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本研究では，米軍作成の1/4800地形図から効率的に広範グリッド標高を生成する手法を検討し，その手法が有用であることが認められた．このグリッド標高と現地形の差分より求めた広範囲の切土盛土から地形改変状況を把握することができた．沖繩島中南部の米軍作成1/4800地形図の地形学的価値は非常に高く，この地形図のグリッド標高は，地形解析の他，防災や環境解析に利用できるものと考えられる．

This is a revised essay of my lecture at a seminar that was held at Showa Boston Institute for Language and Culture in June of 2011. I was invited by Professor Milton Coykendall to give his students a talk on my experiences during my sabbatical at Brown University from April, 2010 through July, 2011. Professor Coykendall's students were undergraduates from Showa Women's University, located in Tokyo, Japan. They had gone to Showa Boston Institute for Language and Culture to study English and had been at the institute for six months to a year. My lecture was supposed to focus on something that might interest the students. Therefore, I talked about some ways that I had used to learn English and about some of my and my family's experiences of living in the United States. I was given twenty minutes for my talk and afterwards there was time for a question-and-answer session.

Although yashikirin (premises forest) of fukugi (Garcinia subelliptica) trees were common in Okinawa before World War Two, there are only a handful of villages that retain the traditional landscape of fukugi trees today. This study analyses the physical characteristics of yashikirin in Imadomari Village, Nakijin on Okinawa Island and Tonaki Village on Tonaki Island to compare them with yashikirin in Bise Village, Motobu on Okinawa Island and Higashi and Nishi Villages on Aguni Island. Through comparing the physical features of yashikirin in each village, it can be concluded that the trees have been planted in correspondense with the microclimates of each location, particularly to withstand the srtong winds during the winter months. The results of the study also suggest that the historical development of the villages can be traced through the locations of older trees. Although Bise and Tonaki are better known as locations with fukugi yashikirin, Higashi and Nishi on Aguni and Imadomari are also worthy of mention as older trees can be found in these areas.

Located 57 km in the North-west of Okinawa Island, Aguni Island is one of few places in Okinawa in which well-preserved yashikirin(premises forest) of fukugi (Garcinia subelliptica) trees can still be seen. This study analyses the physical characteristics of yashikirin in the villages of Higashi and Nishi on Aguni by measuring the actual size of the trees. It finds that the number of fukugi trees in these villages is approximately 9,800 and that the trees have been deliberately planted along the specific sides of premises to respond to the climate of the island, particularly during the winter months. It also suggests that the historical development of the village may be traced by the distibution of larger (older) fukugi trees.

Sugar plantations underwrote Japanese colonial expansion in its southern colonies in the early 20th century. This article explores the establishment of the sugar plantation towns in southern Taiwan and traces their origins and civic characteristics from archival sources and interviews with former employees and their families. Late in the 19th century, overseas visits by Japanese entrepreneurs to plantations in other countries where the industry was well established were instrumental in the transfer of new technology and Urban design ideas to Taiwan. Examples provided by the well-established sugar plantations of Hawaii in particular are shown to have been most influential. Case studies of Kyoshito, Kohekirin and Heito, together with the Taiwan Seito company, provide much of the historical evidence., 日本統治下ミクロネシア（旧南洋群島）の経済を牽引し、大量の移民とプランテーションタウンの形成を促したのは糖業であったが、その原点は日本が初めて植民地として領有した台湾にある。本論文は、ミクロネシアにおける日本型糖業プランテーションタウンの原型を台湾に求め、その成立過程や特性を文献、聞き取り調査、航空写真からの地図再現などによって解明している。強力な官民パートナーシップのもと、初めて台湾に進出した日本資本の製糖会社は台湾製糖株式会社である。その最初の製糖工場が高雄の北側・橋仔頭に設置されたのは1902年のことで、当初は治安不安定のため、工場の周辺に事務所や宿舎を集中して配置していた。1905年、山本悌二郎所長以下3名の技術者がハワイ視察に出向く。その際、現地で見たハワイ糖業の効率性や規模に感銘を受け、帰国後直ちに狭軌鉄道の導入やハワイ式工場の導入を進める。さらに二つ目の後壁林工場(1907年設立）の開設にあたっては、ハワイ視察に参加した技術者の1人で工場長となった草鹿砥祐吉(1875-1961)が農場や工場だけでなく、労働者のための宿舎区の計画もハワイを範として計画した。テニスコートのあるオープンスペースや社員クラブを中心に置き、職階に従って戸建て、二戸一、長屋建ての住宅などを周辺に配置している。こうした「社宅街」は続く屏東工場(1910年設立）ではさらに拡大された。1910年代に入ると多数の日本資本が台湾に進出し、30以上の製糖工場が建設されたが、並木のあるグリッド状街区に整然と建物が並び、購買部からレクリエーション設備まで備えた社宅街は台湾における糖業プランテーションに欠かせない象徴的な景観となった。やがて台湾における製糖業の成長の限界が認識され、新高製糖の専務であった松江春次が1920年代に南洋群島への進出を目論んだ際には、こうした台湾での経験を生かし、短期間で事業を成功に導くことができたのである。

Keikamotsu is officially cargo service, but informally, it has been providing passenger service in Naha, Okinawa after World War Two. It is illegal for Keiksmotsu to provide passenger service and although the number of vehicles has significantly decreased after the revision of law in 1985, Keikamotsu is still used today by the elderly and students as it is more convenient than buses and cheaper than taxies. This paper looks at the history, operation and usage features of Keikamotsu and examines the possibility of formally incorporating paratransit service into the local transportation system based on the experience of Keikamotsu. While conventional transportation service is in crisis in many regional small cities in Japan, this study aims to consider cost-and time-effective ways of improving local transportation system.

一般に､ネットワーク･トラヒックの混雑は大別して三つの状態に分類される｡いわゆる軽い負荷､中程度の負荷､重い負荷の三つの状態である｡フルロード状態のシステムを研究することは重い負荷の状態におけるシステムの動作を予測するのに極めて有用である｡[3][4] 本稿では､フルロード状態のシステムにおけるパケット伝送の過渡状態を解析し､そのネットワークのトラヒック特性を導出する。, In general, traffic conjestion of a network are classified into three categories, namely lightly loaded, intermediately loaded and heavily loaded conditions. To study of the system under full load condition is useful for speculating the behavior of the system in heavily loaded traffic conditions[3] [4]. In this paper, we analyze the transient state of packet transmission and derive traffic characteristics of the network.

In developing countries, paratransit system that developed informally fills the gap of conventional buses and private cars, and plays a significant role to meet the rapidly changing transit demand. This paper looks at Songtaew in Khonkaen, Thailand, as a case of paratransit system that provides convenient and cost effective transportation service for a provincial city away from major metropolitan areas. It analyses the characteristics of Khonkaen's Sontaew operation by comparing it with other cities; operating system for inner- and intra-city services; roles of public sector, operating organizations and drivers and their cooperation as well as users' profile.

Although it exhibits a series of interesting properties including putting an end to transfer pricing and other losses and profit distribution strategies, the allocation of cross border profits in line with international consolidation and apportionment raises some issues. One of them is the temptation for companies to locate their taxable profits outside the consolidating area, a behavior likely to ruin all the best of the system. Therefore consolidation and apportionment should be supplemented with a serious series of anti-abuse measures, especially provisions against controlled foreign companies. Those imply a revision of the taxation of foreign companies, actually a move from exemption to crediting for participating countries, and a revision of tax treaties accordingly. However, such a change, despite its economic justification, would raise several legal issues, such as its compatibility with the OECD Model and with EC Law (in the European context). The possibility of restricting this change to the sole abusive situations should be examined. Keywords: European Union, Multinational Firms, Taxation JEL: F23, H25, K34

This work is a search for deeper understanding of established differences and similarities among compared legal systems. The application of economically inspired optimal model rule as a uniform term of comparison provides additional insights into some of the most often discussed legal issues. The assessed topics of pre-contractual duties of disclosure, the phenomena of unforeseen contingencies and the unilateral termination of contracts has triggered the attention of both legal and the law and economics’ scholars and are generally considered as one of the several persisting legal puzzles. While surveying law and economics’ literature and systematizing into the economically inspired optimal model rules used as uniform terms of comparisons the real driving force behind legal changes appear as evident. The fruitfulness of approach appears in the objective evaluation framework which enabled all consequent results. Analysis shows that in all three comparative essays following conclusions appear repeatedly in an unprecedented form. (1) All three assessments reveal that compared legal systems differ less than comparatists tend to believe. (2) Provided comparisons surprisingly reveal a growing trend from inefficient towards efficient legal practices. In other words, assessments reveal that legal systems invariably tend towards efficiency. (3) All comparisons reveal wealth maximization as the main driving force behind the judicial decision making. (4) In all examinations economically inspired optimal model rule provides an objective framework for explaining inconsistencies or similarities, and an objective justification for certain statutory provisions or decisions, where doctrinal justification failed. (5) All assessments also offer path for statutory reform. Upon those findings one may argue that indeed the main driving force behind legal changes in contract law is the economics, i.e. the wealth maximization. Moreover, the economically inspired objective evaluation method enriches traditional comparative contract law by enabling further qualitative assessment, previously left to the subjective intuitions or even to a majoritarian voting of comparatists. It offers ample opportunities for further research and for “better” law making, legislation and jurisprudence. Actually, it enables comparative contract law to offer clear-cut, objective recommendations on the possible improvements of legal rules or decisions, and to provide an objective, from national law separated evaluation on which law, doctrine and decision is a “better” one.

We examined whether jurors who know that a prosecutor has a high conviction rate are more inclined to convict a defendant than jurors who know that the prosecutor has a low conviction rate. Using simulated criminal cases, we conducted two experimental studies with jury-eligible participants. Study 1 (N = 200) tested whether information about prior conviction rates (high or low) affected jurors’ estimations of the probability of guilt in the context of a robbery. Study 2 (N = 205) used another criminal trial context (murder) and another dependent variable (dichotomous guilty/not guilty verdicts). Study 2 also incorporated jury instructions on the reasonable doubt standard and included a control condition in which no information regarding the conviction rate was provided. In both studies, jurors in the high conviction rate treatment were significantly more likely to convict the accused than jurors in the low conviction rate treatment. When jurors are aware of a prosecutor's prior conviction rates, a self-reinforcing cycle may arise in which conviction rates determine conviction rates.

This paper discusses the accountability gap problem posed by artificial intelligence. After sketching out the accountability gap problem we turn to ancient Roman law and scrutinise how slave-run businesses dealt with the accountability gap through an indirect agency of slaves. Our analysis shows that Roman law developed a heterogeneous framework in which multiple legal remedies coexist to accommodate the various competing interests of owners and contracting third parties. Moreover, Roman law shows that addressing the various emerging interests had been a continuous and gradual process of allocating risks among different stakeholders. The paper concludes that these two findings are key for contemporary discussions on how to regulate artificial intelligence.

The potential of artificial intelligence (AI) has grown exponentially in recent years, which not only generates value but also creates risks. AI systems are characterised by their complexity, opacity and autonomy in operation. Now and in the foreseeable future, AI systems will be operating in a manner that is not fully autonomous. This signifies that providing appropriate incentives to the human parties involved is still of great importance in reducing AI-related harm. Therefore, liability rules should be adapted in such a way to provide the relevant parties with incentives to efficiently reduce the social costs of potential accidents. Relying on a law and economics approach, we address the theoretical question of what kind of liability rules should be applied to different parties along the value chain related to AI. In addition, we critically analyse the ongoing policy debates in the European Union, discussing the risk that European policymakers will fail to determine efficient liability rules with regard to different stakeholders.

Dutch employers’ liability for workplace accidents is a very interesting topic, not only from a legal perspective, but also from a law and economics one. It is one of the few systems in Europe where liability is still based on the fault of the employer, whereas most countries apply a form of strict/no-fault liability or a system of no-fault insurance. It is interesting because the Dutch Civil Code explicitly refers to prevention of work-related losses. Law and economics focuses exactly on the behavioural incentives that are provided by tort liability, instead of on the compensation aspect. In this article, I provide an answer to the question of how Dutch employers’ liability compares to the law and economics desiderata. At first glance, the design of this type of liability (fault liability) is contrary to what law and economics would advocate (strict liability). In addition, the level of care that courts require from the employer seems to be excessively high. Interestingly, both characteristics together result in a situation which, from a law and economics perspective, is almost indistinguishable from the desired strict liability. So, two wrongs may make a right: the ‘wrong’ choice for fault liability combined with the ‘wrong’ level of due care results in the ‘right’ application of (quasi) strict liability. Therefore, at least in theory, employers receive the correct behavioural incentives, which induce them to take the optimal level of care and activity. However, when we subsequently turn our attention to employees, things look less perfect. Law and economics scholars argue that in situations where not only the tortfeasor but also the victim can influence accident probability, both parties should receive behavioural incentives. This implies that a rule of strict liability should be accompanied by a defence of contributory or comparative negligence. The Dutch employer liability regime contains a defence of intent or wilful recklessness on the part of the employee. From a law and economics perspective, this defence provides inadequate incentives to the employee, which is a third wrong. An often-heard response to this line of reasoning is that tort victims will receive behavioural incentives for fear of being involved in an accident in the first place, so the lack of a full defence of contributory or comparative negligence is not problematic. If this is true, then the damages the victims receive do not make them ‘whole’, which introduces a fourth wrong: uncompensated losses. This second set of two wrongs does not make a right, because if victims receive incomplete compensation, tortfeasors do not fully pay for the losses they have caused. This may reduce the behavioural incentives the tortfeasors receive, who may hence not choose optimal levels of care and activity after all.

This study extends the previous literature on the association between country-level economic uncertainty and suicide rate to 141 countries by introducing the World Uncertainty Index. We first examine the role of economic uncertainty on the suicide rates in a global setting for the period 2000–2019 and then analyze if the association varied across different income groups. Our primary findings suggest that a rise in economic uncertainty is related to an increased suicide rate. According to the estimates based on various income levels, higher economic uncertainty is associated with increased suicide risk in high-income countries. For middle- and low-income countries, we find no such impact. Overall, we conclude that contemporaneous and lagged economic uncertainty is a concern for the increased risk of suicide, especially in high-income countries. The results highlight the need for proactive suicide-prevention strategies in uncertain times.

Despite the importance and neutrality of constitutional rights, empirical research suggests that ideological inclinations unduly affect their assessment and application. In this study, we conducted two experiments in order to investigate the nature of the ideological bias in a constitutionally relevant decision (right-to-demonstration), and how to mitigate it. We find that ideological bias is driven by in-group favoritism. In addition, we find that prior commitment, through a signed declaration, to be impartial or to prioritize constitutional rights encourages participants not to disfavor out-groups. On the other hand, we do not find evidence that using a temporary blinding procedure mitigates the ideological bias.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all domains of human life, including the economic and social fabric of societies. One of the central strategies for managing public health throughout the pandemic has been through persuasive messaging and collective behaviour change. To help scholars better understand the social and moral psychology behind public health behaviour, we present a dataset comprising of 51,404 individuals from 69 countries. This dataset was collected for the International Collaboration on Social & Moral Psychology of COVID-19 project (ICSMP COVID-19). This social science survey invited participants around the world to complete a series of moral and psychological measures and public health attitudes about COVID-19 during an early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (between April and June 2020). The survey included seven broad categories of questions: COVID-19 beliefs and compliance behaviours; identity and social attitudes; ideology; health and well-being; moral beliefs and motivation; personality traits; and demographic variables. We report both raw and cleaned data, along with all survey materials, data visualisations, and psychometric evaluations of key variables. ispartof: SCIENTIFIC DATA vol:10 issue:1 ispartof: location:England status: published

In a world of rising long-term risks and their ensuing syndromes, the mitigation and financing of long-term risks are therefore arguably some of the most critical issues facing society. However, long-term thinking involving future generations draws limited attention in current political and social systems. Private insurance has received increased attention due to its expert role in risk management and its risk transfer mechanisms, and it has played an important role in dealing with some types of long-term risk, such as floods and earthquakes. Increasingly, insurance also contributes to disaster mitigation through regulating the conduct of policyholders by creating incentives for policyholders to counter short-termism and invest in reduction measures regarding long-term risks. In addition, it has been shown that supply-side problems and behavioural anomalies make it difficult to insure against long-term risks. Innovative long-term insurance solutions and a combination of public and private partnerships are proposed to overcome these restrictions.

In legal information retrieval, query cooking can significantly improve recall and precision. Context free grammars can be used to effectively parse user queries, even if the number of items to recognize is high and recognition patterns are complicated.

ObjectivesThis empirical study investigated the relationship between globalisation and suicide rates. We examined whether there is a beneficial or harmful relationship between economic, political and social globalisation and the suicide rate. We also estimated whether this relationship differs in high-, middle- and low-income countries.Study designUsing panel data from 190 countries over the period 1990–2019, we examined the relationship between globalisation and suicide.MethodWe compared the estimated effect of globalisation on suicide rates using robust fixed-effects models. Our results were robust to dynamic models and models with country-specific time trends.ResultsThe effect of the KOF Globalisation Index on suicide was initially positive, leading to an increase in the suicide rate before decreasing. Concerning the effects of economic, political, and social dimensions of globalisation, we found a similar inverted U-shaped relationship. Unlike the middle-income and high-income countries, we found a U-shaped relationship for the case of low-income countries, indicating that suicide decreased with globalisation and then increased as globalisation continues to increase. Moreover, the effect of political globalisation disappeared in low-income countries.ConclusionPolicy-makers in high- and middle-income countries, below the turning points, and low-income countries, above the turning points, must protect vulnerable groups from globalisation's disruptive forces, which can increase social inequality. Consideration of local and global factors of suicide will potentially stimulate the development of measures that might reduce the suicide rate.

Nu de inkoopprijs van gas sterk is gedaald, zouden ook de kosten van het energieplafond voor de schatkist moeten afnemen. Maar de contractprijzen dalen nog maar nauwelijks mee. Daardoor pakken de kosten voor de overheid veel hoger uit dan de steeds lagere bedragen die in de media worden genoemd. De energie­bedrijven moeten worden aangezet tot verlaging van hun prijzen.

This Thesis focuses on the principles of international law relevant to the resolution of legal disputes arising from sovereign insolvency conflicts. It attempts to contribute to the “incremental” approach literature by identifying principles, justifying their application in sovereign debt litigation and assessing whether they may help to reconcile the trade-offs prevalent in that context.

Following the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, the dramatic number of unemployed people has led institutions other than job centres to step in. Organisations normally devoted to social services have come together to fight the rising problem of occupational inactivity worsened by the current pandemic. In this analysis, we illustrate (i) who the occupationally inactive individuals most likely to reach out to the social services are, and (ii) the effectiveness of on-the-job training programmes organised by such institutions. We focus on the work of a Directorate of Social Services seated in Central Italy and targeting people unemployed or unable to work due to the SARS-CoV-2 crisis. Results show that individuals who apply for training programmes organised by social services are mostly men who are unemployed, receive a subsidy, and previously worked in the hotel and catering industry. Participation in the training programme implemented by the Directorate of Social Services seems to be especially beneficial for male candidates with secondary education and an employment history characterised by short-term employment.

Equity concerns in antitrust could justify market power in return for a fairer allocation by weighing the consumer welfare of certain disadvantaged groups more heavily. A simple example of an equity-justified agreement illustrates how seeking distributive justice through relaxed antitrust enforcement is ineffective and inefficient. Permitting competitors to jointly set prices gives them the power to price discriminate, which they could use to redistribute wealth by overcharging the rich and giving lower than competitive prices to the poor. Provided society values redistribution enough, such a ‘Robin Hood cartel’ is profitable, despite losing money on the poor and creating deadweight losses. Yet the poor will be given only what is minimally required in return for permission to take from the rich. Without conditions, the joint-profit maximizing wealth redistribution is nothing more than alms for the poor. They receive more under a full-payout plan, but total deadweight losses remain high. In essence, assigning a larger relative consumer welfare weight to the poor discounts the inefficiencies on the rich.

The increasing levels of population ageing have led to debates questioning the spending hierarchy granted by governments to social benefits. In this article, we use a Lotka–Voltera competition model based on differential equations to investigate the relationships between old age pensions, family/children benefits, sickness/health care, and unemployment benefits. The analysis focuses on Austria, Germany, and Switzerland between 2007 and 2018 with the aim of better understanding whether and when priority is given to benefits in favour of the older versus younger cohorts of the population. Findings for the German-speaking European triangle show that an intergenerational conflict is significantly present in government expenditure. In particular, old age pensions and family and children benefits mostly interact in a predator–prey relationship that favours old age pensions, while expenditure for sickness and health care predominates the scenario.

FinTech (financial technology, ‘‘FinTech’’) is a double-edged sword as it brings both benefits and risks. The potential risks, specifically, may merit regulatory attention. This study found that information deficits might arise. This study appraised FinTech’s technological nature that brings changes in complexity in modern financial markets to identify the information deficits and its undesirable outcomes. Financial crimes such as fraud, cheating, and money laundering exemplify them. Besides, as FinTech is still developing, the information regarding, for instance, whether and how to apply regulation to these new products, services or players may be insufficient for both regulators and those regulated. More one-size-fits-all regulation might accordingly be adopted, thereby being unable to distinguish between the safer and riskier FinTech. Through the lens of both law and economics and law and technology, this study further found that the root cause of the aforementioned problems is the pacing issue. Regulation cannot keep pace with technology. To solve this issue, this study suggested AFR (adaptive financial regulation, ‘‘AFR’’) of FinTech. AFR features its dynamic nature, enabling regulatory adjustments and learning through truly experimenting. Exploring and collecting information through experiments and learning from experiments are the core of AFR. FinTech regulatory sandboxes, which have been existing in countries, epitomize AFR. This study chose Taiwan as a case study. This study found that the barriers to adaptive and effective FinTech regulation such as sandboxes tend to happen with respect to the entry into, operation of, and formulation of sandboxes. Unduly emphasizing consumer protection and the innovation entry criterion by improperly imposing limits on the entry into sandboxes, ignoring post-sandbox mechanisms, and relying on detailed, specific and prescriptive rules to formulate sandboxes are examples. In addition, interest groups’ influence and regulators’ attitude were also found to be barriers to adaptive and effective FinTech regulation. To solve these barriers except for the interest groups’ influence and regulators’ attitude, this study proposed several solutions by looking into the experiences in other jurisdictions and analyzing several experimental cases. First, striking a balance between encouraging innovation and ensuring financial stability and consumer protection is indispensable. Several consumer protection measures after entering the sandboxes were recommended instead of the ex-ante limitation on sandboxes’ accessibility. Second, entry to sandboxes should be facilitated by improving the selection criteria. This study suggested that an innovation criterion may not be a necessity. Third, adhering to realizing regulatory adjustment and learning to adapt regulation to technology, this study argued that systematic post- sandbox mechanisms should be established. Regulatory adjustments are achievable through such mechanisms. Those regulated could also be incentivized to provide information on the expectation of the subsequent lighter regulations benefiting them. Fourth, this study recommended “more principles-based sandboxes”. Principles rather than rules should be the base on which sandboxes or FinTech regulation are established. Having principles could provide more flexibility, being easier to adjust and adapt, and better at avoiding obsolescence. Interpreting principles that are with a lower degree of specificity may be more costly than interpreting rules. However, the higher interpretation costs should be considered together with the increase or decrease of other types of costs such as the decrease of revising costs in the case of obsolescence and hence the decrease of obsolescence costs.

De implementatie van het energieprijsplafond kost bestuurlijk Nederland heel wat hoofdbrekens. Omzetcompensatie van energie­leveranciers leidt tot hogere prijzen en overwinsten. Kostencompensatie blijkt bestuurlijk onuitvoerbaar. Maar toch kunnen prijszekerheid en marktwerking samen onder één energieplafond bestaan. Een voorstel voor prijszekere kortingen.

Vanaf januari geldt een vaste lage prijs voor een groot eerste deel van het gas- en elektraverbruik. Voor het verbruik daarboven moet wél de marktprijs worden betaald. Het gekozen systeem dreigt de energieprijzen nog verder te verhogen.

Insurance distributors are increasingly using robo-advisors for a variety of tasks, ranging from facilitating communication with customers to providing substantive advice. Like many other AI-empowered applications, robo-advisors have the potential to pose substantial risks that should be regulated and corrected by legal instruments. In this article, we attempt to discuss the regulation of robo-advisors from the perspective of the Insurance Distribution Directive and the draft AI Act. We ask two questions for each. (1) From a positive legal perspective, what obligations are imposed on insurance distributors by the legislation when they deploy robo-advisors in their business? (2) From a normative perspective, are the incumbent provisions within that legislation effective at ensuring the ethical and responsible use of robo-advisors? Our results show that neither the Insurance Distribution Directive nor the AI Act adequately address the emerging risks associated with robo-advisors. The rules implicated by them regarding the use of robo-advisors for insurance distribution are inconsistent, disproportionate, and implicit. Legislators shall further address these issues, and authorities such as EIOPA and national competent authorities must also participate by providing concrete guidelines., peer-reviewed

What is the relationship between executive pay regulation and corporate social responsibility (CSR)? Currently, CSR is neither sufficiently included in economic research on executive pay, nor is pay regulation considered as a potential instrument in the growing body of CSR legislation. The successful proliferation of CSR in business practice and the attention policymakers and legislators now pay to it, however, have raised the importance of answering these questions. Thus, this blind spot in corporate governance—the relationship between compensation, CSR, and law—is the topic of this thesis. The dissertation approaches these issues in two subsequent research question: first, the role of executive pay regulation as an institutional determinant of CSR engagement is identified. From the results of this, the second research question arises: should legislators promote CSR engagement and—if so—how? Lastly, a case study is conducted to map how the influence of index funds as an important driver of CSR in corporate governance should be accommodated in the design of CSR legislation. The research project shows that pay regulation is part of the institutional determinants of CSR and, depending on its design, can incentivise or discourage different forms of CSR engagement. As a form of private self-regulation, CSR is closely interconnected with legal rules and the result of complex underlying drivers inside and outside the firm. The study develops a differentiation of CSR activities to accommodate this complexity, which is applied in an analysis of pay regulation. Together, these inquiries form a comprehensive picture of the ways in which pay regulation sets incentives for CSR engagement. Finally, the thesis shows how CSR-oriented pay regulation is consistent with the conventional goals of corporate governance and eventually provides a prospect for the integration of CSR and corporate law in general.

The current legal status protects only employees within the meaning of Art. 2 of the Labor Code, and in a small part of contractors, it contributes to the deterioration of the situation of semi-dependent/self-employed workers, resulting in effects that are entirely opposite to the intended ones, i.e., the inclusion of the axiology of the protective function into non-employee forms of work. Poland does not have its own scope of protective provisions similar to the labor code provisions that would apply to economically semi-dependent/self-employed workers. In this article, is analyzed the concept of the economically semi-dependent/self-employed as a starting point for granting them certain employment rights. Two main conclusions can be drawn: first, the economically semi-dependent self-employed is not an intermediate category between workers and the self-employed but a subcategory of the self-employed. Secondly, failure to grant them protection by Polish labor law will have a negative impact on the extension of collective rights of the self-employed. Obecny stan prawny chroniący tylko pracowników w rozumieniu art. 2 Kodeksu pracy oraz w nieznacznej części zleceniobiorców przyczynia się do pogorszenia sytuacji samozatrudnionych półzależnych, wywołując w rezultacie skutki wręcz odwrotne do zamierzonych tj. inkluzji aksjologii funkcji ochronnej na niepracownicze formy świadczenia pracy. Polska nie ma własnego zakresu przepisów ochronnych na wzór przepisów Kodeksu pracy, który miałby zastosowanie do ekonomicznie półzależnych samozatrudnionych. W niniejszym artykule analizowane jest pojęcie typu ekonomicznie półzależnych samozatrudnionych jako przesłanki wyjściowej do przyznania im niektórych praw pracowniczych. Można wyciągnąć dwa główne wnioski: po pierwsze, ekonomicznie półzależni samozatrudnieni nie są kategorią pośrednią między pracownikami a osobami samozatrudnionymi, ale podkategorią osób samozatrudnionych. Po drugie, brak przyznania im ochrony przez polskie prawo pracy będzie mieć negatywny wpływ na rozszerzenie praw zbiorowych samozatrudnionych.

In this article the author name ‘Agustin Ibanez’ was incorrectly written as ‘Augustin Ibanez’. The original article has been corrected.

This paper is focussed on the implementation of the presumption of harm for cartels, as formulated in art. 17.2 of Directive 2014/104/EU. In most Member States the overcharge is presumed to be 0% unless proven otherwise. In two Member States this is 10% and in one it is 20%. These can be considered as three defaults. Damages litigation may lead to under- or overcompensation. Achieving full compensation is rather a coincidence. If harm is de facto substantially lower (higher) than the default, the infringer (victim) has an incentive to prove the actual level of harm. Different choices regarding the presumptions of harm imply a difference in the weighing of under- and overcompensation. A 0% default suggests that preventing overcompensation is the dominant goal. A 10% default will be more effective than a 0% default in serving the compensatory function.