1), which lacks the predicted transmembrane region, had an intracellular localization. Only the variants with an intact epidermal growth factor–like domain activated ErbB4 signaling. Conclusion: NRG4 overexpression is associated with advanced-stage prostate cancer. The alternative splice variants may have different roles in cell signaling, some acting as classic receptor ligands and some with as-yet unknown functions.

Ft. Miami is an historic site in the town of St. Joseph, MI. Its remains are purported to be somewhere below the street, sidewalk, and 450 meter-long narrow park just to the west of downtown, at the top of the bluff overlooking Lake Michigan. Anticipating some utilities upgrades in the area, the city contracted with the WMU Anthropology and Geosciences departments to assess the area prior to excavation. Geophysical surveying was done first, using magnetic gradiometry and GPR along lines separated by 0.5 meters. Sixteen test blocks were surveyed, each 10m wide and ranging from 14-20 meters long. Sections of street were blocked, and pedestrian traffic had to be dealt with. The magnetometer and GPR results were dominated by a system of at least three signatures resembling pipes, sometimes five, between the curb and sidewalk. These were unknown to the city engineer's office, as current utilities are beneath the street. Sprinker systems and large tree roots also complicated the near surface of the GPR images. GPR showed an apparent former land surface at an average depth of 1 meter, and interpretations focused at and below that interface. Archaeological excavations done to date have only found relatively modern artifacts, generally less than 100 years old. More excavation will be done in the next season if time and funding permit.

Fort St. Joseph was a French trading post built in 1691, later conquered by the English, and used until 1781. The exact location of the Fort was unknown for over a century, until archaeological investigations in 1998 recovered 18th Century artifacts along the southeast bank of the St. Joseph River. The site is located between a mid-20th Century landfill and a reservoir on the Saint Joseph River. Strata overlying the remains include a 0.3m organic surface layer and a 19th century silty gray plow zone approximately 0.25m thick. Cesium-vapor magnetometer/gradiometer, GPR, electrical resistivity, and EM induction surveys were employed in 2002 to guide archaeological excavations. All but one of the excavations oriented by the geophysical surveys yielded evidence of the Fort, as reported in SAGEEP 2003. Deposits associated with the geophysical anomalies include burnt pit features, building stones, and a charcoal layer derived from a burnt structure. The magnetometer survey was greatly expanded over the last two years, and additional excavations were made in 2004. At this time, only the boundary of the Fort facing the river has been defined. The surveys can be expanded in the up-river direction, but the landfill likely covers a significant area of the Fort.

[1] Bulk electrical conductivity of sediments during microbial mineralization of diesel was investigated in a mesoscale laboratory experiment consisting of biotic contaminated and uncontaminated columns. Population numbers of oil degrading microorganisms increased with a clear pattern of depth zonation within the contaminated column not observed in the uncontaminated column. Microbial community structure determined from ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer analysis showed a highly specialized microbial community in the contaminated column. The contaminated column showed temporal increases in bulk conductivity, dissolved inorganic carbon, and calcium, suggesting that the high bulk conductivity is due to enhanced mineral weathering from microbial activity. The greatest change in bulk conductivity occurred in sediments above the water table saturated with diesel. Variations in electrical conductivity magnitude and microbial populations and their depth distribution in the contaminated column are similar to field observations. The results of this study suggest that geophysical methodologies may potentially be used to investigate microbial activity.

The Alexandria Digital Earth Prototype (ADEPT) Project (1999--2004) builds upon the Alexandria Digital Library Project (1994--1999) to add functions and services for undergraduate teaching to a digital library of geospatial resources. The 'Digital Learning Environment' (DLE) services are being developed and evaluated iteratively over the course of this research project. In the 2002--2003 academic year, the DLE was implemented during the fall and spring terms in undergraduate geography courses at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB). Evaluation of the fall term implementation identified design issues of time and complexity for creating and organizing course domain knowledge. The spring term implementation added new services to integrate course content into class presentation formats. The implementation was evaluated via interviews with the course instructor, development staff, and students, and by observations (in person and videotaped) of the course. Results indicated that usability and functionality for the instructor had increased between the two course offerings Students found classroom presentations to be useful for understanding concepts, and Web access to the presentations useful for study and review. Assessments of student learning suggest modest improvements over time Developers are now applying lessons learned during these implementations to improve the system for subsequent implementation in the 2003--2004 academic year.

A goal of the Alexandria Digital Earth Prototype (ADEPT) project is to make primary resources in geography useful for undergraduate instruction in ways that will promote inquiry learning. The ADEPT education and evaluation team interviewed professors about their use of geography information as they prepare for class lectures, as compared to their research activities. We found that professors desired the ability to search by concept (erosion, continental drift, etc ) as well as geographic location, and that personal research collections were an important source of instructional materials. Resources in geo-spatial digital libraries are typically described by location, but are rarely described by concept or educational application. This paper presents implications for the design of an educational digital library from our observations of the lecture preparation process. Findings include functionality requirements for digital libraries and implications for the notion of digital libraries as a shared information environment. The functional requirements include definitions and enhancements of searching capabilities, the ability to contribute and to share personal collections of resources, and the capability to manipulate data and images.

The results of a field and laboratory investigation of unconsolidated sediments contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons and undergoing natural biodegradation are presented. Fundamental to geophysical investigations of hydrocarbon impacted sediments is the assessment of how microbial degradational processes affect their geoelectrical response. Therefore, the primary goal of this study was to understand how microbially mediated processes in hydrocarbon impacted sediments influence the geoelectrical response of this impacted zone. The field and laboratory results showed higher bulk conductivity in sediments impacted by petroleum hydrocarbons. The impacted sediments also showed increased populations of alkane degrading microbes and elevated dissolved cations (e.g. Ca). The elevated cations in the contaminated sediments relative to uncontaminated sediments suggest enhanced mineral dissolution related to the microbial degradation of the hydrocarbon. Both the laboratory and field data showed the highest bulk conductivities occurring within zones impacted with the free-phase and residual phase hydrocarbon and not within the water saturated zone. A model using a simplified form of Archie's Law suggests highly elevated estimated pore water conductivities within this conductive zone (~4 to 6 times background bulk conductivity) for both the laboratory and field data. The similar results for hydrocarbon contaminated sediments in laboratory experiments and field settings suggest that the mechanism for the high bulk conductivity in the contaminated zone is related to the microbial metabolism of the hydrocarbon and the resulting geochemical alterations within the contaminated zone. This study demonstrates that the higher bulk conductivity measured by geoelectrical methods at hydrocarbon impacted sites may be in part related to the microbial mineralization of the hydrocarbon.

Childbearing-related losses of 16 elderly Caucasians (13 women and 3 men, aged 69-90) were examined retrospectively in this qualitative study. Recollections of social support, grief at the time of loss, and current meaning attributed to the loss were the foci of the study. Most respondents recalled having felt grief at the time of miscarriage, fetal death, or infant death, and most did not have lingering feelings of grief. Women who did not have grandchildren and who recalled insufficient social support appeared to be more vulnerable to feelings of lasting grief. A life course approach, which examines personal narrative in relation to ontological, generational, and historical time, fits with the interpretation given by elderly respondents to their childbearing losses.

Concepts and their interrelationships are the fundamental building blocks for representing the phenomena investigated in mathematics, science, and engineering (MSE). The knowledge represented in learning materials for the sciences is typically organized around term-based or "weakly-structured" models of concepts and their interrelationships. We introduce a "strongly-structured" model of scientific concepts that provides the foundation for a knowledge base (KB) of concept representations. It focuses on such attributes as the objective representations, operational semantics, use, and interrelationships of concepts, all of which play important roles in constructing representations of phenomena that further understanding of MSE domains of knowledge.We have developed a strongly-structured model of concepts for SME domains in terms of a frame-based KRS with slots and attribute-value fillers. The model, whose framework is shown in Figure 1, is implemented as an XML schema. This schema is used as the basis for creating domain-specific KBs containing XML records of concepts.The Alexandria Digital Library (ADL) Digital Earth Testbed system (http://www.alexandria.ucsb.edu) has been extended with: (1) a KB of scientific concepts, from the domain of physical geography, that are represented in terms of our XML schema for concept representation; (2) a collection of heterogeneous learning materials exemplifying the concepts and their properties in various contexts; and (3) services that provide a variety of views of the content of the KB and associated collection. (Please refer to the JCDL paper "The ADEPT Digital Library Architecture" by Janee and Frew.) This extension to ADL is being deployed in teaching an introductory course in physical geography in Fall, 2002.

This book offers assistance to therapists faced with the task of facilitating mourning and recovery in couples who have lost a foetus or an infant. The authors delineate the steps of an effective grief resolution process and explore the myriad meanings of grief resolution, not only on an individual level, but also in the more complicated dyad of the parental partners and in social ecosystems such as the partners' families of origin, friends, colleagues and community. Partners' behaviours and interaction are viewed in terms of gender role "expectations", and social support is examined both within and outside of the couple relationship.

The purpose of this article is to work toward an understanding of the psychological processes involved in divorce, and to develop a conceptual framework to describe these processes. A review of the literature shows that individuals proceed through various stages of divorce that overlap and do not come in a fixed order. There are tasks that must be accomplished in order for a person to recover from a marriage that has been terminated by divorce. Erikson's stages of man provide a framework through which to view the tasks of recovery from divorce.