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International audience; One of the ways to improve the activity of the sulfide catalysts is to increase the quantity of molybdenum up to contents greater than 15 wt.%. For such high Mo contents, the distribution of MoS2 particles is suspected to play an important role in the catalytic activity. A complete description of the active phase is thus required and implies measuring i) the size and stacking distribution of the isolated slabs, ii) the proportion of Mo involved in aggregates or individual slabs, iii) the size of the aggregates. These steps are essential to deeply explain the intrinsic activity of the catalysts. To address this challenge, Anomalous Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (ASAXS) analyses have been performed on different sets of catalysts, prepared with various organic additives and activated either by a gas sulfidation (1 bar, 350°C,15%H2S/H2) or by real industrial liquid sulfidation (30 bar, 350°C, H2/gas oil/DMDS). Furthermore, the spent catalysts were also characterized after HDS catalytic test on a real feedstock. The aim of this study was not to elucidate in detail the chemical mechanisms involved when using additives or different sulfidation conditions, but rather to better understand the impact of the microstructural organization on catalytic performances and demonstrate the potential of the ASAXS technique to give new insights on the multi-scale organization of the molybdenum active phase. We thus demonstrate that ASAXS allows to obtain a more detailed description of the slabs compared to TEM and, simultaneously, to identify and quantify the aggregation state of the particles which occurs on high loaded catalysts. The role of the additives is clearly highlighted after liquid sulfidation, as we demonstrate the dispersive effect of triethylene glycol and thioglycolic acid and to a lower extent of citric acid. The slab length and 2 stacking are decreased, as well as the aggregate amount and size. The analysis of the spent catalysts have also revealed the significant evolution of the active phase under HDS reaction conditions. Among other parameters, the aggregate amount appears as a relevant descriptor since a correlation is found with the intrinsic catalytic performances, which suggests an issue of active sites accessibility.

Summary Background Whether multiparametric MRI improves the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer and avoids the need for systematic biopsy in biopsy-naive patients remains controversial. We aimed to investigate whether using this approach before biopsy would improve detection of clinically significant prostate cancer in biopsy-naive patients. Methods In this prospective, multicentre, paired diagnostic study, done at 16 centres in France, we enrolled patients aged 18–75 years with prostate-specific antigen concentrations of 20 ng/mL or less, and with stage T2c or lower prostate cancer. Eligible patients had been referred for prostate multiparametric MRI before a first set of prostate biopsies, with a planned interval of less than 3 months between MRI and biopsies. An operator masked to multiparametric MRI results did a systematic biopsy by obtaining 12 systematic cores and up to two cores targeting hypoechoic lesions. In the same patient, another operator targeted up to two lesions seen on MRI with a Likert score of 3 or higher (three cores per lesion) using targeted biopsy based on multiparametric MRI findings. Patients with negative multiparametric MRI (Likert score ≤2) had systematic biopsy only. The primary outcome was the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer of International Society of Urological Pathology grade group 2 or higher (csPCa-A), analysed in all patients who received both systematic and targeted biopsies and whose results from both were available for pathological central review, including patients who had protocol deviations. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02485379, and is closed to new participants. Findings Between July 15, 2015, and Aug 11, 2016, we enrolled 275 patients. 24 (9%) were excluded from the analysis. 53 (21%) of 251 analysed patients had negative (Likert ≤2) multiparametric MRI. csPCa-A was detected in 94 (37%) of 251 patients. 13 (14%) of these 94 patients were diagnosed by systematic biopsy only, 19 (20%) by targeted biopsy only, and 62 (66%) by both techniques. Detection of csPCa-A by systematic biopsy (29·9%, 95% CI 24·3–36·0) and targeted biopsy (32·3%, 26·5–38·4) did not differ significantly (p=0·38). csPCa-A would have been missed in 5·2% (95% CI 2·8–8·7) of patients had systematic biopsy not been done, and in 7·6% (4·6–11·6) of patients had targeted biopsy not been done. Four grade 3 post-biopsy adverse events were reported (3 cases of prostatitis, and 1 case of urinary retention with haematuria). Interpretation There was no difference between systematic biopsy and targeted biopsy in the detection of ISUP grade group 2 or higher prostate cancer; however, this detection was improved by combining both techniques and both techniques showed substantial added value. Thus, obtaining a multiparametric MRI before biopsy in biopsy-naive patients can improve the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer but does not seem to avoid the need for systematic biopsy. Funding French National Cancer Institute.

International audience; Recent technologies such as those using coal, natural gas or biomass as fuel are often facing the challenge of removing H2S impurities. Among the various existing routes for sulfur removal, the conversion of transition metal oxides into sulfides is often considered for deep gas purification. The ideal regenerative system, preventing waste generation, should combine a high affinity material towards H2S and an easy way for its regeneration into the initial oxide form. The present paper describes the reactivity of the ZnMoO4 mixed oxide material and ZnO–MoO3 oxides mixture as potential candidates for the regenerative H2S sorption process. The use of the QXAS technique allowed us to get time resolved information about both sulfidation and oxidative regeneration processes at Mo and Zn K-edges. Faced with the complexity of gas–solid reactions involving several phases, QXAS in combination with multivariate data analysis enabled us to follow the sulfidation and oxidative regeneration kinetics of both materials, with a description of the evolution of several intermediate phases. Both Mo and Zn K-edge spectroscopic data were analyzed and comparison of the evolution of ternary oxides containing the two elements proved to be an effective way for validating the results.Graphical abstract: In situ QXAS study of sulfidation/oxidative regeneration reactions of zinc molybdate (ZnMoO4) and ZnO–MoO3 materials

Operando DRIFT analysis of the surface species observed on Fischer Tropsch catalysts at work has been performed under H 2 /CO syngas at 503 K. Decomposition of the evolution in the IR operando spectra has been done by chemometric analysis in order to depict the modifications occurring on the surface of the nanoparticles as a function of time on stream. Results obtained on three catalysts with different reducibility determined from temperature programmed reduction experiments are confronted in order to correlate the spectral observations to the cobalt surface atoms speciation. Attribution of the IR components in the 2100–1750 cm −1 range is confirmed on the basis of the chemometric decomposition. The component falling in the 2068–2064 cm −1 range is assigned to CO sorbed onto Co° surface atoms of partially H 2 -reduced nanoparticles. This component is found to progressively decrease as a function of catalyst time on stream which indicates a progressive reduction of the nanoparticles under syngas at 503 K.

Summarization: The EKV2.6 MOSFET compact model has had a considerable impact on the academic and industrial community of analog integrated circuit design, since its inception in 1996. The model is available as a free open-source software (FOSS) tool coded in Verilog-A. The present paper provides a short review of foundations of the model and shows its capabilities via characterization and modeling based on a test chip in 180 nm CMOS fabricated via Europractice. Παρουσιάστηκε στο: 49th European Solid-State Device Research Conference

Purpose The objective of this study was to assess the reliability and reproducibility of existing and new computed tomography (CT)-pelvimetry measurements. Material and methods A retrospective cohort study of 63 women with a mean age of 33.9 ± 5.2 (SD) years (range: 19–49 years) was conducted. Classical pelvimetry measurements were collected including the obstetric conjugate (OC), median transverse diameter (MTD), and interspinous diameter (ISD). Additionally, we used multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) mode to define two oblique planes: inlet pelvic plane (IPP) and mid-pelvic plane (MPP) and measure new pelvic parameters, including anteroposterior (APD), transverse diameters and circumference of both IPP and MPP (inletAPD, inletMTD, inletCIRC and midAPD, ISD, midCIRC, respectively). The reproducibility (intra- and inter-observer) of our results were assessed. Multivariate analyses using principal component analysis and clustering methods were conducted to analyze the association between pelvimetry measurements and identify patient sub-groups. Results All linear measurements (OC, inletAPD, MTD, inletMTD, midAPD, and ISD) showed statistically “almost perfect” intra- and inter-observer correlation coefficients (range: 0.924–0.980). Circumferences (inletCIRC and midCIRC) showed statistically “almost perfect” intra- (range: 0.847–0.857) and inter-observer correlation coefficients (range: 0.923–0.957). The measurement of 6 pelvimetric parameters allowed determining three groups of pelvis size. Conclusion New pelvic measurements have excellent reproducibility and are similar to the classical measurements, based on the MPR analysis of CT planes adjusted to the inner bony pelvis.

Recent technologies such as those using coal, natural gas or biomass as fuel are often facing the challenge of removing H2S impurities. Among the various existing routes for sulfur removal, the conversion of transition metal oxides into sulfides is often considered for deep gas purification. The ideal regenerative system, preventing waste generation, should combine a high affinity material towards H2S and an easy way for its regeneration into the initial oxide form. The present paper describes the reactivity of the ZnMoO4 mixed oxide material and ZnO-MoO3 oxides mixture as potential candidates for the regenerative H2S sorption process. The use of the QXAS technique allowed us to get time resolved information about both sulfidation and oxidative regeneration processes at Mo and Zn K-edges. Faced with the complexity of gas-solid reactions involving several phases, QXAS in combination with multivariate data analysis enabled us to follow the sulfidation and oxidative regeneration kinetics of both materials, with a description of the evolution of several intermediate phases. Both Mo and Zn K-edge spectroscopic data were analyzed and comparison of the evolution of ternary oxides containing the two elements proved to be an effective way for validating the results.

International audience; AlPOxNy are the most studied materials among nitrided phosphates in heterogeneous catalysis. Such catalysts were tested in this work for the transesterification reaction of canola oil. High specific surface areas AlPO4 precursors have been prepared using hydrogel or citrate routes. Nitrided powders obtained after thermal reaction under ammonia flow keep high surface areas and nitrogen contents can be modulated depending on the experimental conditions. Both precursor and oxynitrides have been characterized by BET, oxygen and nitrogen analyses, infrared and NMR spectroscopies. The influence of the metal, the alcohol and the nitrogen content on the catalytic performances was also studied. AlPO4 and corresponding nitrided phases (with N wt.%

International audience; Background:Iodinated and gadolinium-based contrast media (ICM; GBCM) induce immediate hypersensitivity (IH) reactions. Differentiating allergic from non-allergic IH is crucial; allergy contraindicates the culprit agent for life. We studied frequency of allergic IH among ICM or GBCM reactors.Methods:Patients were recruited in 31 hospitals between 2005 and 2009. Clinical symptoms, plasma histamine and tryptase concentrations and skin tests were recorded. Allergic IH was diagnosed by intradermal tests (IDT) with the culprit CM diluted 1:10, "potentially allergic" IH by positive IDT with pure CM, and non-allergic IH by negative IDT.Findings:Among 245 skin-tested patients (ICM = 209; GBCM = 36), allergic IH to ICM was identified in 41 (19.6%) and to GBCM in 10 (27.8%). Skin cross-reactivity was observed in 11 patients with ICM (26.8%) and 5 with GBCM (50%). Allergy frequency increased with clinical severity and histamine and tryptase concentrations (p 50% of life-threatening ones. GBCM and ICM triggered comparable IH reactions in frequency and severity. Cross-reactivity was frequent, especially for GBCM. We propose considering skin testing with pure contrast agent, as it is more sensitive than the usual 1:10 dilution criteria.

In this paper, a general, robust, and automatic parameter extraction of nonlinear compact models is presented. The parameter extraction is based on multiobjective optimization using evolutionary algorithms, which allow fitting of several highly nonlinear and highly conflicting characteristics simultaneously. Two multiobjective evolutionary algorithms which have been proved to be robust for a wide range of multiobjective problems [1] – [3] , the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II and the multiobjective covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy, are used in the parameter extraction of a novel power diode compact model based on the lumped charge technique. The performance of the algorithms is assessed using a systematic statistical approach. Good agreement between the simulated and measured characteristics of the power diode shows the accuracy of the used compact model and the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed multiobjective optimization scheme.

Resume Objectif Analyse de la necrose tumorale dans notre population generale d’angiomyolipomes (AML) du rein traites de facon preventive par embolisation. Materiels et methodes Vingt-quatre patients (22 femmes et 2 hommes ; âge moyen : 43 ± 13 ans), soit 30 angiomyolipomes de 137 ± 163 cm 3 de volume moyen, ont ete embolises entre 1996 et 2012. Deux sous-populations de patients ont ete isolees en fonction de la presence ou non d’une necrose lesionnelle post-embolisation. Resultats Les taux de succes technique et clinique etaient respectivement de 97 et de 87 %. Le volume moyen initial de l’AML etait different dans le groupe avec necrose tumorale (331 cm 3 ) et le groupe sans necrose tumorale (88 cm 3 ; p = 0,0047). Le contenu en graisse etait plus important dans le groupe necrose avec un pourcentage de reduction du volume de 65 % pour les lesions graisseuses et de 36 % pour les lesions pauvres en graisse. Les six patients avec necrose etaient embolises par microparticules (1 par microparticules seules et 5 par association coils et microparticules). Tous les AML necroses contenaient des arteres dysplasiques. Conclusion Le volume initial important de l’angiomyolipome expose au risque de necrose tumorale. Il n’y a pas de preuve statistique du role de l’embolisation distale par microparticules en l’absence d’effectif suffisant.

International audience

Submitted to Energy and Buildings; Safety performance is one of the most important considerations in building design. Moreover, new environmental building design allows construction to have a sustainable relationship with the outdoor climate, especially in tropical context. This paper aims at evaluating how conception that allows natural ventilation by mean of passive strategies, affects fire safety performance in buildings. A methodology, combining safety and comfort through a global index, is proposed in order to understand how the consideration of fire safety can affect initial passive design. The use of dynamic thermal simulation associated with fire simulation gives the opportunity to quantify fire performance annually. Sensitivity analysis is performed by using delta moment index. This allows to evaluate the absolute impact of input parameter on both fire safety and thermal comfort outputs. A refined study is then performed by the use of conditional output distribution. It takes into account the relative importance given to fire Safety or thermal comfort concerns. The strong dependence of fire safety, in terms of smoke extraction, on weather conditions, building orientation, occupation profiles and seasons, is demonstrated in naturally ventilated buildings.

International audience; The ability of energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) tomography to provide 3D chemical maps at the nanoscale opens a new way to analyse heterogeneous materials quantitatively. In association with other techniques, EFTEM tomography has been employed in the study of amorphous silica-alumina catalyst supports. Two types of samples prepared either by mechanical mixing (MM) or by the precipitation of silica on boehmite (PSB) that have similar proportions of silica and alumina were analysed. The sample synthesised by the PSB method shows a smaller degree of heterogeneity than the sample obtained by MM. For both types of samples, a higher concentration of alumina was found at the surface, whereas silica mostly constituted the core of the sample. A thermal treatment in a humid atmosphere was shown to redistribute the silica inside the sample as well as on its surface, which decreased the specific surface area at the same time. The acid sites localisation was defined as a specific curve at the interface between the two components upon reaching the surface of the support. The length of this curve, the “alumina–silica boundary line”, was estimated by using EFTEM tomography and discussed qualitatively with the chemical inter-mixing information deduced from additional techniques such as FTIR and NMR spectroscopy.

Resume Objectif Proposer un etat de l’art sur les modalites d’exploration d’imagerie moderne des tumeurs de la voie excretrice urinaire superieure (TVES). Patients et methodes Une revue de la litterature sur Medline a ete realisee en considerant l’ensemble des articles repertories jusqu’en 2014 et en utilisant differentes combinaisons des mots cles suivant : carcinome urothelial ; voie excretrice superieure ; uretere ; bassinet ; scanner ; IRM ; echographie ; urographie. Resultats L’imagerie occupe un role preponderant dans le bilan diagnostique, d’extension et de suivi des tumeurs des voies excretrices superieures (TVES). Le couple echographie/urographie intraveineuse a laisse la place a l’uro-scanner et a l’uro-IRM, qui peuvent aussi etre combines dans certains cas. Cette revue de la litterature presente les techniques d’exploration actuelle et leurs principaux protocoles (notamment l’interet de l’injection de furosemide), detaille les techniques d’interpretation des examens series pour rechercher les TVES ou en faire le diagnostic differentiel, et leurs performances respectives. Enfin, la place de l’imagerie en fonction du contexte dans lequel se presente le patient est discutee. La combinaison et la fusion de differentes modalites (TDM, IRM…) pour un meme objectif est mise en valeur et presentee comme l’evolution probable de l’imagerie des TVES. Conclusion L’uro-TDM est devenu l’examen de reference pour le bilan et la caracterisation des TVES.

Multiparametric MR of the prostate provides an extremely accurate diagnosis and offers an excellent negative predictive value for cancers which biopsies struggle to detect. Combined with biopsies they consolidate both positive and negative biopsy results and allow patients to be offered more appropriate treatments (active monitoring, radical treatment in full knowledge of the topography of the lesions involved, or local treatment, etc.). The investigation does not require advanced equipment and can be carried out in any MR centre although it needs to follow a technical protocol described in the European guidelines (ESUR 2012). Interpretation should be standardized to facilitate communication of clear and consistent information between practitioners.

Resume L’IRM multiparametrique de la prostate permet de diagnostiquer, avec une grande precision et une excellente valeur predictive negative, des cancers que les biopsies peinent a detecter. Couplee aux biopsies, elle permet de consolider leur resultat, tant negatif que positif, et de proposer aux patients des modalites de prise en charge plus adaptees (surveillance active, traitement radical en toute connaissance de la topographie des lesions, traitement focal…). Cet examen ne necessite pas un equipement avance et peut etre realise dans tout centre IRM, mais il doit respecter un protocole technique detaille dans les recommandations europeennes (ESUR 2012). Son interpretation doit etre standardisee pour faciliter la transmission d’une information claire et coherente entre praticiens.

Objective To assess the outcomes of inferior vena cava replacement with polytetrafluoroethylene expanded prosthesis in patients with renal cell carcinoma and caval thrombosis. Methods All patients who underwent radical nephrectomy with inferior vena cava replacement by polytetrafluoroethylene expanded prosthesis for renal cancer associated with inferior vena cava thrombosis and a suspicion of inferior vena cava wall invasion from January 2000 to June 2011 were considered for this study. Demographic data, postoperative course, graft patency and survival data were evaluated. Results A total of 26 patients (median age 59.5 years, range 19.9–85.6 years) were included in the analysis. The median tumor diameter was 10 cm (range 5–14 cm). Histological invasion of the wall of the inferior vena cava was found in 16 (61.5%) cases. The median follow up was 28 months (range 1–136). A graft thrombosis occurred in five (19.2%) patients within the first year. Four of these patients died before the end of the second year. Patency of the inferior vena cava graft at 6 and 12 months was 88% and 79%, respectively. Overall survival probability at 3 years was 64%. Conclusion Prosthetic replacement of the inferior vena cava can be carried out when invasion of the wall of the inferior vena cava is suspected. The postoperative complication rate in this subset of high-risk patients undergoing radical nephrectomy seems acceptable, and the patency of the prostheses is good in most of the cases.

Resume Contexte Depuis les annees 1990, l’agenesie des canaux deferents est identifiee comme une forme mineure de mucoviscidose en raison de la frequence des anomalies du gene CFTR . Elle est responsable d’infertilite masculine par azoospermie obstructive non curable chirurgicalement. Le prelevement chirurgical de sperme et l’injection de spermatozoide en intracytopasmique (ICSI) permettent desormais a ces patients infertiles de devenir peres. Patients et methodes Cent quatre patients consecutifs etaient etudies retrospectivement, avec bilan complet clinique, spermiologique, hormonal, echographique et genetique. Les donnees des prelevements chirurgicaux de sperme et des tentatives d’ICSI etaient colligees. Resultats Soixante-douze pour cent des patients avaient une ou des mutation(s) du gene CFTR , 20 % une anomalie renale decouverte en echographie, 84,5 % une anomalie des vesicules seminales. L’association d’un volume du sperme inferieur a 2 mL avec un pH inferieur a 7,2, un fructose inferieur a 2 et un chlore sudoral moyen superieur a 60 mmol/L permettait d’identifier d’emblee 30 % des patients porteurs de mutation(s) et indemnes d’anomalie renale. Le taux d’extraction de spermatozoides etait de 98 %. Conclusion La recherche de mutations du gene CFTR et l’echographie de l’appareil genito-urinaire sont indispensables au bilan de ces patients. La simple association d’un volume du sperme inferieur a 2 mL avec un pH inferieur a 7,2 et un fructose inferieur a 2 doit d’emblee orienter vers une forme mineure de mucoviscidose et declencher la recherche d’anomalies genetiques et du chlore sudoral. La qualite d’extraction de spermatozoides associee aux progres techniques de la FIV/ICSI permet desormais d’obtenir un excellent taux de grossesse de 66 % chez les compagnes de ces patients infertiles.

Resume L’IRM multiparametrique de la prostate offre actuellement des performances stables et reproductibles. L’utilite des sequences dynamiques est actuellement debattue, car celles-ci ne font quelquefois que confirmer ce qui a deja ete observe sur l’imagerie de diffusion et necessitent l’achat d’un produit de contraste. Les supprimer permettrait peut-etre d’accelerer l’utilisation de l’IRM en complement ou en remplacement des biopsies prostatiques chez certains patients. Cependant, de nombreuses etudes montrent que ces sequences permettent de detecter des lesions invisibles en T2 et diffusion, de mieux en evaluer l’extension et l’agressivite, et enfin de mettre en evidence les recidives apres traitement. Nous presentons les differentes applications de l’IRM dynamique et discutons des consequences possibles de sa suppression du protocole actuel.

Multiparametric MRI (mp-MRI) of the prostate currently provides stable and reproducible performances. The usefulness of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) sequences is currently challenged, as they sometimes only confirm what has already been observed on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and require the additional purchase of a contrast agent. Eliminating these sequences may help accelerate the use of MRI in addition to, or in lieu of, prostate biopsies in selected patients. However, many studies show that these sequences can detect lesions invisible on T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted images, better assess cancer extension and aggressiveness, and finally help detecting recurrence after treatment. We present the various applications of dynamic MRI and discuss the possible consequences of its omission from the current protocol.

To compare biopsy performance of two approaches for multiparametric magnetic resonance (MR)-targeted biopsy (TB) with that of extended systematic biopsy (SB) in prostate cancer (PCa) detection.This institutional review board-approved multicenter prospective study (May 2009 to January 2011) included 95 patients with informed consent who were suspected of having PCa, with a suspicious abnormality (target) at prebiopsy MR. Patients underwent 12-core SB and four-core TB with transrectal ultrasonographic (US) guidance, with two cores aimed visually (cognitive TB [TB-COG]) and two cores aimed using transrectal US-MR fusion software (fusion-guided TB [TB-FUS]). SB and TB positivity for cancer and sampling quality (mean longest core cancer length, Gleason score) were compared. Clinically significant PCa was any 3 mm or greater core cancer length or any greater than 3 Gleason pattern for SB or any cancer length for TB. Statistical analysis included t test, paired χ(2) test, and κ statistic. Primary end point (core cancer length) was calculated (paired t test).Among 95 patients (median age, 65 years; mean prostate-specific antigen level, 10.05 ng/mL [10.05 μg/L]), positivity rate for PCa was 59% (n = 56) for SB and 69% (n = 66) for TB (P = .033); rate for clinically significant PCa was 52% (n = 49) for SB and 67% (n = 64) for TB (P = .0011). Cancer was diagnosed through TB in 16 patients (17%) with negative SB results. Mean longest core cancer lengths were 4.6 mm for SB and 7.3 mm for TB (P.0001). In 12 of 51 (24%) MR imaging targets with positive SB and TB results, TB led to Gleason score upgrading. In 79 MR imaging targets, positivity for cancer was 47% (n = 37) with TB-COG and 53% (n = 42) with TB-FUS (P = .16). Neither technique was superior for Gleason score assessment.Prebiopsy MR imaging combined with transrectal US-guided TB increases biopsy performance in detecting PCa, especially clinically significant PCa. No significant difference was observed between TB-FUS and TB-COG for TB guidance.

MoS2 catalysts were firstly prepared over three different alumina supports gamma c-Al2O3, gamma T-Al2O3, and delta-Al2O3 with the same Mo loading per nm(2). Then, using various deposition methods and different Co-precursors as Co(NO3)(2), Co(acac)(2) and Co(CO)(3)NO, Co-promoted MoS2 catalysts were obtained. The different catalytic systems were tested in hydrodesulfurization (HDS) reactions of thiophene and 4.6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) under atmospheric and high pressure (4 MPa), respectively. For the non-promoted catalysts, we observed for delta-alumina supported system a higher intrinsic catalytic activity than for gamma c-Al2O3 and gamma T-Al2O3. For the Co-promoted systems, the use of cobalt organometallic complex allowed obtaining catalysts which exhibit higher intrinsic activity than the catalysts prepared by impregnation of Co inorganic salts on supported Mo sulfide. Furthermore, the intrinsic catalytic activities of promoted systems obtained with delta-alumina support were always higher than for the classical gamma-alumina. This support effect can be partially explained and supported by physicochemical characterization results of XPS and IR of adsorbed CO at low temperature (77 K). (c) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Vaccination is highly effective to prevent, control, and limit the impact of equine influenza (EI), a major respiratory disease of horses. However, EI vaccines should contain relevant equine influenza virus (EIV) strains for optimal protection. The OIE expert surveillance panel annually reviews EIV evolution and, since 2010, the use of Florida clade 1 and 2 sub-lineages representative vaccine strains is recommended. This report summarises the development process of a fully- updated recombinant canarypox-based EI vaccine in order to meet the last OIE recommendations, including the vaccine mode of action, production steps and schedule. The EI vaccine ProteqFlu contains 2 recombinant canarypox viruses expressing the haemagglutinin of the A/equine/Ohio/03 and A/equine/Richmond/1/07 isolates (Florida clade 1 and 2 sub-lineages, respectively). The updated EI vaccine was tested for efficacy against the representative Florida clade 2 EIV strain A/equine/Richmond/1/07 in the Welsh mountain pony model. Protective antibody response, clinical signs of disease and virus shedding were compared with unvaccinated control ponies. Significant protection was measured in vaccinated ponies, which supports the vaccine registration. The recombinant canarypox-based EI vaccine was the first fully updated EI vaccine available in the EU, which will help to minimise the increasing risk of vaccine breakdown due to constant EIV evolution through antigenic drift.

Resume Objectif L’objectif etait de decrire les caracteristiques cliniques orientant la therapeutique des petites masses renales de moins de 4 cm vers une exerese chirurgicale (tumorectomie ou nephrectomie totale) ou vers une technique ablative (radiofrequence) ou vers une surveillance dans un centre regional de reference en cancerologie. Patients et methodes Etude retrospective de 2000 a 2010, incluant 253 patients consecutifs ayant une masse renale suspecte de moins de 4 cm. Les patients ayant une tumeur de moins de 3 cm ont ete compares a ceux qui avaient une tumeur de 3 a 4 cm. Une analyse des donnees cliniques, pathologiques, de la prise en charge et du suivi a ete realisee, en fonction du traitement fait (exerese chirurgicale, radiofrequence ou surveillance). Resultats Un traitement chirurgical a ete realise pour 214 patients (84,6 %), une radiofrequence pour 15 patients (5,9 %) et une surveillance pour 24 patients (9,5 %). La prise en charge therapeutique des deux groupes de patients ayant une petite masse renale ( Conclusion L’âge et l’etat general des patients ayant une petite masse renale de moins de 4 cm etaient des caracteristiques orientant significativement la therapeutique vers un traitement chirurgical, une radiofrequence ou une surveillance. L’utilisation d’echelles de morbidite geriatrique comme l’indice Charlson ou de Lee devrait permettre de mieux guider le choix therapeutique des sujets âges.

Resume L’IRM multiparametrique de la prostate est un examen indispensable pour le diagnostic, l’evaluation preoperatoire et la planification therapeutique du cancer de la prostate. Cet examen peut detecter avec precision les foyers de cancer dans la glande afin de proposer la prise en charge la plus adaptee, diminuer les risques de surtraitement, mais aussi ne plus meconnaitre certaines lesions agressives ou de topographie inhabituelle mettant en jeu le pronostic. Nous presentons ses principales indications, en mettant l’accent sur les techniques d’interpretation de l’IRM, ses performances et ses limites, ainsi que sur les recentes recommandations europeennes qui soulignent la necessite de les harmoniser au niveau international.

This paper aims to argue the advantages of using routine multiparametric MRI (mp-MRI) prior to the first series of biopsies in patients with suspected cancer of the prostate indicated by a rise in Prostatic Specific Antigen (PSA). Using biopsy targeted onto a lesion seen by MRI, this diagnostic strategy could increase detection of significant cancers and improve evaluation of their grade and size. This strategy would also mean that the detection of insignificant cancers (microfoci detected by chance during systematic biopsy) would decrease, since if the mp-MRI did not give rise to suspicion, the indications for biopsy would be reduced. It could also reduce the number of biopsies to be performed even when the mp-MRI is suspicious, by resorting solely to targeted biopsies. This review does not evaluate the role of mp-MRI in locoregional staging.

Resume Contexte Le carcinome a cellules renales (CCR) du sujet de moins de 40 ans est une entite dont les caracteristiques clinicopathologiques sont peu connues. Le but de cette etude etait d’evaluer ces caracteristiques en comparaison avec celles d’une cohorte de patients âges de 58 et 62 ans. Methode Etude retrospective des patients âges de moins de 40 ans (groupe 1, n = 44) et des patients âges de 58 a 62 ans (groupe 2, n = 106) traites chirurgicalement pour masse renale de janvier 2000 a juillet 2009. Une analyse comparative des caracteristiques clinicopathologiques et de la survie specifique a ete realisee. La survie specifique etait calculee selon la methode de Kaplan-Meier et comparee entre les groupes par le test de Log-Rank. Des analyses uni- et multivariees, selon le modele de Cox, ont ete realisees pour evaluer et quantifier l’amplitude de l’effet de l’âge sur la survie specifique du CCR. Resultats Les caracteristiques cliniques et pathologiques etaient comparables ( p > 0,05) dans les deux groupes hormis le type histologique (56 % de CCR a cellules claires et 23 % de CCR a translocation, pour le groupe 1 versus 82 % et 0 % respectivement, pour le groupe 2, p p = 0,58). Seul le grade de Fuhrman etait un facteur pronostique independant de survie specifique ( p = 0,001). Conclusion Dans cette etude, les patients de moins de 40 ans avaient des proportions de types histologiques de CCR differentes des patients de 58 a 62 ans, notamment le CCR a translocation. La survie specifique liee au cancer etait similaire dans les deux groupes. Seule la recherche systematique de la translocation par immuno-histochimie specifique chez les patients de 40 ans ou moins permettra d’evaluer l’incidence reelle et le pronostic de cette entite.

Objectifs Les anomalies du parenchyme testiculaire et les cancers du testicule sont plus frequents chez les patients infertiles. Le but de notre etude est de recenser sur 10 ans la prise en charge des tumeurs testiculaires decouvertes lors d’un bilan d’infertilite. Dans ce cadre, la frequence accrue de tumeur infra-clinique nous a amene a nous interroger sur la validation de l’orchidectomie partielle. Methodes Il s’agit d’une etude clinique retrospective reprenant tous les patients ayant beneficie d’une orchidectomie totale ou partielle, de janvier 2000 a juillet 2010, pour lesion testiculaire decouverte au cours d’un bilan d’infertilite. Les donnees du bilan, le type de chirurgie et les resultats anatomo-pathologiques ont ete releves. Resultats Quarante-cinq lesions testiculaires ont ete operees. La majorite des tumeurs (80 %) etait non palpable, de decouverte echographique. Dix patients avaient un syndrome de Klinefelter, pour lesquels toutes les lesions etaient benignes. Le geste operatoire a consiste dans 8 cas en une orchidectomie partielle, et 37 cas en une orchidectomie elargie. Une analyse anatomo-pathologique extemporanee a ete realisee dans 13 cas, et a conduit a 2 orchidectomies elargies. L’analyse anatomo-pathologique a mis en evidence 33 lesions benignes (11 hyperplasies leydigiennes, 17 tumeurs a cellules de Leydig, 5 nodules a cellules de Sertoli) et 10 lesions malignes (9 seminomes et 1 teratome mature). Conclusion La majorite des lesions testiculaires non palpables de decouverte echographique au cours d’un bilan d’infertilite est benigne. Il parait licite de discuter une prise en charge conservatrice dans ce contexte, permettant de preserver la fonction endocrine et la fertilite des patients, tout en etant raisonnable sur le plan carcinologique.

Objectifs Evaluer l’apport de l’IRM de prostate avant premiere serie de biopsies. Methodes Au total, 225 patients adresses pour une premiere biopsie de prostate (âge ≤ 75 ans, PSA ≤ 20 ng/mL, TR ≤ T2c) ont ete inclus dans cette etude prospective multicentrique (16 centres). Apres IRM multi-parametrique, un premier operateur sans connaissance de l’IRM a preleve 12 biopsies systematiques (plus deux biopsies optionnelles guidees par echographie). Un second operateur a obtenu des biopsies sur une ou deux cibles suspectes (Likert ≥ 3/5, 3 biopsies par cible). Les biopsies ciblees ont ete realisees sous guidage cognitif (4 centres), fusion echo/IRM (11 centres) ou echographie de contraste (1 centre). Le cancer significatif (CS) etait defini selon 3 definitions : CS-A, ISUP grade groupe (GG) ≥ 2 ou ISUP GG 1 avec invasion maximale ≥ 6 mm ; CS-B, ISUP GG ≥ 2 ; CS-C, ISUP GG ≥ 3. Resultats Le taux de biopsies positives etait de 128/225 (56,9 %) pour tous cancers, 96/225 (42,7 %) pour les CS-A, de 87/225 (38,7 %) pour les CS-B et de 47/225 (20,9 %) pour CS-C. L’IRM etait negative (Likert ≤ 2/5) chez 45 patients (20 %). Suivant la definition du CS, la valeur predictive negative de l’IRM etait de 88,9–95,6 %. Le nombre de patients detectes par les biopsies systematiques seules, les biopsies ciblees seules et les deux types de biopsies etaient de 15, 19 et 62, respectivement pour les CS-A. Il etait respectivement de 12, 18 et 57 pour les CS-B et de 3, 15 et 29 patients pour les CS-C. Conclusion Suivant la definition du CS, les biopsies ciblees ont detecte un CS qui aurait ete rate par les biopsies systematiques chez 6,7–8,4 % des 225 patients. Omettre les biopsies systematiques aurait fait rater un CS chez 1,3-6,7 % des 225 patients.

Objectifs Le traitement optimal des angiomyolipomes (AML) du rein reste debattu. Historiquement, une intervention etaient recommandee lorsque la taille etait superieure a 4 cm. Les deux options therapeutiques les plus repandues sont la nephrectomie partielle (PN) et l’arterio-embolisation selective (AES). Cependant, les etudes comparatives sur leurs indications, avantages et efficacite sont rares. Dans cette etude, notre objectif etait de comparer ces deux options therapeutiques. Methodes Les resultats de patients qui ont ete pris en charge pour des AML par une NP (n = 191) ou AES (n = 51) ont ete analyses retrospectivement. Le critere de jugement principal etait le succes therapeutique defini comme l’absence d’un traitement secondaire du meme type ou de type different (absence de reintervention). Les criteres secondaires etaient les complications post-interventionnelles et la preservation de la fonction renale (perte de DFG). Les complications et la fonction renale etaient evaluees selon la classification de Clavien-Dindo et la formule MDRD, respectivement. Un modele de regression logistique uni- et multivarie a ete utilise pour predire les facteurs de reintervention. Resultats Les caracteristiques generales de la population etudiee sont resumees dans le Tableau 1 . La duree d’hospitalisation etait plus courte dans le groupe AES (moyennes : 4,3 ± 1,6 vs 3,14 ± 3,5 jours ; p = 0,004) de meme que les pertes sanguines. Les complications post-interventionnelles prises globalement (PN :15, 1 vs AES : 13,3 % p = 0,09) ou stratifiees selon la classification de Clavien-Dindo (p = 0,62) etaient identiques dans les deux groupes. Apres un suivi moyen identique entre les deux groupes (33 ± 44 vs 40 ± 44 mois ; p = 0,3), il existait une perte globale moyenne de DFG de 7,7 ± 26 mL/min/1,73 m2 (p = 0,001). Cette perte etait identique entre les deux options therapeutiques (PN : 6,87 ± 26 vs AES : 11,56 ± 23 ; p = 0,36). En revanche, le nombre de reinterventions etait plus important dans le groupe AES (41,6 % vs 4,7 ; p Tableau 2 ). Conclusion Cette etude a permis de mettre en evidence les avantages et les inconvenients des deux traitements les plus frequents de l’angiomyolipome. La PN a plus de morbidite operatoire avec des pertes sanguines et une duree d’hospitalisation plus longue. L’AES permet de controler rapidement les hematomes du retroperitoine mais elle est associee a un taux de reintervention plus important. Enfin, les deux traitements semblent avoir les memes resultats sur la preservation de la fonction renale.

Study Type – Diagnostic (exploratory cohort) Level of Evidence 2b What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? The strategy of prostate targeted biopsies to a multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI)-suspicious area was shown to improve biopsy results. Strategy of targeted biopsies only was not evaluated. In this article we propose that use of pre-biopsy mp-MRI within the diagnostic pathway would result in an enhanced detection of clinically significant disease, fewer men diagnosed with clinically insignificant disease, fewer men biopsied overall and fewer needle deployments in those that are. OBJECTIVE • To compare magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-targeted biopsies with extended systematic biopsies for the detection of significant prostate cancer. METHODS • In all, 555 consecutive patients with suspicion of prostate cancer had pre-biopsy dynamic contrast-enhanced 1.5-tesla (T) MRI with pelvic coil, 10–12 transrectal ultrasound-guided extended systematic biopsies plus two targeted biopsies at any MRI area suspicious for malignancy. • Significant prostate cancer was defined as >5 mm total cancer length and/or any Gleason pattern >3. • Cancer length and grade at biopsy were reported and located on a 24-sector map. RESULTS • Median (range) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was 6.75 (0.18–100) ng/mL. • MRI was positive in 351 (63%) patients and, overall, 302 (54%) had cancer at extended systematic biopsies and/or targeted biopsies. Of 302 cancers detected, 249 (82%) were significant prostate cancers and 53 (18%) were nonsignificant prostate cancers. • Extended systematic biopsies did not detect 12 significant prostate cancers and targeted biopsies did not detect 13 significant prostate cancers. For significant prostate cancer detection, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of targeted biopsies were 0.95, 1.0 and 0.98. The values for extended systematic biopsies were 0.95, 0.83, and 0.88. • The detection accuracy of significant prostate cancer by targeted biopsies was higher than that by extended systematic biopsies (P < 0.001). Targeted biopsies also detected 16% more grade 4/5 cases and better quantified the cancer than extended systematic biopsies, with cancer length of 5.56 vs. 4.70 mm (P= 0.002). • A targeted biopsies-only strategy without extended systematic biopsies would have necessitated a mean of 3.8 cores performed in only 63% of patients with positive MRI and avoided the potentially unnecessary diagnosis of 13% (53/302) of nonsignificant prostate cancers. CONCLUSIONS • Strategy of targeted biopsies alone at pre-biopsy MRI-suspicious areas is an attractive potential alternative to extended systematic biopsies for detection of significant prostate cancer. • Further studies are necessary to validate the strategy of targeted biopsies alone.

The purpose of this article is to review both routine T2-weighted and new MRI techniques in the imaging of prostate cancer (PCa) for focal therapy. T2-weighted imaging, knowledge of MRI prostate zonal anatomy, cancer morphology, and intraprostatic tumor spread remain essential for clinical PCa imaging; however, new techniques, such as dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, diffusion-weighted imaging, and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging yield significant improvements in identification and volume estimation. Potential advantages of 3 Tesla MRI are adequate imaging without an endorectal coil. Future studies should work toward helping define standard, reproducible approaches to multimodality MRI and image reporting for research and clinical practice.

OBJECTIVES To determine the diagnostic performance of dynamic contrast-enhanced-magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) in the identification of intraprostatic cancer foci related to cancer volume at histopathology, in patients with clinically localized cancer treated by radical prostatectomy, with whole-mount histopathologic sections as the reference standard. METHODS Eighty-three consecutive radical prostatectomy specimens from patients referred for a prostate-specific antigen elevation were correlated with prebiopsy MRI. MRI results ranked on a 5-point scale were correlated with the findings of histopathology maps in 8 prostate sectors, including volume, largest surface area, and percentage of Gleason grade 4/5. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was used. RESULTS Median prostate-specific antigen was 8.15 ng/mL. DCE-MRI was suspicious in 55 (66%) out of 83 patients. A separate cancer foci (mean 2.55 per patient) was present in 212 (34%) of 664 octants and DCE-MRI was suspicious in 68 of 212. Sensitivity and specificity of DCE-MRI at score 3.4 or 5 for identification of cancer foci at any volume was 32% and 95%, respectively. For identification of cancer foci > 0.5 mL, the sensitivity and specificity were 86% and 94%, respectively, with the under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.874. Mean volume of DCE-MRI detected and missed cancers were 2.44 mL (0.02-14.5) and 0.16 mL (0.005-2.4), respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of DCE-MRI for identification of > 10% of Gleason grade 4/5 were 81% and 82%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS DCE-MRI can accurately identify intraprostatic cancer foci. Possible applications are guidance for biopsies, selection of patients for watchful waiting, and focal treatment planning.