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In this paper, the authors discuss the modal and lasing properties of multicore photonic crystal fiber lasers in the context of high power/energy production from fiber cores with very large mode area. Supermode selection methods like Talbot imaging or far-field aperturing are tested using 6-, 7-, and 18-core fibers. It is shown that in-phase mode selection is achieved efficiently by using either method. The fibers have been tested in continuous-wave (CW) and Q-switched laser operation. The mode field area is as large as 4240 mum2 for one of the fibers, providing up to 2 mJ of pulse energy in Q-switched operations with 30 ns pulse duration.

Multiple-core fibers offer the possibility of creating fiber lasers with enlarged effective core diameter, while simultaneously controlling mode shape and quality. A review is presented of the basic theory used for design, and examples presented of such lasers operating in Q-switched mode. Examples of active, non-interacting, and passive multiple-core fibers are also presented.

A review of the development of nonlinear materials suitable for use in the mid-IR (3 to 5 μm) is presented. This examines the properties, performance, limitations and availability of a range of materials, including birefringently phasematched crystals and engineered quasi-phasematched materials. Higher-order nonlinear processes in alternative materials are also considered and a discussion on material suitability for down-conversion of near-IR lasers into the mid-IR to meet various application requirements is also presented.

Demanding real-time data processing applications are driving the need for high-throughput programmable logic. Improvements to computing speed from reduction of processor feature sizes are predicted, but these are expected to be hampered within the next 2-5 years by the limitations of metallic interconnects between processors. Optical interconnect alternatives have been attempted, but independent optical channel densities are, at present, restricted by conventional fiber dimensions. In this paper a novel solution to this problem is presented employing a multi-core microstructured fiber. In this type of fiber, a photonic crystal fiber (PCF), the core is a solid silica region surrounded by air holes shot through the length of the fiber. This is created by stacking capillaries and solid canes of silica to create a preform, with the structure preserved after drawing down; a core may be created by replacing an air hole by a solid cane. The criteria for the fiber design are discussed: a bit error rate restriction leads to an upper limit for cross-coupling between cores and hence the distance (or number of air holes) between each channel. Modeling indicates a final fiber design containing 37 cores 31.25 microns apart, equivalent to a density of 1150 independent channels per millimeter squared. Details of an optical transmitting/receiving system utilizing four of the channels and arrays of VCSELs as transmitters and receivers are described. Future improvements to the system are discussed.

In this paper, we show that it is possible to arrange for an 18-core photonic crystal fibre (PCF) laser to operate in the fundamental in-phase supermode. The mode divergence is as small as 12.5 mrad. The equivalent mode field diameter is about 52 μm. Mode filtering is provided by a pinhole in the far field. The laser is Q-switched using an Acousto-Optic Modulator (AOM). An output power up to 65 W at a repetition rate of 50 kHz (corresponding to 1.3 mJ per pulse), with 22 ns short pulses, has been obtained with a slope efficiency of 46%. Ongoing amplification experiments are briefly described. Limiting factors (end facet damage threshold and thermal dissipation) are discussed for further scaling of this laser concept.

We report on the laser properties of multicore photonic crystal fiber lasers. A stable phase locking of six- and seven-core structures through evanescent coupling is observed. Effective supermode selection is obtained by using both diffraction losses and the Talbot effect. A pure in-phase supermode is obtained (1.1 times diffraction limited). The laser operating in this mode has a slope efficiency of 70% with up to 44 W of output power. The modal area of the in-phase supermode multicore fiber is 1150 microm2, which makes it, to our knowledge, the single-mode fiber laser with the largest mode field area. In-phase laser action is stable when the fiber is bent.

Laser damage thresholds of 10 and 20 micron-core diameter solid-core photonic crystal fibres (PCF) and hollow-core photonic band gap (PBG) fibres have been measured. The studies were carried out using a Nd:Yag laser (30nsec pulses at 10Hz), which is optimally coupled into the fibres by careful mode matching, providing a coupling efficiency greater than 90%. It has been shown that the damage threshold of the 10-micron PBG fibre occurs for pulse energies close to 1 mJ, equivalent to a fluence well in excess of 1kJ/cm 2 propagating down the fibre. This is a factor of 4 larger than the damage threshold of the 10-micron diameter solid-core PCF. However, the damage threshold of the large-core PBG is smaller than that of the PCF. Theoretical modelling based only on the optical modal properties of the single-mode PBG fibre shows that an enhancement by a factor 25 should be obtainable. Thus there are different mechanisms potentially responsible for the fragility of larger core PBG fibres. In an experimental study of bend losses it ahs been found that it is possible to bend the 10-micron PBG fibre up to the breaking point bend radius (less than 1mm). The critical bend radius for the 20-micron PCF. A summary will be presented of the results of the experimental and theoretical studies, highlighting possible reasons for the observed trends for the two different forms of fibre.

Laser damage thresholds of 8 μm- and 22 μm-core diameter solid-core photonic crystal fibres (PCF) and hollow-core photonic band gap (PBG) fibres have been measured. The studies were carried out using a 1.06 μm Nd:YAG laser (30 nsec pulses at 10 Hz), which is optimally coupled into these fibres by careful mode matching, providing a coupling efficiency greater than 90%. It has been shown that the damage threshold of the 8 μm core PBG fibre occurs at pulse energies close to 1 mJ, equivalent to a fluence well in excess of 1 kJ/cm 2 propagating down the fibre. This is a factor of 4 larger than the damage threshold of a solid-core PCF of similar core diameter. In comparison, the damage threshold of the large-core PBG is smaller than that of the equivalent PCF. Theoretical modelling based only on the optical modal properties of the single-mode PBG fibre shows that an enhancement by a factor of 25 should be obtainable. Thus there are different damage mechanisms potentially responsible for the fragility of larger-core PBG fibres. In an experimental study of bend losses it has been found that it is possible to bend the 8 μm PBG fibre up to the breaking point bend radius (

We have analysed different 1D and 2D arrays of evanescently coupled cores within a fibre laser structure. The supermodes (phase-locked modes) have been calculated using coupled mode theory. We show that without a Talbot mirror, the out-of-phase supermode has the lowest threshold. Supermode selection is obtained using a Talbot cavity. A threshold analysis is carried out and it is shown than the in-phase supermode can be selected for a densely packed array of cores. 2D core structures are much more effective than 1D core structures for in-phase supermode selection. The influence of parameters like the strength of the evanescent coupling constant or the core-to-core detunings of propagation constant on the dynamical stability of the supermodes is investigated. We give figures of the minimum bend radius for phase locking. We show that large multicore structures can potentially be bent tighter than the equivalent single large core fibre laser.

In the near future several astronomical observatories in Chile areplanning to use sodium laser guide stars to increase the sky coverageprovided by their adaptive optics facilities. Knowledge of themesospheric sodium layer behavior is crucial to predict the performanceof future laser guide star adaptive optics systems. Whereas the sodiumlayer has been observed quite extensively at several locations, many ofthem in the Northern Hemisphere, very little measurements have been madein Chile. The Gemini Observatory therefore initiated a year-long sodiummonitoring campaign at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatorylocated only a few kilometers away from the Gemini South telescope wherea conventional laser guide star facility will be offered to thecommunity in 2005, soon to be upgraded to a multi-conjugate adaptiveoptics system with five laser guide stars. This paper reports on thelaser-based sodium monitoring experimental set up and data reductiontechniques, and presents some preliminary results on the sodium columndensity and layer altitude variations observed from February 2001 toFebruary 2002. Implications for the Gemini South Adaptive Optics systemexpected performance are presented as well. (Less)

International audience; We show how the resolution of an experimental spectrum influences the standard statistical tests of random matrix theory such as the nearest neighbor distribution, the Fourier transform, or the number variance. A new experiment on very highly excited vibrational states of CS2 is analyzed in light of these new results. The resolution problem in the published results concerning the molecular vibrational chaos is then examined.

We present the windowed Fourier transform or vibrogram of 960 experimental vibrational levels of CS{sub 2} up to 19150 cm{sup -1}. The averaged vibrogram shows the evolution of the correlation hole. Then the dynamics at short times is investigated by the periodic orbit theory. The first recurrences of the vibrogram are assigned in terms of winding numbers of an integrable 3D resonance model. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}

In this paper the length of a photonic crystal fiber is optimised to perform high average output power parametric generation with maximum efficiency. It is shown that the fiber length has to be increased up to 150 m, well beyond the walk-off distance between the pump and signal/idler, to optimize the generation efficiency. In this regime, the Raman process can take over from four-wave mixing and lead to supercontinuum generation. It is shown that the parametric wavelength conversion is directional; probably due to small variations in the core dimensions along the fiber length. The fiber exhibits up to 40% conversion efficiency, with the idler (0.9 microm) and the signal (1.3 microm) having a combined output power of over 1.5 W.

We model and characterize the behavior of a Q-switched fiber laser. The fiber is a doped multicore photonic crystal fiber having six cores in a ring-type geometry. The fiber laser is Q-switched using an intracavity acousto-optic modulator. Using a mode filtering technique in the far field, a mode very close to the fundamental in-phase supermode is obtained with a mode field area of 4200 microm(2) and a divergence of 9 mrad. Pulses with energies of up to 2.2 mJ and durations of 26 ns (limited by end facet damage) at a repetition rate of 10 kHz are obtained.

A novel microstructured fibre has been created for use in an optical interconnection system. The fibre has low crosstalk with a high density of cores corresponding to 1150 channels/mm/sup 2/. A repeating pseudorandom binary sequence has been used to demonstrate a four-channel transmit/receive system using vertical cavity surface emitting lasers as both emitters and detectors.