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1. Mycoplasma agalactiae ST35: a new sequence type with a minimal accessory genome primarily affecting goats

Author

George Filioussis, Georgios Bramis, Evanthia Petridou, Nektarios D. Giadinis, Laurent-Xavier Nouvel, Christine Citti, and Joachim Frey

Subjects
Mycoplasma agalactiae, Sequence type 35, Goats, Full genome, Contagious agalactia, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract

Abstract Background Mycoplasma agalactiae, causing agent of contagious agalactia, infects domestic small ruminants such as sheep and goats but also wild Caprinae. M. agalactiae is highly contagious and transmitted through oral, respiratory, and mammary routes spreading rapidly in an infected herd. Results In an outbreak of contagious agalactia in a mixed herd of sheep and goats, 80% of the goats were affected displaying swollen udders and loss of milk production but no other symptom such as kerato-conjunctivitis, arthritis or pulmonary distress commonly associated to contagious agalactia. Surprisingly, none of the sheep grazing on a common pasture and belonging to the same farm as the goats were affected. Whole genome sequencing and analysis of M. agalactiae strain GrTh01 isolated from the outbreak, revealed a previously unknown sequence type, ST35, and a particularly small, genome size of 841′635 bp when compared to others available in public databases. Overall, GrTh01 displayed a reduced accessory genome, with repertoires of gene families encoding variable surface proteins involved in host-adhesion and variable antigenicity being scaled down. GrTh01 was also deprived of Integrative Conjugative Element or prophage, and had a single IS element, suggesting that GrTh01 has a limited capacity to adapt and evolve. Conclusions The lack of most of the variable antigens and the Integrative Conjugative Element, both major virulence- and host specificity factors of a M. agalactiae strain isolated from an outbreak affecting particularly goats, indicates the implication of these factors in host specificity. Whole genome sequencing and full assembly of bacterial pathogens provides a most valuable tool for epidemiological and virulence studies of M. agalactiae without experimental infections.

Published
2022
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2. Mycoplasmas under experimental antimicrobial selection: The unpredicted contribution of horizontal chromosomal transfer.

Author

Marion Faucher, Laurent-Xavier Nouvel, Emilie Dordet-Frisoni, Eveline Sagné, Eric Baranowski, Marie-Claude Hygonenq, Marc-Serge Marenda, Florence Tardy, and Christine Citti

Subjects
Genetics, QH426-470
Abstract

Horizontal Gene Transfer was long thought to be marginal in Mycoplasma a large group of wall-less bacteria often portrayed as minimal cells because of their reduced genomes (ca. 0.5 to 2.0 Mb) and their limited metabolic pathways. This view was recently challenged by the discovery of conjugative exchanges of large chromosomal fragments that equally affected all parts of the chromosome via an unconventional mechanism, so that the whole mycoplasma genome is potentially mobile. By combining next generation sequencing to classical mating and evolutionary experiments, the current study further explored the contribution and impact of this phenomenon on mycoplasma evolution and adaptation using the fluoroquinolone enrofloxacin (Enro), for selective pressure and the ruminant pathogen Mycoplasma agalactiae, as a model organism. For this purpose, we generated isogenic lineages that displayed different combination of spontaneous mutations in Enro target genes (gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE) in association to gradual level of resistance to Enro. We then tested whether these mutations can be acquired by a susceptible population via conjugative chromosomal transfer knowing that, in our model organism, the 4 target genes are scattered in three distinct and distant loci. Our data show that under antibiotic selective pressure, the time scale of the mutational pathway leading to high-level of Enro resistance can be readily compressed into a single conjugative step, in which several EnroR alleles were transferred from resistant to susceptible mycoplasma cells. In addition to acting as an accelerator for antimicrobial dissemination, mycoplasma chromosomal transfer reshuffled genomes beyond expectations and created a mosaic of resistant sub-populations with unpredicted and unrelated features. Our findings provide insights into the process that may drive evolution and adaptability of several pathogenic Mycoplasma spp. via an unconventional conjugative mechanism.

Published
2019
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3. Mycoplasma bovis in Spanish Cattle Herds: Two Groups of Multiresistant Isolates Predominate, with One Remaining Susceptible to Fluoroquinolones

Author

Ana García-Galán, Laurent-Xavier Nouvel, Eric Baranowski, Ángel Gómez-Martín, Antonio Sánchez, Christine Citti, and Christian de la Fe

Subjects
Mycoplasma bovis, minimum inhibitory concentration, antimicrobial resistance, mutations, Spain, Medicine
Abstract

Mycoplasma bovis is an important bovine pathogen causing pneumonia, mastitis, and arthritis and is responsible for major economic losses worldwide. In the absence of an efficient vaccine, control of M. bovis infections mainly relies on antimicrobial treatments, but resistance is reported in an increasing number of countries. To address the situation in Spain, M. bovis was searched in 436 samples collected from beef and dairy cattle (2016–2019) and 28% were positive. Single-locus typing using polC sequences further revealed that two subtypes ST2 and ST3, circulate in Spain both in beef and dairy cattle, regardless of the regions or the clinical signs. Monitoring of ST2 and ST3 isolates minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to a panel of antimicrobials revealed one major difference when using fluoroquinolones (FQL): ST2 is more susceptible than ST3. Accordingly, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) further identified mutations in the gyrA and parC regions, encoding quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR) only in ST3 isolates. This situation shows the capacity of ST3 to accumulate mutations in QRDR and might reflect the selective pressure imposed by the extensive use of these antimicrobials. MIC values and detection of mutations by WGS also showed that most Spanish isolates are resistant to macrolides, lincosamides, and tetracyclines. Valnemulin was the only one effective, at least in vitro, against both STs.

Published
2020
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4. Impacts of

Author

Emilie, Dordet-Frisoni, Céline, Vandecasteele, Rachel, Contarin, Eveline, Sagné, Eric, Baranowski, Christophe, Klopp, Laurent-Xavier, Nouvel, and Christine, Citti

Subjects
Mycoplasma agalactiae, Epigenome, Gene Transfer, Horizontal, DNA Restriction-Modification Enzymes, Genome, Bacterial
Abstract

DNA methylations play an important role in the biology of bacteria. Often associated with restriction modification (RM) systems, they are important drivers of bacterial evolution interfering in horizontal gene transfer events by providing a defence against foreign DNA invasion or by favouring genetic transfer through production of recombinogenic DNA ends. Little is known regarding the methylome of the

Published
2022

5. Genome Mosaicism in Field Strains of Mycoplasma bovis as Footprints of In-Host Horizontal Chromosomal Transfer

Author

Christian de la Fe, Mathilda Walch, Christine Citti, Eric Baranowski, Laurent-Xavier Nouvel, Guillaume Croville, Ana García-Galán, and Marie-Claude Hygonenq

Subjects
Mycoplasma bovis, Genetics, Gene Transfer, Horizontal, Ecology, Phylogenetic tree, biology, Mosaicism, Mycoplasma, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease_cause, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Genome, Horizontal gene transfer, Mollicutes, medicine, Animals, Cattle, Evolutionary and Genomic Microbiology, Insertion sequence, Mobile genetic elements, Pathogen, Phylogeny, Tenericutes, Food Science, Biotechnology
Abstract

Horizontal gene transfer was long thought to be marginal in Mollicutes, but the capacity of some of these wall-less bacteria to exchange large chromosomal regions has been recently documented. Mycoplasma chromosomal transfer (MCT) is an unconventional mechanism that relies on the presence of a functional integrative conjugative element (ICE) in at least one partner and involves the horizontal acquisition of small and large chromosomal fragments from any part of the donor genome, which results in progenies composed of an infinite variety of mosaic genomes. The present study focuses on Mycoplasma bovis, an important pathogen of cattle responsible for major economic losses worldwide. By combining phylogenetic tree reconstructions and detailed comparative genome analyses of 36 isolates collected in Spain (2016 to 2018), we confirmed the mosaic nature of 16 field isolates and mapped chromosomal transfers exchanged between their hypothetical ancestors. This study provides evidence that MCT can take place in the field, most likely during coinfections by multiple strains. Because mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are classical contributors of genome plasticity, the presence of phages, insertion sequences (ISs), and ICEs was also investigated. Data revealed that these elements are widespread within the M. bovis species and evidenced classical horizontal transfer of phages and ICEs in addition to MCT. These events contribute to wide-genome diversity and reorganization within this species and may have a tremendous impact on diagnostic and disease control. IMPORTANCE Mycoplasma bovis is a major pathogen of cattle that has significant detrimental effects on economics and animal welfare in cattle rearing worldwide. Understanding the evolution and the adaptative potential of pathogenic mycoplasma species in the natural host is essential to combating them. In this study, we documented the occurrence of mycoplasma chromosomal transfer, an atypical mechanism of horizontal gene transfer, in field isolates of M. bovis that provide new insights into the evolution of this pathogenic species in their natural host. Although these events are expected to occur at low frequency, their impact is accountable for genome-wide variety and reorganization within M. bovis species, which may compromise both diagnostic and disease control.

Published
2022

6. Genome mosaicism in field strains of Mycoplasma bovis as footprints of in-host horizontal chromosomal transfer

Author

Christian de la Fe, Eric Baranowski, Ana García-Galán, Marie-Claude Hygonenq, Christine Citti, Guillaume Croville, Laurent-Xavier Nouvel, and Mathilda Walch

Subjects
Genetics, Phylogenetic tree, Horizontal gene transfer, medicine, Mollicutes, Mycoplasma, Biology, Mobile genetic elements, Insertion sequence, medicine.disease_cause, biology.organism_classification, Pathogen, Genome
Abstract

Horizontal gene transfer was long thought to be marginal in Mollicutes, but the capacity of some of these wall-less bacteria to exchange large chromosomal regions has been recently documented. Mycoplasma chromosomal transfer (MCT) is an unconventional mechanism that relies on the presence of a functional integrative conjugative element (ICE) in at least one partner and involves the horizontal acquisition of small and large chromosomal fragments from any part of the donor genome, which results in progenies composed of an infinitive variety of mosaic genomes. The present study focuses on Mycoplasma bovis, an important pathogen of cattle responsible for major economic losses worldwide. By combining phylogenetic tree reconstructions and detailed comparative genome analyses of 36 isolates collected in Spain (2016-2018) we confirmed the mosaic nature of 16 field isolates and mapped chromosomal transfers exchanged between their hypothetical ancestors. This study provides evidence that MCT can take place in the field, most likely during co-infections by multiple strains. Because mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are classical contributors of genome plasticity, the presence of phages, insertion sequences (ISs) and ICEs was also investigated. Data revealed that these elements are widespread within the M. bovis species and evidenced classical horizontal transfer of phages and ICEs in addition to MCT. These events contribute to wide-genome diversity and reorganization within this species and may have a tremendous impact on diagnostic and disease control.IMPORTANCEMycoplasma bovis is a major pathogen of cattle with significant detrimental economic and animal welfare on cattle rearing worldwide. Understanding the evolution and the adaptative potential of pathogenic mycoplasma species in the natural host is essential to combating them. In this study, we documented the occurrence of mycoplasma chromosomal transfer, an atypical mechanism of horizontal gene transfer, in field isolates of M. bovis that provide new insights into the evolution of this pathogenic species in their natural host. Despite these events are expected to occur at low frequency, their impact is accountable for genome-wide variety and reorganization within M. bovis species, which may compromise both diagnostic and disease control.

Published
2021

7. Detection of a novel enterotropic Mycoplasma gallisepticum-like in European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) around poultry farms in France

Author

Chloé Le Gall-Ladevèze, Guillaume Le Loc’h, Laurent-Xavier Nouvel, Guillaume Croville, Marie-Claude Hygonenq, Jean-Luc Guérin, and Marie Souvestre

Subjects
Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Farms, Population, Zoology, Animals, Wild, medicine.disease_cause, Poultry, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, medicine, Animals, Mycoplasma Infections, education, Phylogeny, Poultry Diseases, DNA Primers, education.field_of_study, General Veterinary, General Immunology and Microbiology, biology, Starling, Outbreak, General Medicine, Mycoplasma, biology.organism_classification, Commensalism, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, Sturnus, Starlings, Chickens
Abstract

Recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in southwest France have raised questions regarding the role of commensal wild birds in the introduction and dissemination of pathogens between poultry farms. To assess possible infectious contacts at the wild-domestic bird interface, the presence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) was studied in the two sympatric compartments in southwest France. Among various peridomestic wild birds (n = 385), standard PCR primers targeting the 16S rRNA of MG showed a high apparent prevalence (up to 45%) in cloacal swabs of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris, n = 108), while the MG-specific mgc2 gene was not detected. No tracheal swab of these birds tested positive, and no clinical sign was observed in positive birds, suggesting commensalism in the digestive tract of starlings. A mycoplasma strain was then isolated from a starling swab and its whole genome was sequenced using both Illumina and Nanopore technologies. Phylogenetic analysis showed that it was closely related to MG and M. tullyi, although it was a distinct species. A pair of specific PCR primers targeting the mgc2-like gene of this MG-like strain was designed and used to screen again the same avian populations and a wintering urban population of starlings (n = 50). Previous PCR results obtained in starlings were confirmed to be mostly due to this strain (20/22 positive pools). In contrast, the strain was not detected in fresh faeces of urban starlings. Furthermore, it was detected in one cloacal pool of white wagtails, suggesting infectious transmissions between synanthropic birds with similar feeding behaviour. As the new starling mycoplasma was not detected in free-range ducks (n = 80) in close contact with positive starlings, nor in backyard (n = 320) and free-range commercial (n = 720) chickens of the area, it might not infect poultry. However, it could be involved in mycoplasma gene transfer in such multi-species contexts. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Published
2021

8. First detection of Mycoplasma wenyonii in France: Identification, evaluation of the clinical impact and development of a new specific detection assay

Author

Marie-Claude Hygonenq, Enrico Martinelli, Renaud Maillard, François Schelcher, Philippe Le Page, Laurent Xavier Nouvel, Christine Citti, Guillaume Catays, Hisashi Inokuma, Éric Collin, Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Veterinary Practice, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, and This work was supported by the French Ministry for Agriculture and Food and by the National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA).

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, 040301 veterinary sciences, Anemia, Specific detection, 030231 tropical medicine, Immunology, Pcr assay, Mycoplasma wenyonii, Cattle Diseases, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Microbiology, 0403 veterinary science, 03 medical and health sciences, Mycoplasma, 0302 clinical medicine, Epidemiology, Prevalence, Mycoplasma ovis, medicine, Animals, Immunology and Allergy, Mycoplasma Infections, polC, Hemoplasma, Molecular identification, General Veterinary, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Virology, 3. Good health, Molecular Typing, Infectious Diseases, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Cattle, France, Asymptomatic carrier
Abstract

International audience; Mycoplasma wenyonii, a hemoplasma infecting cattle, was never detected in France. In 2014, evocative inclusions were observed in erythrocytes from cattle presenting milk drops, anemia, and edema in Brittany (France). A survey was then initiated to investigate the epidemiological situation and correlate mycoplasma detection with clinical signs. For this purpose, a new PCR assay targeting polC gene was designed. Comparative results with published PCR assays place this new one as more specific, allowing a one-step diagnosis without further sequencing. A total of 181 cows were included in this study and 4.97% (n=9) were positive, resulting in the first molecular identification of M. wenyonii in France. All positive animals presented anemia, edema and milk drop. When selecting animals presenting evocative clinical signs, the prevalence of M. wenyonii in Brittany was estimated to 25.6%. Further studies are needed to evaluate the importance of the infection, the implication of arthropods and the existence of asymptomatic carriers.

Published
2019

9. The Airway Pathobiome in Complex Respiratory Diseases: A Perspective in Domestic Animals

Author

Núria Mach, Eric Baranowski, Laurent Xavier Nouvel, Christine Citti, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative (GABI), Université Paris-Saclay-AgroParisTech-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and This work was supported by financial supports from INRAE..

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), pathobiome, Microbiota, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Immunology, Respiratory System, public health, Review, Microbiology, QR1-502, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, airway microbiota, Infectious Diseases, Cellular and Infection Microbiology, domestic animals, Animals, Domestic, respiratory infectious diseases, Animals, Dysbiosis
Abstract

International audience; Respiratory infections in domestic animals are a major issue for veterinary and livestock industry. Pathogens in the respiratory tract share their habitat with a myriad of commensal microorganisms. Increasing evidence points towards a respiratory pathobiome concept, integrating the dysbiotic bacterial communities, the host and the environment in a new understanding of respiratory disease etiology. During the infection, the airway microbiota likely regulates and is regulated by pathogens through diverse mechanisms, thereby acting either as a gatekeeper that provides resistance to pathogen colonization or enhancing their prevalence and bacterial co-infectivity, which often results in disease exacerbation. Insight into the complex interplay taking place in the respiratory tract between the pathogens, microbiota, the host and its environment during infection in domestic animals is a research field in its infancy in which most studies are focused on infections from enteric pathogens and gut microbiota. However, its understanding may improve pathogen control and reduce the severity of microbial-related diseases, including those with zoonotic potential.

Published
2021

10. Extracellular DNA: A Nutritional Trigger of Mycoplasma bovis Cytotoxicity

Author

Xifang Zhu, Emilie Dordet-Frisoni, Lucie Gillard, Abou Ba, Marie-Claude Hygonenq, Eveline Sagné, Laurent Xavier Nouvel, Renaud Maillard, Sébastien Assié, Aizhen Guo, Christine Citti, and Eric Baranowski

Subjects
pyruvate metabolism, virulence factors, lcsh:QR1-502, cytotoxicity, hydrogen peroxide, Mycoplasmas bovis, lcsh:Microbiology, extracellular DNA
Abstract

Microbial access to host nutrients is a key factor of the host-pathogen interplay. With their nearly minimal genome, wall-less bacteria of the class Mollicutes have limited metabolic capacities and largely depend on host nutrients for their survival. Despite these limitations, host-restricted mycoplasmas are widely distributed in nature and many species are pathogenic for humans and animals. Yet, only partial information is available regarding the mechanisms evolved by these minimal pathogens to meet their nutrients and the contribution of these mechanisms to virulence. By using the ruminant pathogen Mycoplasma bovis as a model system, extracellular DNA (eDNA) was identified as a limiting nutrient for mycoplasma proliferation under cell culture conditions. Remarkably, the growth-promoting effect induced by supplementation with eDNA was associated with important cytotoxicity for actively dividing host cells, but not confluent monolayers. To identify biological functions mediating M. bovis cytotoxicity, we produced a library of transposon knockout mutants and identified three critical genomic regions whose disruption was associated with a non-cytopathic phenotype. The coding sequences (CDS) disrupted in these regions pointed towards pyruvate metabolism as contributing to M. bovis cytotoxicity. Hydrogen peroxide was found responsible for eDNA-mediated M. bovis cytotoxicity, and non-cytopathic mutants were unable to produce this toxic metabolic compound. In our experimental conditions, no contact between M. bovis and host cells was required for cytotoxicity. Further analyses revealed important intra-species differences in eDNA-mediated cytotoxicity and H2O2 production, with some strains displaying a cytopathic phenotype despite no H2O2 production. Interestingly, the genome of strains PG45 and HB0801 were characterized by the occurrence of insertion sequences (IS) at close proximity to several CDSs found disrupted in non-cytopathic mutants. Since PG45 and HB0801 produced no or limited amount of H2O2, IS-elements might influence H2O2 production in M. bovis. These results confirm the multifaceted role of eDNA in microbial communities and further identify this ubiquitous material as a nutritional trigger of M. bovis cytotoxicity. M. bovis may thus take advantage of the multiple sources of eDNA in vivo to modulate its interaction with host cells, a way for this minimal pathogen to overcome its limited coding capacity.

Published
2019

11. Mycoplasma Chromosomal Transfer: A Distributive, Conjugative Process Creating an Infinite Variety of Mosaic Genomes

Author

Emilie Dordet-Frisoni, Marion Faucher, Eveline Sagné, Laurent-Xavier Nouvel, Florence Tardy, Christine Citti, Eric Baranowski, Microbiologie Environnement Digestif Santé - Clermont Auvergne (MEDIS), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-INRA Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Respiratoire, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2, Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Fonctionnement écologique et gestion durable des agrosystèmes bananiers et ananas (UR GECO), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants - UMR (MYCO), Université de Lyon-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), and This work was supported by INRA and ENVT.

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), Mycoplasma agalactiae, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, lcsh:QR1-502, mycoplasmas, Chimeric gene, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Genome, Microbiology, lcsh:Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, evolution, medicine, Model organism, Gene, 030304 developmental biology, Original Research, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, 030306 microbiology, ved/biology, Chromosome, Mycoplasma, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Horizontal gene transfer, horizontal gene transfer, chromosomal transfer, conjugation
Abstract

International audience; The capacity of Mycoplasmas to engage in horizontal gene transfers has recently been highlighted. Despite their small genome, some of these wall-less bacteria are able to exchange multiple, large portions of their chromosome via a conjugative mechanism that does not conform to canonical Hfr/oriT models. To understand the exact features underlying mycoplasma chromosomal transfer (MCT), extensive genomic analyses were performed at the nucleotide level, using individual mating progenies derived from our model organism, Mycoplasma agalactiae. Genome reconstruction showed that MCT resulted in the distributive transfer of multiple chromosomal DNA fragments and generated progenies composed of a variety of mosaic genomes, each being unique. Analyses of macro-and micro-events resulting from MCT revealed that the vast majority of the acquired fragments were unrelated and co-transferred independently from the selection marker, these resulted in up to 17% of the genome being exchanged. Housekeeping and accessory genes were equally affected by MCT, with up to 35 CDSs being gained or lost. This efficient HGT process also created a number of chimeric genes and genetic micro-variations that may impact gene regulation and/or expression. Our study unraveled the tremendous plasticity of M. agalactiae genome and point toward MCT as a major player in diversification and adaptation to changing environments, offering a significant advantage to this minimal pathogen.

Published
2019

12. Mycoplasmas under experimental antimicrobial selection: The unpredicted contribution of horizontal chromosomal transfer

Author

Eric Baranowski, Marc-Serge Marenda, Marion Faucher, Emilie Dordet-Frisoni, Marie-Claude Hygonenq, Eveline Sagné, Laurent-Xavier Nouvel, Florence Tardy, Christine Citti, Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants - UMR (MYCO), Université de Lyon-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), University of Melbourne, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, This work was supported by National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA, institut.inra.fr), National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Respiratoire, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2, Microbiologie Environnement Digestif Santé - Clermont Auvergne (MEDIS), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-INRA Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
Cancer Research, Mycoplasma agalactiae, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, Gene Transfer, QH426-470, medicine.disease_cause, Genome, 0302 clinical medicine, Mycoplasma, Genetics (clinical), Genetics, 0303 health sciences, Enrofloxacin, Genomics, Horizontal gene transfer, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Research Article, Fluoroquinolones, Evolutionary Processes, Gene Transfer, Horizontal, Genetic loci, Mollicutes, Mycology, Biology, Research and Analysis Methods, Genome Complexity, Evolution, Molecular, 03 medical and health sciences, Bacterial Proteins, medicine, Selection, Genetic, Molecular Biology Techniques, Gene, Molecular Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, Comparative genomics, Evolutionary Biology, Bacteria, ved/biology, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Computational Biology, Single nucleotide polymorphisms, Genome analysis, Comparative Genomics, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, Fungal evolution, Mobile genetic elements, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Cloning
Abstract

Horizontal Gene Transfer was long thought to be marginal in Mycoplasma a large group of wall-less bacteria often portrayed as minimal cells because of their reduced genomes (ca. 0.5 to 2.0 Mb) and their limited metabolic pathways. This view was recently challenged by the discovery of conjugative exchanges of large chromosomal fragments that equally affected all parts of the chromosome via an unconventional mechanism, so that the whole mycoplasma genome is potentially mobile. By combining next generation sequencing to classical mating and evolutionary experiments, the current study further explored the contribution and impact of this phenomenon on mycoplasma evolution and adaptation using the fluoroquinolone enrofloxacin (Enro), for selective pressure and the ruminant pathogen Mycoplasma agalactiae, as a model organism. For this purpose, we generated isogenic lineages that displayed different combination of spontaneous mutations in Enro target genes (gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE) in association to gradual level of resistance to Enro. We then tested whether these mutations can be acquired by a susceptible population via conjugative chromosomal transfer knowing that, in our model organism, the 4 target genes are scattered in three distinct and distant loci. Our data show that under antibiotic selective pressure, the time scale of the mutational pathway leading to high-level of Enro resistance can be readily compressed into a single conjugative step, in which several EnroR alleles were transferred from resistant to susceptible mycoplasma cells. In addition to acting as an accelerator for antimicrobial dissemination, mycoplasma chromosomal transfer reshuffled genomes beyond expectations and created a mosaic of resistant sub-populations with unpredicted and unrelated features. Our findings provide insights into the process that may drive evolution and adaptability of several pathogenic Mycoplasma spp. via an unconventional conjugative mechanism., Author summary Genome downsizing is often viewed as a degenerative process of evolution. Such erosion has left current mycoplasmas with a minimal genome: for some species its size barely exceeds the amount of information needed for sustaining autonomous life. Despite such limitations, these simple bacteria showcase a baffling capacity for adaptation to complex environments such as that provided by the animal host. By using the enrofloxacin antibiotic as selective pressure, we performed a genome scale analysis of macro- and micro-events leading to antimicrobial resistance in mycoplasmas. Sexually competent cells were found to shortcut this process by using an unconventional mechanism of chromosomal transfer driving massive exchanges of DNA materials. Remarkably, this powerful mechanism was associated with a profound genomic reorganization that reshuffled parental features and created mosaicism. This finding emphasizes the extraordinary adaptability of some pathogenic Mycoplasma spp. and provides major insights into the processes that contribute to shaping the evolution of their minimal genome. While unconventional conjugative mechanisms are being documented in more complex bacteria, the reduced mycoplasma genome may provide a simplified model to study mosaicism and its role in bacterial evolution.

Published
2019

13. Mycoplasma bovis in Spanish Cattle Herds: Two Groups of Multiresistant Isolates Predominate, with One Remaining Susceptible to Fluoroquinolones

Author

Christian de la Fe, Laurent-Xavier Nouvel, Ángel Gómez-Martín, Eric Baranowski, Christine Citti, Ana García-Galán, Antonio Sánchez, UCH. Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Producción Científica UCH 2020, Universidad de Murcia, Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU (CEU-UCH), and This research has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Spanish Government) co-financed by FEDER funds, project AGL2016-76568-R. Ana Garcia-Galan Perez is a beneficiary of a research fellowship (State Subprogram Training of the State Program for the Promotion of Talent and its Employability, BES-2017-080186).

Subjects
Mycoplasma bovis, Microbiology (medical), 040301 veterinary sciences, medicine.drug_class, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], lcsh:Medicine, Bacterias - Resistencia a los medicamentos, Drug resistance in microorganisms, minimum inhibitory concentration, Biology, Article, Ganado vacuno - Enfermedades infecciosas, Microbiology, 0403 veterinary science, Micoplasmosis en los animales, 03 medical and health sciences, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Antibiotic resistance, medicine, Immunology and Allergy, antimicrobial resistance, Typing, Molecular Biology, Cattle - Communicable diseases, Dairy cattle, 2. Zero hunger, Antibióticos en veterinaria, 0303 health sciences, Lincosamides, General Immunology and Microbiology, 030306 microbiology, lcsh:R, Antibiotics in veterinary medicine, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, mutations, Valnemulin, Quinolone, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Mastitis, Infectious Diseases, Veterinary bacteriology, Spain, Bacteriología veterinaria, Mycoplasma diseases in animals, medicine.drug
Abstract

Mycoplasma bovis is an important bovine pathogen causing pneumonia, mastitis, and arthritis and is responsible for major economic losses worldwide. In the absence of an efficient vaccine, control of M. bovis infections mainly relies on antimicrobial treatments, but resistance is reported in an increasing number of countries. To address the situation in Spain, M. bovis was searched in 436 samples collected from beef and dairy cattle (2016&ndash, 2019) and 28% were positive. Single-locus typing using polC sequences further revealed that two subtypes ST2 and ST3, circulate in Spain both in beef and dairy cattle, regardless of the regions or the clinical signs. Monitoring of ST2 and ST3 isolates in a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to a panel of antimicrobials revealed one major difference when using fluoroquinolones (FQL): ST2 is more susceptible than ST3. Accordingly, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) further identified mutations in the gyrA and parC regions, encoding quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR) only in ST3 isolates. This situation shows the capacity of ST3 to accumulate mutations in QRDR and might reflect the selective pressure imposed by the extensive use of these antimicrobials. MIC values and detection of mutations by WGS also showed that most Spanish isolates are resistant to macrolides, lincosamides, and tetracyclines. Valnemulin was the only one effective, at least in vitro, against both STs.

Published
2020

14. Horizontal distributive transfers and the extraordinary plasticity of the mycoplasma genome

Author

Emilie Dordet-Frisoni, Christine Citti, Eveline Sagné, Laurent Xavier Nouvel, Marion Faucher, Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, IOM, and Dordet-Frisoni, Emilie

Subjects
distributive chromosomal transfer, horizontal gene transfer, [SDV.MP.BAC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, genome evolution, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, recombination, conjugation
Abstract

International audience; Background: Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is one main driver of bacterial evolution. Long thought to be marginal in Mycoplasma, we recently challenged this dogma by showing the occurrence of significant HGT between ruminant mycoplasmas, and discovered an unconventional mechanism involving conjugative chromosomal transfers, not associated to mobile genetic elements. Whole sequencing of mating-progeny populations revealed the exchange of large chromosomal fragments that could affect any part of the chromosome. This finding did not conform to classical oriT-based conjugative mechanisms but resembled that found in mycobacteria, where the distributive transfer of multiple, non-contiguous genome segments from a donor to a recipient has been described. Such mechanism, if also occurring in mycoplasmas, will tremendously increase the evolutionary plasticity of their minimal genome. To address this issue, several individual mating-progeny derived from different mating-pairs or conditions were generated, sequenced and analyzed. Methods: Matings were conducted in different conditions (conjugation vs Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-cell fusion) using parents that differ in the position of the selective marker and the type of selection pressure. From these, 24 transconjugant genomes were fully sequenced by NGS and their parental inheritance was analyzed by comparative genomic. Results: Data showed that mycoplasma chromosomal transfers (MCT) were much more complex than expected and generated mosaic genomes, with an average of 15 distinct fragments of co-transferred donor DNA, reaching 30 in some cases. In a single mating, progenies could inherit up to 17% of the total size of the donor genome (29.4 to 147.9 kb), distributed in small (~ 0.05 kb) or large (64.7 kb) segments all around the recipient chromosome. Some regions displayed a micro-complexity, with multiple inherited-fragments separated by short intervals of recipient DNA. These most likely resulted from a combination of repair and recombination events, occurring between the recipient chromosome and a single molecule of introduced donor-DNA. Since more than 30 % regions flanking the transferred segments are micro-homologous regions (

Published
2018

15. The Integrative Conjugative Element (ICE) of

Author

Eric, Baranowski, Emilie, Dordet-Frisoni, Eveline, Sagné, Marie-Claude, Hygonenq, Gabriela, Pretre, Stéphane, Claverol, Laura, Fernandez, Laurent Xavier, Nouvel, and Christine, Citti

Subjects
Gene Transfer, Horizontal, Lipoproteins, Genetic Complementation Test, Membrane Proteins, Interspersed Repetitive Sequences, Mycoplasma agalactiae, Gene Knockout Techniques, Mycoplasma, Conjugation, Genetic, evolution, horizontal gene transfer, functional genomics, integrative conjugative element, Research Article
Abstract

The discovery of integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) in wall-less mycoplasmas and the demonstration of their role in massive gene flows within and across species have shed new light on the evolution of these minimal bacteria. Of these, the ICE of the ruminant pathogen Mycoplasma agalactiae (ICEA) represents a prototype and belongs to a new clade of the Mutator-like superfamily that has no preferential insertion site and often occurs as multiple chromosomal copies. Here, functional genomics and mating experiments were combined to address ICEA functions and define the minimal ICEA chassis conferring conjugative properties to M. agalactiae. Data further indicated a complex interaction among coresident ICEAs, since the minimal ICEA structure was influenced by the occurrence of additional ICEA copies that can trans-complement conjugation-deficient ICEAs. However, this cooperative behavior was limited to the CDS14 surface lipoprotein, which is constitutively expressed by coresident ICEAs, and did not extend to other ICEA proteins, including the cis-acting DDE recombinase and components of the mating channel whose expression was detected only sporadically. Remarkably, conjugation-deficient mutants containing a single ICEA copy knocked out in cds14 can be complemented by neighboring cells expressing CDS14. This result, together with those revealing the conservation of CDS14 functions in closely related species, may suggest a way for mycoplasma ICEs to extend their interaction outside their chromosomal environment. Overall, this report provides a first model of conjugative transfer in mycoplasmas and offers valuable insights into understanding horizontal gene transfer in this highly adaptive and diverse group of minimal bacteria., IMPORTANCE Integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) are self-transmissible mobile genetic elements that are key mediators of horizontal gene flow in bacteria. Recently, a new category of ICEs was identified that confer conjugative properties to mycoplasmas, a highly adaptive and diverse group of wall-less bacteria with reduced genomes. Unlike classical ICEs, these mobile elements have no preferential insertion specificity, and multiple mycoplasma ICE copies can be found randomly integrated into the host chromosome. Here, the prototype ICE of Mycoplasma agalactiae was used to define the minimal conjugative machinery and to propose the first model of ICE transfer in mycoplasmas. This model unveils the complex interactions taking place among coresident ICEs and suggests a way for these elements to extend their influence outside their chromosomal environment. These data pave the way for future studies aiming at deciphering chromosomal transfer, an unconventional mechanism of DNA swapping that has been recently associated with mycoplasma ICEs.

Published
2018

16. The Integrative Conjugative Element (ICE) of Mycoplasma agalactiae: Key Elements Involved in Horizontal Dissemination and Influence of Coresident ICEs

Author

Gabriela Pretre, Emilie Dordet-Frisoni, Eric Baranowski, Stéphane Claverol, Laurent-Xavier Nouvel, Marie-Claude Hygonenq, Christine Citti, Eveline Sagné, Laura Fernandez, Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux [Bordeaux] (CGFB), Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Université de Bordeaux Ségalen [Bordeaux 2], This work was supported by grant ANR-09-MIEN-0016 (MycXgene) from the French national funding research agency (ANR) and by financial support from INRA and ENVT., and ANR-09-MIEN-0016,MycXgene,Echange de gènes entre pathogènes ' minimaux ' par transfert horizontal : mécanismes et impacts sur l'évolution, la virulence et l'adaptation à l'hôte(2009)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Mycoplasma agalactiae, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Mutant, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Genome, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Mycoplasma, Virology, Host chromosome, evolution, medicine, Recombinase, Clade, Gene, integrative conjugative element, 030304 developmental biology, integrativeconjugative element, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, 030306 microbiology, ved/biology, QR1-502, 030104 developmental biology, Horizontal gene transfer, horizontal gene transfer, Mobile genetic elements, Functional genomics, functional genomics
Abstract

The discovery of integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) in wall-less mycoplasmas and the demonstration of their role in massive gene flows within and across species have shed new light on the evolution of these minimal bacteria. Of these, the ICE of the ruminant pathogen Mycoplasma agalactiae (ICEA) represents a prototype and belongs to a new clade of the Mutator-like superfamily that has no preferential insertion site and often occurs as multiple chromosomal copies. Here, functional genomics and mating experiments were combined to address ICEA functions and define the minimal ICEA chassis conferring conjugative properties to M. agalactiae . Data further indicated a complex interaction among coresident ICEAs, since the minimal ICEA structure was influenced by the occurrence of additional ICEA copies that can trans -complement conjugation-deficient ICEAs. However, this cooperative behavior was limited to the CDS14 surface lipoprotein, which is constitutively expressed by coresident ICEAs, and did not extend to other ICEA proteins, including the cis -acting DDE recombinase and components of the mating channel whose expression was detected only sporadically. Remarkably, conjugation-deficient mutants containing a single ICEA copy knocked out in cds14 can be complemented by neighboring cells expressing CDS14. This result, together with those revealing the conservation of CDS14 functions in closely related species, may suggest a way for mycoplasma ICEs to extend their interaction outside their chromosomal environment. Overall, this report provides a first model of conjugative transfer in mycoplasmas and offers valuable insights into understanding horizontal gene transfer in this highly adaptive and diverse group of minimal bacteria. IMPORTANCE Integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) are self-transmissible mobile genetic elements that are key mediators of horizontal gene flow in bacteria. Recently, a new category of ICEs was identified that confer conjugative properties to mycoplasmas, a highly adaptive and diverse group of wall-less bacteria with reduced genomes. Unlike classical ICEs, these mobile elements have no preferential insertion specificity, and multiple mycoplasma ICE copies can be found randomly integrated into the host chromosome. Here, the prototype ICE of Mycoplasma agalactiae was used to define the minimal conjugative machinery and to propose the first model of ICE transfer in mycoplasmas. This model unveils the complex interactions taking place among coresident ICEs and suggests a way for these elements to extend their influence outside their chromosomal environment. These data pave the way for future studies aiming at deciphering chromosomal transfer, an unconventional mechanism of DNA swapping that has been recently associated with mycoplasma ICEs.

Published
2018

17. Horizontal Gene Transfers in Mycoplasmas (Mollicutes)

Author

Emilie Dordet-Frisoni, Chih-Horng Kuo, Eric Baranowski, Laurent-Xavier Nouvel, Christine Citti, Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, and Academia Sinica

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Gene Transfer, Horizontal, Context (language use), Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Response Elements, Genome, Horizontal, Evolution, Molecular, 03 medical and health sciences, Mycoplasma, Recombinase, medicine, (Mollicutes), Gene, [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, General Medicine, Chromosomes, Bacterial, biology.organism_classification, Mycoplasmas, 030104 developmental biology, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Evolutionary biology, Conjugation, Genetic, Horizontal gene transfer, Mollicutes, Mobile genetic elements, Transfers, Tenericutes
Abstract

International audience; The class Mollicutes (trivial name "mycoplasma") is composed of wall-less bacteria with reduced genomes whose evolution was long thought to be only driven by gene losses. Recent evidences of massive horizontal gene transfer (HGT) within and across species provided a new frame to understand the successful adaptation of these minimal bacteria to a broad range of hosts. Mobile genetic elements are being identified in a growing number of mycoplasma species, but integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) are emerging as pivotal in HGT. While sharing common traits with other bacterial ICEs, such as their chromosomal integration and the use of a type IV secretion system to mediate horizontal dissemination, mycoplasma ICEs (MICEs) revealed unique features: their chromosomal integration is totally random and driven by a DDE recombinase related to the Mutator-like superfamily. Mycoplasma conjugation is not restricted to ICE transmission, but also involves the transfer of large chromosomal fragments that generates progenies with mosaic genomes, nearly every position of chromosome being mobile. Mycoplasmas have thus developed efficient ways to gain access to a considerable reservoir of genetic resources distributed among a vast number of species expanding the concept of minimal cell to the broader context of flowing information.

Published
2018

18. In mycoplasma, horizontal chromosomal transfer could accelerate the emergence of antimicrobial resistance

Author

Marion Faucher, Laurent Xavier Nouvel, Emilie Dordet-Frisoni, Marc Serge Marenda, Florence Tardy, Christine Citti, Dordet-Frisoni, Emilie, Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, University of Melbourne, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants - UMR (MYCO), Université de Lyon-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), IOM, and VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Université de Lyon

Subjects
Mycoplasmas, chromosomal transfer, antimicrobial-resistance, [SDV.MP.BAC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, target gene mutations
Abstract

International audience; Background: In recent years, antimicrobial-resistance (AMR) has been reported for most bacterial pathogens, including mycoplasmas, and has become a major public health issue. One main driver of the AMR crisis is the rapid spreading of AMR genes or mutations via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). In mycoplasmas, this mechanism was long thought to play a minor role in AMR because of (i) the absence of plasmids in the majority of these minimal bacteria and (ii) resistance mechanisms relying mainly on mutations in target genes and not on acquisition of new plasmid-encoded genes. The discovery of massive, conjugative, chromosomal transfers in the ruminant pathogen Mycoplasma agalactiae (MA) prompted us to revisit the impact of this atypical HGT on mycoplasma AMR. For this purpose, we used MA as model and the enrofloxacin (Enro), a fluoroquinolone which targets type II topoisomerase. Methods: First, spontaneous MA EnroR mutants with diff erent MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) were obtained by serial in vitro passages of the EnroS-PG2 type strain using increasing Enro concentrations. These EnroR strains were then used as donors in mating experiments with the EnroS-5632 strain as recipient. A selection of 24 MA EnroR-mutants and -transconjugants were subjected to high-throughput sequencing to further (i) identify and map both AMR genetic determinants and transferred chromosomal regions, and (ii) reconstruct the dynamics of AMR acquisition. Results: Data showed that in spontaneous EnroR mutants, the serial increase in MIC values correlate with the sequential accumulation of mutations in 4 genes, resulting in amino acid substitutions. These are gyrA,gyrB and parC, parE, encoding the DNA gyrase and the topoisomerase IV, respectively, and known as fluoroquinolone targets. Mating experiments resulted in EnroR transconjugants displaying mosaic genomes (donor/recipient), with the simultaneous exchange of distant fragments carrying the mutated EnroRgenes (parE, parC and/or gyrA). Additionally, other multiple fragments were co-transferred all around the genome. The analysis of the impact of all exchanged fragments on AMR and fitness are being explored.Conclusions: Since most mycoplasmas are deprived of plasmids, this study demonstrates the importance of chromosomally mediated AMR in mycoplasmas, with cumulative and sequential mutations correlating with MIC values. More importantly, our data point towards HGT, and particularly chromosomal transfer, as a major contributor and an accelerator of AMR acquisition in mycoplasmas by allowing the concomitant transfer of multiple and dispersed mutations in one single event. These exchanges of chromosomal genes could contribute to the emergence and diffusion of AMR and could also be implicated in other adaptive process (virulence, host specificity).

Published
2018

19. ICEA ofMycoplasma agalactiae: a new family of self-transmissible integrative elements that confers conjugative properties to the recipient strain

Author

Christine Citti, Romain Guérillot, Eric Baranowski, Eveline Sagné, Philippe Glaser, Laurent-Xavier Nouvel, Alain Blanchard, Emilie Dordet Frisoni, Florence Tardy, Pascal Sirand-Pugnet, and Marc S. Marenda

Subjects
Genetics, 0303 health sciences, 030306 microbiology, ved/biology, Mycoplasma agalactiae, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, Mycoplasma, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, Genome, 03 medical and health sciences, Extrachromosomal DNA, Horizontal gene transfer, medicine, Mobile genetic elements, Molecular Biology, Gene, Transposase, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a major force of microbial evolution but was long thought to be marginal in mycoplasmas. In silico detection of exchanged regions and of loci encoding putative Integrative Conjugative Elements (ICE) in several mycoplasma genomes challenged this view, raising the prospect of these simple bacteria being able to conjugate. Using the model pathogen Mycoplasma agalactiae, we demonstrated for the first time that one of these elements, ICEA, is indeed self-transmissible. As a hallmark of conjugative processes, ICEA transfers were DNase resistant and required viable cells. ICEA acquisition conferred ICE-negative strains with the new ability to conjugate, allowing the spread of ICEA. Analysis of transfer-deficient mutants indicated that this process requires an ICEA-encoded lipoprotein of unknown function, CDS14. Formation of a circular extrachromosomal intermediate and the subsequent chromosomal integration of ICEA involved CDS22, an ICEA-encoded product distantly related to the ISLre2 transposase family. Remarkably, ICEA has no specific or no preferential integration site, often resulting in gene disruptions. Occurrence of functional mycoplasma ICE offers these bacteria with a means for HGT, a phenomenon with far-reaching implications given their minute-size genome and the number of species that are pathogenic for a broad host-range.

Published
2013

20. Occurrence, Plasticity, and Evolution of the vpma Gene Family, a Genetic System Devoted to High-Frequency Surface Variation in Mycoplasma agalactiae

Author

Marc S. Marenda, Laurent-Xavier Nouvel, Eveline Sagné, Aurélien Barré, Christine Citti, Stéphane Claverol, Valérie Barbe, Sophie Mangenot, Michelle D. Glew, Pascal Sirand-Pugnet, Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT), Génomique, développement et pouvoir pathogène (GD2P), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut de Génomique d'Evry (IG), Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Biologie François JACOB (JACOB), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Centre de Bioinformatique de Bordeaux (CBIB), CGFB, Plateforme génomique fonctionnelle (PGFB), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2, This work was supported by the French Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and by the National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)., Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut de Biologie François JACOB (JACOB), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse - ENVT (FRANCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Université de Bordeaux 2 - Victor Segalen (FRANCE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INRA (FRANCE), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - INSERM (FRANCE), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives - CEA (FRANCE), Institut Bergonié (FRANCE), Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne - UEVE (FRANCE), and Université de Bordeaux 1 (FRANCE)

Subjects
Proteomics, AGALACTIE CONTAGIEUSE, Gene Transfer, Horizontal, Lipoproteins, Membrane plasticity, BACTERIOLOGIE, Immunoblotting, Locus (genetics), Hypervariable, Biology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Microbiology, Genome, Evolution, Molecular, Mycoplasma agalactiae, 03 medical and health sciences, Mycoplasma, Bacterial Proteins, Gene duplication, Gene family, Insertion sequence, Contagious agalactia, Molecular Biology, Gene, 030304 developmental biology, Recombination, Genetic, Molecular Biology of Pathogens, Genetics, Phase variation, 0303 health sciences, Models, Genetic, 030306 microbiology, GENETIQUE, GENOMIQUE, Médecine vétérinaire et santé animal, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, PROTEINE DE SURFACE, Agalactiae, Mobile genetic elements, PLASTICITE GENOMIQUE
Abstract

Mycoplasma agalactiae , an important pathogen of small ruminants, exhibits a very versatile surface architecture by switching multiple, related lipoproteins (Vpmas) on and off. In the type strain, PG2, Vpma phase variation is generated by a cluster of six vpma genes that undergo frequent DNA rearrangements via site-specific recombination. To further comprehend the degree of diversity that can be generated at the M. agalactiae surface, the vpma gene repertoire of a field strain, 5632, was analyzed and shown to contain an extended repertoire of 23 vpma genes distributed between two loci located 250 kbp apart. Loci I and II include 16 and 7 vpma genes, respectively, with all vpma genes of locus II being duplicated at locus I. Several Vpmas displayed a chimeric structure suggestive of homologous recombination, and a global proteomic analysis further indicated that at least 13 of the 16 Vpmas can be expressed by the 5632 strain. Because a single promoter is present in each vpma locus, concomitant Vpma expression can occur in a strain with duplicated loci. Consequently, the number of possible surface combinations is much higher for strain 5632 than for the type strain. Finally, our data suggested that insertion sequences are likely to be involved in 5632 vpma locus duplication at a remote chromosomal position. The role of such mobile genetic elements in chromosomal shuffling of genes encoding major surface components may have important evolutionary and epidemiological consequences for pathogens, such as mycoplasmas, that have a reduced genome and no cell wall.

Published
2009

21. Chromosomal transfers in mycoplasmas: when minimal genomes go mobile

Author

Eric Baranowski, Emilie Dordet-Frisoni, Marc Breton, Marc S. Marenda, Pascal Sirand-Pugnet, Florence Tardy, Laurent-Xavier Nouvel, Christine Citti, Eveline Sagné, Alain Blanchard, Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Biologie du fruit et pathologie (BFP), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, University of Melbourne, Melbourne Veterinary School [Parkville, VIC, Australie], Victoria University [Melbourne], Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants - UMR (MYCO), Université de Lyon-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), This work was supported by grant ANR-09-MIEN-0016 (MycXgene) from the French national funding research agency (ANR) and by INRA and ENVT., and ANR-09-MIEN-0016,MycXgene,Echange de gènes entre pathogènes ' minimaux ' par transfert horizontal : mécanismes et impacts sur l'évolution, la virulence et l'adaptation à l'hôte(2009)

Subjects
Gene Transfer, Horizontal, Phytopathology and phytopharmacy, Mycoplasma agalactiae, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, transfert horizontal de gène, Bacterial genome size, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, Genome, 03 medical and health sciences, Plasmid, Virology, Host chromosome, génome bactérien, medicine, mycoplasme, mollicute, évolution, Homologous Recombination, mycoplasma agalactiae, 030304 developmental biology, génomique comparée, diversité, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, 030306 microbiology, ved/biology, Mycoplasma, Chromosomes, Bacterial, Phytopathologie et phytopharmacie, QR1-502, génome minimal, [SDV.BV.PEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Phytopathology and phytopharmacy, Interspersed Repetitive Sequences, Conjugation, Genetic, Horizontal gene transfer, biologie synthétique, Homologous recombination, bactérie pathogène, Research Article
Abstract

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a main driving force of bacterial evolution and innovation. This phenomenon was long thought to be marginal in mycoplasmas, a large group of self-replicating bacteria characterized by minute genomes as a result of successive gene losses during evolution. Recent comparative genomic analyses challenged this paradigm, but the occurrence of chromosomal exchanges had never been formally addressed in mycoplasmas. Here, we demonstrated the conjugal transfer of large chromosomal regions within and among ruminant mycoplasma species, with the incorporation of the incoming DNA occurring by homologous recombination into the recipient chromosome. By combining classical mating experiments with high-throughput next-generation sequencing, we documented the transfer of almost every position of the mycoplasma chromosome. Mycoplasma conjugation relies on the occurrence of an integrative conjugative element (ICE) in at least one parent cell. While ICE propagates horizontally from ICE-positive to ICE-negative cells, chromosomal transfers (CTs) occurred in the opposite direction, from ICE-negative to ICE-positive cells, independently of ICE movement. These findings challenged the classical mechanisms proposed for other bacteria in which conjugative CTs are driven by conjugative elements, bringing into the spotlight a new means for rapid mycoplasma innovation. Overall, they radically change our current views concerning the evolution of mycoplasmas, with particularly far-reaching implications given that over 50 species are human or animal pathogens., IMPORTANCE Horizontal gene transfers (HGT) shape bacterial genomes and are key contributors to microbial diversity and innovation. One main mechanism involves conjugation, a process that allows the simultaneous transfer of significant amounts of DNA upon cell-to-cell contact. Recognizing and deciphering conjugal mechanisms are thus essential in understanding the impact of gene flux on bacterial evolution. We addressed this issue in mycoplasmas, the smallest and simplest self-replicating bacteria. In these organisms, HGT was long thought to be marginal. We showed here that nearly every position of the Mycoplasma agalactiae chromosome could be transferred via conjugation, using an unconventional mechanism. The transfer involved DNA blocks containing up to 80 genes that were incorporated into the host chromosome by homologous recombination. These findings radically change our views concerning mycoplasma evolution and adaptation with particularly far-reaching implications given that over 50 species are human or animal pathogens.

Published
2014

22. ICEA of Mycoplasma agalactiae: a new family of self-transmissible integrative elements that confers conjugative properties to the recipient strain

Author

Emilie, Dordet Frisoni, Marc Serge, Marenda, Eveline, Sagné, Laurent Xavier, Nouvel, Romain, Guérillot, Philippe, Glaser, Alain, Blanchard, Florence, Tardy, Pascal, Sirand-Pugnet, Eric, Baranowski, Christine, Citti, Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, University of Melbourne, Melbourne Veterinary School [Parkville, VIC, Australie], Victoria University [Melbourne], Génétique des génomes - Genetics of Genomes (UMR 3525), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biologie du fruit et pathologie (BFP), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants - UMR (MYCO), Université de Lyon-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), This work was supported by Grant ANR-09-MIEN-0016 (MycXgene) from the French national funding research agency (ANR), by INRA and ENVT., and ANR-09-MIEN-0016,MycXgene,Echange de gènes entre pathogènes ' minimaux ' par transfert horizontal : mécanismes et impacts sur l'évolution, la virulence et l'adaptation à l'hôte(2009)

Subjects
Interspersed Repetitive Sequences, Mycoplasma agalactiae, [SDV.OT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Other [q-bio.OT], Bacterial Proteins, Gene Transfer, Horizontal, Conjugation, Genetic, Lipoproteins
Abstract

International audience; Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a major force of microbial evolution but was long thought to be marginal in mycoplasmas. In silico detection of exchanged regions and of loci encoding putative Integrative Conjugative Elements (ICE) in several mycoplasma genomes challenged this view, raising the prospect of these simple bacteria being able to conjugate. Using the model pathogen Mycoplasma agalactiae, we demonstrated for the first time that one of these elements, ICEA, is indeed self-transmissible. As a hallmark of conjugative processes, ICEA transfers were DNase resistant and required viable cells. ICEA acquisition conferred ICE-negative strains with the new ability to conjugate, allowing the spread of ICEA. Analysis of transfer-deficient mutants indicated that this process requires an ICEA-encoded lipoprotein of unknown function, CDS14. Formation of a circular extrachromosomal intermediate and the subsequent chromosomal integration of ICEA involved CDS22, an ICEA-encoded product distantly related to the ISLre2 transposase family. Remarkably, ICEA has no specific or no preferential integration site, often resulting in gene disruptions. Occurrence of functional mycoplasma ICE offers these bacteria with a means for HGT, a phenomenon with far-reaching implications given their minute-size genome and the number of species that are pathogenic for a broad host-range.

Published
2013

23. Draft Genome Sequences of Mycoplasma auris and Mycoplasma yeatsii, Two Species of the Ear Canal of Caprinae

Author

Claire Lemaitre, Pascal Sirand-Pugnet, Laurent-Xavier Nouvel, Lucia Manso-Silvan, Emilie Dordet-Frisoni, François Poumarat, François Thiaucourt, Patricia Thebault, Eric Baranowski, Marc Breton, Patrice Gaurivaud, Alain Blanchard, Florence Tardy, Virginie Dupuy, Carole Couture, Daniel J. Jacob, Macha Nikolski, Christine Citti, Sébastien Theil, Aurélien Barré, Microbiologie Environnement Digestif Santé - Clermont Auvergne (MEDIS), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-INRA Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, Laboratoire de Génétique Cellulaire (LGC), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle - UMR 8576 (UGSF), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Biologie du fruit et pathologie (BFP), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2, INRA - Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées (Unité MIAJ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants - UMR (MYCO), Université de Lyon-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Centre de Bioinformatique de Bordeaux (CBIB), CGFB, Scalable, Optimized and Parallel Algorithms for Genomics (GenScale), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-GESTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA CONNAISSANCE (IRISA-D7), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CentraleSupélec-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CentraleSupélec-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CentraleSupélec, Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes (UMR CMAEE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2, Génomique, développement et pouvoir pathogène (GD2P), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2, Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement (LMGE), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA), Laboratoire de Lyon, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Unité de Microbiologie (MIC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle UMR 8576 (UGSF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), GESTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA CONNAISSANCE (IRISA-D7), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Lyon [ANSES], Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB), Financial support was provided by the EVOLMYCO project (ANR-07-GMGE-001) from ANR to A.B. (principal investigator [PI]), F. Thiaucourt (Co-PI), F.P. (Co-PI), and C.C. (Co-PI)., ANR-07-GMGE-0001,EVOLMYCO,Etude à grande échelle des génomes des mycoplasmes de ruminants : évolution et adaptation de bactéries minimales à des hôtes complexes(2007), Microbiologie Environnement Digestif Santé - Clermont Auvergne ( MEDIS ), INRA Clermont-Ferrand-Theix-Université Clermont Auvergne ( UCA ), Laboratoire de Génétique Cellulaire ( LGC ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] ( IHAP ), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle - UMR 8576 ( UGSF ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Biologie du fruit et pathologie ( BFP ), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, INRA - Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées ( Unité MIAJ ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Mycoplasmoses des ruminants [Lyon], Université de Lyon-VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), Centre de Bioinformatique de Bordeaux ( CBIB ), Scalable, Optimized and Parallel Algorithms for Genomics ( GenScale ), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -GESTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA CONNAISSANCE ( IRISA-D7 ), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires ( IRISA ), CentraleSupélec-Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -École normale supérieure - Rennes ( ENS Rennes ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Bretagne Sud ( UBS ) -CentraleSupélec-Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -École normale supérieure - Rennes ( ENS Rennes ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Bretagne Sud ( UBS ) -Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires ( IRISA ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -École normale supérieure - Rennes ( ENS Rennes ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Bretagne Sud ( UBS ), Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes [Montpellier] ( CMAEE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement [CIRAD] : UMR15, Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique ( LaBRI ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2, Génomique, développement et pouvoir pathogène ( GD2P ), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement ( LMGE ), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 ( UBP ) -Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I ( UdA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, and ANSES

Subjects
education, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Genome, Microbiology, Caprinae, 03 medical and health sciences, [ INFO.INFO-BI ] Computer Science [cs]/Bioinformatics [q-bio.QM], [SDV.BBM.GTP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Genomics [q-bio.GN], otorhinolaryngologic diseases, Genetics, medicine, Prokaryotes, Ear canal, [ SDV.BIBS ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], Molecular Biology, health care economics and organizations, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, 030306 microbiology, Mycoplasma, Mycoplasma arginini, biology.organism_classification, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, [SDV.BIBS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], Mycoplasma auris, 3. Good health, medicine.anatomical_structure, sense organs, [INFO.INFO-BI]Computer Science [cs]/Bioinformatics [q-bio.QM], Mycoplasma yeatsii
Abstract

We report here the draft genome sequences of Mycoplasma auris and Mycoplasma yeatsii , two species commonly isolated from the external ear canal of Caprinae .

Published
2013

24. Draft Genome Sequences of Mycoplasma alkalescens, Mycoplasma arginini, and Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Three Species with Equivocal Pathogenic Status for Cattle

Author

Alain Blanchard, Lucia Manso-Silvan, Emilie Dordet-Frisoni, Daniel J. Jacob, François Poumarat, Christine Citti, Laurent-Xavier Nouvel, Pascal Sirand-Pugnet, Claire Lemaitre, Patricia Thebault, Aurélien Barré, Macha Nikolski, Patrice Gaurivaud, Marc Breton, François Thiaucourt, Sébastien Theil, Florence Tardy, Virginie Dupuy, Carole Couture, Eric Baranowski, Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes (UMR CMAEE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Laboratoire de Lyon [ANSES], Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Laboratoire de Génétique Cellulaire (LGC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle UMR 8576 (UGSF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biologie du fruit et pathologie (BFP), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Unité de Microbiologie (MIC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), INRA - Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées (Unité MIAJ), Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants - UMR (MYCO), Université de Lyon-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Centre de Bioinformatique de Bordeaux (CBIB), CGFB, Scalable, Optimized and Parallel Algorithms for Genomics (GenScale), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-GESTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA CONNAISSANCE (IRISA-D7), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), CentraleSupélec-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB), Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement (LMGE), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA), Génomique, développement et pouvoir pathogène (GD2P), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Financial support was provided by the EVOLMYCO project (ANR-07-GMGE-0001) from ANR to Alain Blanchard (Principal Investigator [PI]), François Thiaucourt (Co-PI), François Poumarat (Co-PI), and Christine Citti (Co-PI)., ANR-07-GMGE-0001,EVOLMYCO,Etude à grande échelle des génomes des mycoplasmes de ruminants : évolution et adaptation de bactéries minimales à des hôtes complexes(2007), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Lyon, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle - UMR 8576 (UGSF), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2, Microbiologie Environnement Digestif Santé - Clermont Auvergne (MEDIS), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-INRA Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CentraleSupélec-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CentraleSupélec-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CentraleSupélec, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2, Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes [Montpellier] ( CMAEE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement [CIRAD] : UMR15, ANSES, Laboratoire de Génétique Cellulaire ( LGC ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] ( IHAP ), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle - UMR 8576 ( UGSF ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Biologie du fruit et pathologie ( BFP ), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Microbiologie Environnement Digestif Santé - Clermont Auvergne ( MEDIS ), INRA Clermont-Ferrand-Theix-Université Clermont Auvergne ( UCA ), INRA - Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées ( Unité MIAJ ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Mycoplasmoses des ruminants [Lyon], Université de Lyon-VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), Centre de Bioinformatique de Bordeaux ( CBIB ), Scalable, Optimized and Parallel Algorithms for Genomics ( GenScale ), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -GESTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA CONNAISSANCE ( IRISA-D7 ), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires ( IRISA ), CentraleSupélec-Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -École normale supérieure - Rennes ( ENS Rennes ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Bretagne Sud ( UBS ) -CentraleSupélec-Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -École normale supérieure - Rennes ( ENS Rennes ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Bretagne Sud ( UBS ) -Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires ( IRISA ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -École normale supérieure - Rennes ( ENS Rennes ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Bretagne Sud ( UBS ), Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique ( LaBRI ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2, Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement ( LMGE ), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 ( UBP ) -Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I ( UdA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Génomique, développement et pouvoir pathogène ( GD2P ), and Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA )

Subjects
0303 health sciences, 030306 microbiology, Biology, Mycoplasma arginini, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Genome, Virology, [SDV.BIBS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], 3. Good health, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, [ INFO.INFO-BI ] Computer Science [cs]/Bioinformatics [q-bio.QM], Genetics, Prokaryotes, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, [INFO.INFO-BI]Computer Science [cs]/Bioinformatics [q-bio.QM], [ SDV.BIBS ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], Molecular Biology, health care economics and organizations, 030304 developmental biology, Mycoplasma alkalescens
Abstract

We report here the draft genome sequences of Mycoplasma alkalescens , Mycoplasma arginini , and Mycoplasma bovigenitalium . These three species are regularly isolated from bovine clinical specimens, although their role in disease is unclear.

Published
2013

25. Complete Genome Sequence of Mycoplasma putrefaciens Strain 9231, One of the Agents of Contagious Agalactia in Goats

Author

Aurélien Barré, Alain Blanchard, Florence Tardy, Pascal Sirand-Pugnet, Daniel J. Jacob, Lucia Manso-Silvan, Christine Citti, Emilie Dordet-Frisoni, Patricia Thebault, Sébastien Theil, Patrice Gaurivaud, François Thiaucourt, Virginie Dupuy, Laurent-Xavier Nouvel, Carole Couture, François Poumarat, Macha Nikolski, Eric Baranowski, Claire Lemaitre, Marc Breton, INRA - Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées (Unité MIAJ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Génomique, développement et pouvoir pathogène (GD2P), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2, Laboratoire de Génétique Cellulaire (LGC), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle - UMR 8576 (UGSF), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Biologie du fruit et pathologie (BFP), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2, Microbiologie Environnement Digestif Santé - Clermont Auvergne (MEDIS), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-INRA Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants - UMR (MYCO), Université de Lyon-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Centre de Bioinformatique de Bordeaux (CBIB), CGFB, Scalable, Optimized and Parallel Algorithms for Genomics (GenScale), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-GESTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA CONNAISSANCE (IRISA-D7), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CentraleSupélec-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CentraleSupélec-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CentraleSupélec, Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes (UMR CMAEE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2, Laboratoire de Lyon, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement (LMGE), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle UMR 8576 (UGSF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité de Microbiologie (MIC), GESTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA CONNAISSANCE (IRISA-D7), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire de Lyon [ANSES], Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), INRA - Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées ( Unité MIAJ ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Génomique, développement et pouvoir pathogène ( GD2P ), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Laboratoire de Génétique Cellulaire ( LGC ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] ( IHAP ), Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle - UMR 8576 ( UGSF ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Biologie du fruit et pathologie ( BFP ), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, Microbiologie Environnement Digestif Santé - Clermont Auvergne ( MEDIS ), INRA Clermont-Ferrand-Theix-Université Clermont Auvergne ( UCA ), Mycoplasmoses des ruminants [Lyon], Université de Lyon-VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), Centre de Bioinformatique de Bordeaux ( CBIB ), Scalable, Optimized and Parallel Algorithms for Genomics ( GenScale ), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -GESTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA CONNAISSANCE ( IRISA-D7 ), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires ( IRISA ), CentraleSupélec-Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -École normale supérieure - Rennes ( ENS Rennes ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Bretagne Sud ( UBS ) -CentraleSupélec-Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -École normale supérieure - Rennes ( ENS Rennes ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Bretagne Sud ( UBS ) -Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires ( IRISA ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -École normale supérieure - Rennes ( ENS Rennes ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Bretagne Sud ( UBS ), Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes [Montpellier] ( CMAEE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement [CIRAD] : UMR15, Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique ( LaBRI ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2, ANSES, Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement ( LMGE ), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 ( UBP ) -Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I ( UdA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB), The annotation of the genome was performed within the EVOLMYCO project, financed by the French national agency for research (ANR-07-GMGE-001)., and ANR-07-GMGE-0001,EVOLMYCO,Etude à grande échelle des génomes des mycoplasmes de ruminants : évolution et adaptation de bactéries minimales à des hôtes complexes(2007)

Subjects
Whole genome sequencing, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, 030306 microbiology, Strain (biology), education, Biology, L73 - Maladies des animaux, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, [SDV.BIBS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], 3. Good health, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV.BBM.GTP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Genomics [q-bio.GN], [ INFO.INFO-BI ] Computer Science [cs]/Bioinformatics [q-bio.QM], Mycoplasma putrefaciens, Prokaryotes, [INFO.INFO-BI]Computer Science [cs]/Bioinformatics [q-bio.QM], [ SDV.BIBS ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

Mycoplasma putrefaciens is one of the etiologic agents of contagious agalactia in goats. We report herein the complete genome sequence of Mycoplasma putrefaciens strain 9231.

Published
2013

26. Molecular typing of Mycoplasma agalactiae: Tracing European-wide genetic diversity and an endemic clonal population

Author

François Poumarat, Christine Citti, Eveline Sagné, Philippe Giammarinaro, Laurent-Xavier Nouvel, Renate Rosengarten, Michelle D. Glew, Marc S. Marenda, Florence Tardy, Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, University of Veterinary Medicine [Vienna] (Vetmeduni), Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, Chambre d'Agriculture des Pyrénées-Atlantiques (CA 64), Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants - UMR (MYCO), Université de Lyon-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), and This work was supported by the French Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and by the National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA).

Subjects
DNA, Bacterial, Endemic Diseases, Mycoplasma agalactiae, VNTR, Immunology, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, Locus (genetics), Minisatellite Repeats, Biology, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, Microbiology, Genetic diversity, 03 medical and health sciences, Animals, Immunology and Allergy, Mycoplasma Infections, Disease Eradication, 030304 developmental biology, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, General Veterinary, Molecular epidemiology, 030306 microbiology, ved/biology, Genetic Variation, Outbreak, General Medicine, Bacterial Typing Techniques, Molecular Typing, Variable number tandem repeat, Infectious Diseases, Genes, Bacterial, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, France, Restriction fragment length polymorphism, DNA Probes, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
Abstract

International audience; Mycoplasma agalactiae causes chronic infections in small ruminants and remains endemic in many regions of the world, despite intensive and costly eradication programs. In this study, the innate genomic plasticity of M. agalactiae was exploited to design and assess a combination of molecular epidemiological tools to trace the pathogen in different geographic locations and to understand its emergence or re-emergence after eradication campaigns. For this purpose, two collections of M. agalactiae isolates, representing European outbreaks or localized endemic disease in a single region of France, were subjected to RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) analyses using two sets of DNA probes (distributed across the genome and specific for the vpma gene locus), and a previously described VNTR (Variable Number Tandem Repeats) analysis. A combination of four genome-specific DNA probes and two VNTRs gave the highest discriminative power. Molecular typing revealed that, while isolates from diverse geographical origins fell into clearly different groups, the endemic disease repeatedly observed in the Western Pyrenees region over the past 30 years has been caused by a unique subtype of M. agalactiae. This indicates that the re-emergence of the pathogen after seemingly successful eradication programs is not due to the importation of exotic strains, but to the persistence of local reservoirs of infection.

Published
2012

27. Emergence of Atypical Mycoplasma agalactiae Strains Harboring a New Prophage and Associated with an Alpine Wild Ungulate Mortality Episode

Author

Philippe Gibert, Yvette Game, Alain Blanchard, Marc Breton, Florence Tardy, Eric Baranowski, Christine Citti, Laurent-Xavier Nouvel, Pascal Sirand-Pugnet, Virginie Mick, François Poumarat, Patricia Thebault, Lucia Manso-Silvan, François Thiaucourt, Alexandre Garnier, Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants - UMR (MYCO), Université de Lyon-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes (UMR CMAEE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Plateforme génomique fonctionnelle (PGFB), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2, Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB), Biologie du fruit et pathologie (BFP), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, Parc national de la Vanoise, Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage (ONCFS), Laboratoire Départemental d'Analyses Vétérinaires de la Savoie, Financial support was provided by the EVOLMYCO project (ANR-07-GMGE-001) from ANR to A. Blanchard (principal investigator [PI]), F. Thiaucourt (co-PI), F. Poumarat (co-PI), and C. Citti (co-PI) and by the MYCOIBEX project from Parc National de la Vanoise, Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, DDCSPP73, and Federation Nationale de la Chasse, to F. Poumarat and F. Tardy (PIs)., ANR-07-GMGE-0001,EVOLMYCO,Etude à grande échelle des génomes des mycoplasmes de ruminants : évolution et adaptation de bactéries minimales à des hôtes complexes(2007), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Labo/service de l'auteur, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2, EVOLMYCO project from ANR [ANR-07-GMGE-001], MYCOIBEX project from Parc National de la Vanoise, Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Federation Nationale de la Chasse, and [DDCSPP73]

Subjects
Ungulate, Mycoplasma agalactiae, Prophages, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, Population, Clone (cell biology), Zoology, Biology, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Genome, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Animals, Mycoplasma Infections, Evolutionary and Genomic Microbiology, education, Pathogen, Prophage, 030304 developmental biology, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, Ecology, 030306 microbiology, ved/biology, Goats, biology.organism_classification, Rupicapra, Virology, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, Tissue tropism, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, France, Food Science, Biotechnology
Abstract

The bacterium Mycoplasma agalactiae is responsible for contagious agalactia (CA) in small domestic ruminants, a syndrome listed by the World Organization for Animal Health and responsible for severe damage to the dairy industry. Recently, we frequently isolated this pathogen from lung lesions of ibexes during a mortality episode in the French Alps. This situation was unusual in terms of host specificity and tissue tropism, raising the question of M. agalactiae emergence in wildlife. To address this issue, the ibex isolates were characterized using a combination of approaches that included antigenic profiles, molecular typing, optical mapping, and whole-genome sequencing. Genome analyses showed the presence of a new, large prophage containing 35 coding sequences (CDS) that was detected in most but not all ibex strains and has a homolog in Mycoplasma conjunctivae , a species causing keratoconjunctivitis in wild ungulates. This and the presence in all strains of large integrated conjugative elements suggested highly dynamic genomes. Nevertheless, M. agalactiae strains circulating in the ibex population were shown to be highly related, most likely originating from a single parental clone that has also spread to another wild ungulate species of the same geographical area, the chamois. These strains clearly differ from strains described in Europe so far, including those found nearby, before CA eradication a few years ago. While M. agalactiae pathogenicity in ibexes remains unclear, our data showed the emergence of atypical strains in Alpine wild ungulates, raising the question of a role for the wild fauna as a potential reservoir of pathogenic mycoplasmas.

Published
2012

28. Unexpected genetic diversity of Mycoplasma agalactiae caprine isolates from an endemic geographically restricted area of Spain

Author

Christian de la Fe, J. Amores, Eveline Sagné, Laurent-Xavier Nouvel, Florence Tardy, Christine Citti, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, and De la Fe, Christian

Subjects
040301 veterinary sciences, Mycoplasma agalactiae, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, Biology, Molecular typing, Genome, 0403 veterinary science, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetic variation, Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, Animals, Mycoplasma Infections, Typing, Contagious agalactia, Southern blot, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, Genetic diversity, lcsh:Veterinary medicine, [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, Goat Diseases, Bactériologie, General Veterinary, 030306 microbiology, ved/biology, Goats, Genetic Variation, Bacteriology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, veterinary(all), Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field, Variable number tandem repeat, Médecine vétérinaire et santé animal, Spain, lcsh:SF600-1100, Veterinary medicine and animal Health, Research Article
Abstract

Background The genetic diversity of Mycoplasma agalactiae (MA) isolates collected in Spain from goats in an area with contagious agalactia (CA) was assessed using a set of validated and new molecular typing methods. Validated methods included pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) typing, and Southern blot hybridization using a set of MA DNA probes, including those for typing the vpma genes repertoire. New approaches were based on PCR and targeted genomic regions that diverged between strains as defined by in silico genomic comparisons of sequenced MA genomes. Results Overall, the data showed that all typing tools yielded consistent results, with the VNTR analyses being the most rapid method to differentiate the MA isolates with a discriminatory ability comparable to that of PFGE and of a set of new PCR assays. All molecular typing approaches indicated that the Spanish isolates from the endemic area in Murcia were very diverse, with different clonal isolates probably restricted to separate, but geographically close, local areas. Conclusions The important genetic diversity of MA observed in infected goats from Spain contrasts with the overall homogeneity of the genomic background encountered in MA from sheep with CA in Southern France or Italy, suggesting that assessment of the disease status in endemic areas may require different approaches in sheep and in goats. A number of congruent sub-typing tools are now available for the differentiation of caprine isolates with comparable discriminatory powers.

Published
2011

29. Phase and antigenic variation in mycoplasmas

Author

Laurent-Xavier Nouvel, Eric Baranowski, Christine Citti, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INRA (FRANCE), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse - ENVT (FRANCE), Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, and Inconnu

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), Population dynamics, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Lipoproteins, Biology, Microbiology, Genome, Models, Biological, Surface diversity, 03 medical and health sciences, Mycoplasma, Antigen, Antigenic variation, Animals, Humans, Mycoplasma Infections, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, Immune Evasion, Genetics, Phase variation, Regulation of gene expression, Recombination, Genetic, 0303 health sciences, Minimal cell, 030306 microbiology, Host (biology), Immune evasion, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Acquired immune system, Antigenic Variation, Médecine vétérinaire et santé animal, Mycoplasmas, Host adaptation
Abstract

With their reduced genome bound by a single membrane, bacteria of the Mycoplasma species represent some of the simplest autonomous life forms. Yet, these minute prokaryotes are able to establish persistent infection in a wide range of hosts, even in the presence of a specific immune response. Clues to their success in host adaptation and survival reside, in part, in a number of gene families that are affected by frequent, stochastic genotypic changes. These genetic events alter the expression, the size and the antigenic structure of abundant surface proteins, thereby creating highly versatile and dynamic surfaces within a clonal population. This phenomenon provides these wall-less pathogens with a means to escape the host immune response and to modulate surface accessibility by masking and unmasking stably expressed components that are essential in host interaction and survival.

Published
2010

30. Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bangui, Central African Republic

Author

Germain Zandanga, Laurent-Xavier Nouvel, Brigitte Gicquel, Jesús Blázquez, Eric Kassa-Kelembho, Antoine Talarmin, Tiago Dos Vultos, Carlos Martin, Jean Rauzier, Carmen Lafoz, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (SPAIN), Institut Pasteur (FRANCE), Changsha University (CHINA), and Universidad Zaragoza (SPAIN)

Subjects
Tuberculosis, DNA Repair, Antibiotic resistance, Antitubercular Agents, Oligonucleotides, lcsh:Medicine, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bacterial Proteins, Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant, medicine, Humans, Anti-mutator genes, lcsh:RC109-216, Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Multidrug-resistant, Spoligotyping, biology, Molecular epidemiology, lcsh:R, Dispatch, DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases, biology.organism_classification, rpoB, medicine.disease, Virology, Multiple drug resistance, Central African Republic, Médecine vétérinaire et santé animal, Bangui, Mutation
Abstract

We investigated multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in Bangui, Central African Republic. We found 39.6% with the same spoligotype and synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism in the mutT1 gene. However, strains had different rpoB mutations responsible for rifampin resistance. MDR strains in Bangui may emerge preferentially from a single, MDR-prone family.

Published
2006

31. Comparative genomic and proteomic analyses of two Mycoplasma agalactiae strains: clues to the macro- and micro-events that are shaping mycoplasma diversity

Author

Daniel J. Jacob, Alain Blanchard, Laurent-Xavier Nouvel, Marc S. Marenda, Christine Citti, Sophie Mangenot, Valérie Barbe, Pascal Sirand-Pugnet, Eveline Sagné, Stéphane Claverol, Chantal Schenowitz, Aurélien Barré, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse - ENVT (FRANCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Université de Bordeaux 2 - Victor Segalen (FRANCE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INRA (FRANCE), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - INSERM (FRANCE), Institut Bergonié (FRANCE), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives - CEA (FRANCE), Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne - UEVE (FRANCE), Université de Bordeaux 1 (FRANCE), Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT), Génomique, développement et pouvoir pathogène (GD2P), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut de Génomique d'Evry (IG), Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Biologie François JACOB (JACOB), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Centre de Bioinformatique de Bordeaux (CBIB), CGFB, Centre Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux [Bordeaux] (CGFB), Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Université de Bordeaux Ségalen [Bordeaux 2], This research was supported by grants from the Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique (AgroBI, INRA), the University Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, and the Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Toulouse., Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut de Biologie François JACOB (JACOB), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay

Subjects
Proteomics, AGALACTIE CONTAGIEUSE, Horizontal gene transfert, Mycoplasma agalactiae, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, ruminant, Genome, Gene duplication, protéomique, protéome, génomique comparée, Genetics, bactérie, 0303 health sciences, Comparative Genomic Hybridization, Integrative conjugative element, santé animale, Gene Pool, GENOMIQUE, Multigene Family, Horizontal gene transfer, TRANSFERT HORIZONTAL, bactérie pathogène, Research Article, Biotechnology, DNA, Bacterial, Gene Flow, Gene Transfer, Horizontal, lcsh:QH426-470, lcsh:Biotechnology, Molecular Sequence Data, élément mobile, Genomics, Biology, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Evolution, Molecular, 03 medical and health sciences, lcsh:TP248.13-248.65, Comparative genomic, mycoplasme, Amino Acid Sequence, mollicute, pathologie animale, Gene, Surface protein, mycoplasma agalactiae, 030304 developmental biology, diversité, Genetic diversity, [SDV.GEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics, Base Sequence, 030306 microbiology, ved/biology, Insertion sequence, génome, Proteomic, Sequence Analysis, DNA, GENETIQUE, Mutagenesis, Insertional, lcsh:Genetics, Médecine vétérinaire et santé animal, Mobile genetic elements, Genome, Bacterial
Abstract

Background While the genomic era is accumulating a tremendous amount of data, the question of how genomics can describe a bacterial species remains to be fully addressed. The recent sequencing of the genome of the Mycoplasma agalactiae type strain has challenged our general view on mycoplasmas by suggesting that these simple bacteria are able to exchange significant amount of genetic material via horizontal gene transfer. Yet, events that are shaping mycoplasma genomes and that are underlining diversity within this species have to be fully evaluated. For this purpose, we compared two strains that are representative of the genetic spectrum encountered in this species: the type strain PG2 which genome is already available and a field strain, 5632, which was fully sequenced and annotated in this study. Results The two genomes differ by ca. 130 kbp with that of 5632 being the largest (1006 kbp). The make up of this additional genetic material mainly corresponds (i) to mobile genetic elements and (ii) to expanded repertoire of gene families that encode putative surface proteins and display features of highly-variable systems. More specifically, three entire copies of a previously described integrative conjugative element are found in 5632 that accounts for ca. 80 kbp. Other mobile genetic elements, found in 5632 but not in PG2, are the more classical insertion sequences which are related to those found in two other ruminant pathogens, M. bovis and M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC. In 5632, repertoires of gene families encoding surface proteins are larger due to gene duplication. Comparative proteomic analyses of the two strains indicate that the additional coding capacity of 5632 affects the overall architecture of the surface and suggests the occurrence of new phase variable systems based on single nucleotide polymorphisms. Conclusion Overall, comparative analyses of two M. agalactiae strains revealed a very dynamic genome which structure has been shaped by gene flow among ruminant mycoplasmas and expansion-reduction of gene repertoires encoding surface proteins, the expression of which is driven by localized genetic micro-events.

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32. Chromosomal Transfers in Mycoplasmas: When Minimal Genomes Go Mobile

Author

Emilie Dordet-Frisoni, Eveline Sagné, Eric Baranowski, Marc Breton, Laurent Xavier Nouvel, Alain Blanchard, Marc Serge Marenda, Florence Tardy, Pascal Sirand-Pugnet, and Christine Citti

Subjects
Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

ABSTRACT Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a main driving force of bacterial evolution and innovation. This phenomenon was long thought to be marginal in mycoplasmas, a large group of self-replicating bacteria characterized by minute genomes as a result of successive gene losses during evolution. Recent comparative genomic analyses challenged this paradigm, but the occurrence of chromosomal exchanges had never been formally addressed in mycoplasmas. Here, we demonstrated the conjugal transfer of large chromosomal regions within and among ruminant mycoplasma species, with the incorporation of the incoming DNA occurring by homologous recombination into the recipient chromosome. By combining classical mating experiments with high-throughput next-generation sequencing, we documented the transfer of almost every position of the mycoplasma chromosome. Mycoplasma conjugation relies on the occurrence of an integrative conjugative element (ICE) in at least one parent cell. While ICE propagates horizontally from ICE-positive to ICE-negative cells, chromosomal transfers (CTs) occurred in the opposite direction, from ICE-negative to ICE-positive cells, independently of ICE movement. These findings challenged the classical mechanisms proposed for other bacteria in which conjugative CTs are driven by conjugative elements, bringing into the spotlight a new means for rapid mycoplasma innovation. Overall, they radically change our current views concerning the evolution of mycoplasmas, with particularly far-reaching implications given that over 50 species are human or animal pathogens. IMPORTANCE Horizontal gene transfers (HGT) shape bacterial genomes and are key contributors to microbial diversity and innovation. One main mechanism involves conjugation, a process that allows the simultaneous transfer of significant amounts of DNA upon cell-to-cell contact. Recognizing and deciphering conjugal mechanisms are thus essential in understanding the impact of gene flux on bacterial evolution. We addressed this issue in mycoplasmas, the smallest and simplest self-replicating bacteria. In these organisms, HGT was long thought to be marginal. We showed here that nearly every position of the Mycoplasma agalactiae chromosome could be transferred via conjugation, using an unconventional mechanism. The transfer involved DNA blocks containing up to 80 genes that were incorporated into the host chromosome by homologous recombination. These findings radically change our views concerning mycoplasma evolution and adaptation with particularly far-reaching implications given that over 50 species are human or animal pathogens.

Published
2014
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