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Background Telemedicine gained wide acceptance during the COVID-19 pandemic, as it was deemed critical for patient care when lockdowns were implemented worldwide. While there is evidence to suggest that urology patients were receptive to telemedicine, no systematic review has been done to date on andrology patients and their perception of telemedicine. Methods Three electronic databases, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, were searched from their inception until June 2022 for relevant articles. Two independent teams reviewed abstracts and extracted data from the selected manuscripts. A meta-analysis was completed in line with PRISMA 2020 and AMSTAR Guidelines. For our study, we limited telemedicine to communication through videoconferencing or telephone encounters between patients and medical professionals. Positive response to telemedicine was defined as patients “wishing for telemedicine consultation”, “preferring telemedicine over in person”, “accepting the current telemedicine arrangement”, “having needs addressed with teleconsultation”, or “willingness to do a teleconsultation”. Results Of the 1128 retrieved abstracts, 56 underwent full-text review and 12 were included in the final analysis, comprising a total cohort of >4021 cases. Video visits were evaluated in 5 studies, telephone encounters were analyzed in 2 studies, and both methods were examined in 1 randomized control study. Three studies showed that andrology and sexual medicine are compatible with telemedicine, with few 30- and 90-day in-person revisit rates. Telemedicine was shown to save an average cost of US$149-$252 per patient, and 8 studies that directly assessed andrology patient perceptions of telemedicine showed that most patients had a “positive perception.” Pooled analyses of the positive responses to telemedicine were 68.7% (95% CI, 49.4%-83.1%, P = 0.057), and those of patients who recommended telemedicine were 65.1% (95% CI, 18.4%-93.9%, P = 0.577). While the percentage of patients recommending telemedicine was high among studies using videoconferencing, the percentage dropped in studies using telephone visits only. The difference between recommending video and telephone practices was statistically significant, with 84.6% pooled proportion for recommending video practice compared to 38.9% pooled proportion for recommending telephone practice, P = 0.035. In the telephone-only encounters, up to 27.1% of patients preferred in-person visits, as security and privacy of any mode of telecommunication were of concern. Conclusions Most patients have a positive perception of telemedicine, particularly with videoconferencing and less so with telephone visits. These results suggest that telemedicine will likely continue to play a pivotal role in andrology and sexual medicine practices.

Background: In 2017, a prospective multicenter, multinational, investigational pilot study was conducted examining outcomes using a novel surgical technique, the Mini-Jupette sling, for the management of erectile dysfunction (ED) patients with climacturia and/or minimal stress urinary incontinence (SUI) after prostate procedures. Climacturia has been reported in up to 64% of patients following radical prostatectomy (RP). We sought to report the 5-year outcomes from this original cohort to assess long-term safety and effectivity of the mini-jupette sling in the treatment of ED and concomitant mild SUI and/or climacturia. Methods: This is a single-arm, multicenter, retrospective, observational study. We identified patients who were enrolled in the previous multicenter study with post-RP ED and climacturia and/or mild SUI-2 PADS PER DAY (PPD) and underwent inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) insertion with simultaneous placement of a mini-jupette sling. Data were collected including current PPD, subjective improvement in climacturia/SUI, complications, need for revision of IPP or additional urinary incontinence surgery, and date of most recent follow-up. SPSS was used for statistical analysis. Results: Of the original 38 patients, 5 have since died and 10 were lost to follow-up with 23/38 (61%) patients available for evaluation of long-term outcomes. The average follow-up time was 59 months (SD =8.8) with a mean age of 69 years (SD =6.8). Most patients (n=21, 91%) had subjective improvement of SUI and climacturia. One patient with persistent bothersome incontinence underwent artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) placement in 2018 with no complications, while the other is still considering a repeat procedure due to minor but persistent SUI. The mean PPD decreased from 1.4 preoperatively to 0.4 at a mean of 5 years of follow-up. Most patients reported satisfaction in their urinary symptoms with 91% and 73% reporting improvement in SUI and climacturia respectively, compared to 86% and 93% respectively in the original series. One (4.3%) patient had an IPP revision for pump malfunction. There were no device infections reported. Conclusions: The mini-jupette sling appears to be a safe and effective procedure with durable improvements in SUI and climacturia at 5 years of follow-up.

Introduction Penile curvature is the most common abnormality that is observed by men with Peyronie's disease (PD). Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum (CCH) has become a standard treatment for PD patients. Aim To identify predictor factors associated with improvements of penile curvature outcomes in men with PD treated with CCH. Methods We retrospectively collected the data of patients with PD treated with CCH up to 8 injections divided into 4 cycles between January 2014 and July 2020. Per protocol, penile curvature was assessed at baseline, and after the second and ford CCH cycle. If after cycle 2, curvature demonstrated no improvement, or penile curvature was significantly improved and the patient was happy, no further treatment was recommended. However, if penile curvature was significantly improved and the patient remained dissatisfied, 4 cycles were completed. Three categories of response were evaluated: improvement (≥10 degrees or ≥20%, either 1 happens), unchanged (±10 degrees or ±20%) or worsened (≥10 degrees or ≥20%, either 1 happens). Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate predictive factors associated with penile curvature improvements. Outcomes Degrees of the curvature changes between the baseline and after the cycles of CCH. Results A total of 114 patients underwent CCH treatment. Median age was 57 years. Median PD duration was 11 months. At baseline, mean curvature was 47 degrees, 65% had dorsal curvature, 53% mid-shaft location, and 15% calcification. After CCH treatment, the mean final curvature was 40 degrees. A total of 44% improved the curvature, 39% had no change while 17% worsened after CCH treatment. Of men who had penile curvature improvement with CCH treatment, the mean curvature decreasing in degrees and percentage were 22 degrees and 41%, respectively. Men with baseline curvature ≤ 30, 31–59, and ≥ 60 degrees, the percentage curvature improvement were 29%, 43%, and 60%, respectively. Baseline curvature was the only significant predictor of penile curvature improvement after CCH (OR 1.33, 95% CI = 1.1, 1.7). Clinical Implications We confirmed baseline penile curvature is the most important predictive factor, and this is the first report describing proportions of penile curvature improvement with CCH treatment. Strengths and Limitations This study has several strengths, including the use of validated instruments. Nonetheless, there are limitations: the retrospective nature of the study, a single institution; and modelling device was not controlled. Conclusion Penile curvature improvement was significantly more common in patients with greater baseline curvature, reaching up to 60% for patients with ≥ 60 degrees.

Flexray is a high speed communication protocol designed for distributive control in automotive control applications. Control performance not only depends on the control algorithm but also on the scheduling constraints in communication. A balance between the control performance and communication constraints must required for the choice of the sampling rates of the control loops in a node. In this paper, an optimum sampling period of control loops to minimize the cost function, satisfying the scheduling constraints is obtained. An algorithm to obtain the delay in service of each task in a node of the control loop in the hyper period has been also developed. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

It is widely known that Control Area Networks (CAN) are used in real-time, distributed and parallel processing which cover manufacture plants, humanoid robots, networking fields, etc., In applications where wireless conditions are encountered it is convenient to continue the exchange of CAN frames within the Wireless CAN (WCAN). The WCAN considered in this research is based on wireless token ring protocol (WTRP); a MAC protocol for wireless networks to reduce the number of retransmissions due to collision and the wired counterpart CAN attribute on message based communication. WCAN uses token frame method to provide channel access to the nodes in the system. This method allow all the nodes to share common broadcast channel by taken turns in transmitting upon receiving the token frame which is circulating within the network for specified amount of time. This method provides high throughput in bounded latency environment, consistent and predictable delays and good packet delivery ratio. The most important factor to consider when evaluating a control network is the end-to-end time delay between sensors, controllers, and actuators. The correct operation of a control system depends on the timeliness of the data coming over the network, and thus, a control network should be able to guarantee message delivery within a bounded transmission time. The proposed WCAN is modeled and simulated using QualNet, and its average end to end delay and packet delivery ratio (PDR) are calculated. The parameters boundaries of WCAN are evaluated to guarantee a maximum throughput and a minimum latency time, in the case of wireless communications, precisely WCAN.

In this article, we present an exact theoretical analysis of an $$M/M/1$$ M / M / 1 system, with arbitrary distribution of relative deadline for the end of service, operated under the first come first served scheduling policy with exact admission control. We provide an explicit solution to the functional equation that must be satisfied by the workload distribution, when the system reaches steady state. We use this solution to derive explicit expressions for the loss ratio and the sojourn time distribution. Finally, we compare this loss ratio with that of a similar system operating without admission control, in the cases of some common distributions of the relative deadline.

This paper considers a firm real-time M/M/1 system, where jobs have stochastic deadlines till the end of service. A method for approximately specifying the loss ratio of the earliest-deadline-first scheduling policy along with exit control through the early discarding technique is presented. This approximation uses the arrival rate and the mean relative deadline, normalized with respect to the mean service time, for exponential and uniform distributions of relative deadlines. Simulations show that the maximum approximation error is less than 4% and 2% for the two distributions, respectively, for a wide range of arrival rates and mean relative deadlines. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

This paper reviews the research work done on the Reliability Analysis of Controller Area Network (CAN) based systems. During the last couple of decades, real-time researchers have extended schedulability analysis to a mature technique which for nontrivial systems can be used to determine whether a set of tasks executing on a single CPU or in a distributed system will meet their deadlines or not [1-3]. The main focus of the real-time research community is on hard real-time systems, and the essence of analyzing such systems is to investigate if deadlines are met in a worst case scenario. Whether this worst case actually will occur during execution, or if it is likely to occur, is not normally considered. Reliability modeling, on the other hand, involves study of fault models, characterization of distribution functions of faults and development of methods and tools for composing these distributions and models in estimating an overall reliability figure for the system [4]. This paper presents the research work done on reliability analysis developed with a focus on Controller-Area-Network-based automotive systems.

This paper reviews the research work done on the Modeling and Analysis of Wireless Controller Area Network (WCAN). The controller area network (CAN) has been long regarded as the pioneer in standardizing vehicle bus standard. Its influence has even been reached out to various applications in industrial automation; which includes military, aviation, electronics and many others. With wireless technology becoming more pervasive, there is also a need for CAN too to migrate and evolve to its wireless counterpart [1]. A few methods were proposed in the last decade [2-6] that utilized the advantageous of CAN into a wireless network system called wireless controller area network (WCAN). This paper reviews these approaches of WCAN.

Erectile dysfunction is a multidimensional but common male sexual dysfunction that involves an alteration in any of the components of the erectile response, including organic, relational and psychological. Roles for nonendocrine (neurogenic, vasculogenic and iatrogenic) and endocrine pathways have been proposed. Owing to its strong association with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, cardiac assessment may be warranted in men with symptoms of erectile dysfunction. Minimally invasive interventions to relieve the symptoms of erectile dysfunction include lifestyle modifications, oral drugs, injected vasodilator agents and vacuum erection devices. Surgical therapies are reserved for the subset of patients who have contraindications to these nonsurgical interventions, those who experience adverse effects from (or are refractory to) medical therapy and those who also have penile fibrosis or penile vascular insufficiency. Erectile dysfunction can have deleterious effects on a man's quality of life; most patients have symptoms of depression and anxiety related to sexual performance. These symptoms, in turn, affect his partner's sexual experience and the couple's quality of life. This Primer highlights numerous aspects of erectile dysfunction, summarizes new treatment targets and ongoing preclinical studies that evaluate new pharmacotherapies, and covers the topic of regenerative medicine, which represents the future of sexual medicine.

Sensor networks are deployed for real-time monitoring of large objects and systems such as volcanoes, bird nesting habitats, chemical plants, bridges and civil structures. A network consists of a large number of sensor nodes, each of which consists of a CPU with memory, a battery, one or more sensors and a radio trans-receiver. The nodes are deployed randomly over the terrain associated with the application. The topology of the network is irregular, and the nodes communicate with the base station through multi-hop paths. In many cases, the environment is hostile, so node failure is significant, occasionally a node is temporarily unavailable, and communication incurs significant packet loss. Once the energy of a node is depleted, it can no longer contribute to the operation of the sensor network; after a significant number of nodes fail, the life of the network is over. All aspects of sensor network design have to take into account the unreliability and unavailability of nodes, the limited available energy at each node, the irregular nature of the network and the packet losses during communication. In this presentation, we will look at some aspects of sensor network topology, communication mechanisms, task allocation, mode localization and other interesting problems. All algorithms that we look at are decentralized, since frequent node failures would make any centralized algorithm unviable. The algorithms also need to be robust, and to take into account the redundancy in the network. Message latency is not a major consideration in most cases, and response times are not critical. The most important consideration is energy usage, since the network life-time is critically dependent on how rapidly the battery power is depleted. The purpose of the talk is to provide an overview of the principles and challenges of wireless network implementation, rather that attempting to provide a specialized state-of-the-art presentation of one or two topics of relevance.

Transmission charge allocation is one of the major issues in transmission open access faced by the electric power industry. This paper introduces a new method of transmission charge allocation based on relative electrical distance (RED) concept. The method estimates the relative locations of load nodes with respect to the generator nodes. Transmission charges are allocated based on the relative electrical distance and the power contracts. The proposed method has been tested on typical sample systems and also on a practical 24-bus equivalent EHV power system, and results are presented for illustrative purpose. The proposed method provides better transmission tariff for maintaining system stability margins, minimum transmission loss and relieving congestion on lines.

Electric power systems are exposed to various contingencies. Network contingencies often contribute to over-loading of network branches, unsatisfactory voltages and also leading to problems of stability/voltage collapse. To maintain security of the systems, it is desirable to estimate the effect of contingencies and plan suitable measures to improve system security/stability. This paper presents an approach for selection of unified power flow controller (UPFC) suitable locations considering normal and network contingencies after evaluating the degree of severity of the contingencies. The ranking is evaluated using composite criteria based fuzzy logic for eliminating masking effect. The fuzzy approach, in addition to real power loadings and bus voltage violations, voltage stability indices at the load buses also used as the post-contingent quantities to evaluate the network contingency ranking. The selection of UPFC suitable locations uses the criteria on the basis of improved system security/stability. The proposed approach for selection of UPFC suitable locations has been tested under simulated conditions on a few power systems and the results for a 24-node real-life equivalent EHV power network and 39-node New England (modified) test system are presented for illustration purposes.

The article by Anhang and Coffman entitled “The Great Reference Debate” (American Libraries, March 2002) is a challenge for reference librarians in all types of libraries. Three community college reference librarians respond to the issues raised in “The Great Reference Debate” and address the fundamental question, “Are reference librarians toast?”

Fire and gas safety FGS system are important tools for safeguarding process plants and production facilities that handle flammable and toxic materials. In general, a conventional fire and gas system has several shortcomings, such as weakness to noise and false alarms. In order to overcome these shortcomings, controller area network CAN-based FGS system has been implemented in our previous work. Further, considering that FGS systems are employed in hazardous environments, where wireless implementation of CAN is desirous, an attempt to make CAN wireless is carried out for these systems in this work, by using the radio protocol IEEE 802.15.4 to communicate CAN messages wireless. This work is a continuation of our previous work. Here the wired CAN interface is converted to wireless CAN and response time analysis of the system is done using CANoe v7.6.

Library instruction need not be boring and tedious. Reference librarians have evolved effective methods of spicing up their bibliographic instruction sessions which can result in better retention for information and better relations between the library and its users.

Technology has brought changes to the life of the community college reference librarian. Not only has information gained a speed and immediacy that it did not have a decade ago but library users have expectations of convenience when using CD-ROMs and other electronic information sources that have caused reference librarians to rethink some of their traditional service modes. Compared to the speed at which information may be accessed today, the older systems of the 1970s and 1980s do appear to be ‘antiques.’

This paper analyzes a new multiprocessor interconnection network — the folded cube-connected cycles (FCCC). This topology is obtained by replacing each node of an n -dimensional folded hypercube by an ( n + 1)-cycle. The FCCC n is a regular network of degree 3 and has ( n + 1)2 n nodes. We analyze the topological properties of the FCCC and compare them with those of the cube-connected cycles (CCC). The FCCC has a lower diameter and average distance than that of the CCC. In terms of the most commonly used cost metric (node degree x diameter), the FCCC is better than any of the hypercube-variant networks. It is strongly resilient, and has a fault diameter less than that of the CCC. In terms of bisection width and connectivity also, the FCCC is better than that of the CCC. We propose algorithms for one-to-one communication and broadcasting in FCCC. We also propose an optimal VLSI layout.

Micromobility protocols have been proposed to provide seamless local mobility support. There are several micro mobility protocols such as HMIP, Cellular IP and HAWAII. This paper focuses on the performance of single stream forwarding scheme of HAWAII . An analytical model is developed for the evaluation. The aim of the paper is to investigate the impact of the buffering at the old base station on the handoff and to introduce a buffer at the cross over router to eliminate the packet loss at the mobile host for a given play out delay and also show by means of simulation the packet loss at the mobile host dependent on the router service rates and link propagation delays.

In earlier work, nonisomorphic graphs have been converted into networks to realize Multistage Interconnection networks, which are topologically nonequivalent to the Baseline network. The drawback of this technique is that these nonequivalent networks are not guaranteed to be self-routing, because each node in the graph model can be replaced by a (2 × 2) switch in any one of the four different configurations. Hence, the problem of routing in these networks remains unsolved. Moreover, nonisomorphic graphs were obtained by interconnecting bipartite loops in a heuristic manner; the heuristic nature of this procedure makes it difficult to guarantee full connectivity in large networks. We solve these problems through a direct approach, in which a matrix model for self-routing networks is developed. An example is given to show that this model encompases nonequivalent self-routing networks. This approach has the additional advantage in that the matrix model itself ensures full connectivity.

The operation and planning of large interconnected power systems are becoming increasingly complex. To maintain security of such systems, it is desirable to estimate the effect of contingencies and plan suitable measures to improve system security/stability. The paper presents an approach for selection of unified-power-flow-controller (UPFC-) suitable locations considering normal and network contingencies after evaluating the degree of severity of the contingencies. The ranking is evaluated using composite-criteria-based fuzzy logic for eliminating masking effects. The fuzzy approach, in addition to real-power loadings and bus-voltage violations, also used voltage-stability indexes at the load buses as the post-contingent quantities to evaluate the network-contingency ranking. The selection of UPFC-suitable locations uses the criteria on the basis of improved system security/stability. The proposed approach for selection of UPFC-suitable locations has been tested under simulated conditions on a few power systems and the results for a 205-node real-life equivalent regional-power-grid system of three interconnected utility systems are presented for illustration purposes.

It is becoming increasingly important for power system planning and operating engineers to be capable of performing comprehensive voltage stability analyses of the systems. This need is largely due to recent trends towards operating systems under stressed conditions as a result of increasing system loads without sufficient transmission and/or generation enhancements. This paper discusses effect of the on-load tap changing transformers (OLTCs) on voltage stability and identifying critical OLTCs to avoid possibilities of voltage instability conditions. The developed approach has been tested on sample systems. Results obtained on an equivalent system of 24-node practical power system are presented.

In the present day power system planning and operation, considerable interest is being shown in system security and stability analysis. Pattern of load sharing / generation scheduling that results in heavy flows tend to incur greater losses, threaten stability, security and ultimately making certain generation patterns undesirable. Generation schedules mainly based on economic criteria may lead to lower reserve margins and therefore diminished reliability is a serious concern for the systems. With increased loading of existing power transmission systems, the problem of voltage stability and voltage collapse has also become a major concern in power system planning and operation. While the voltage stability is more dependent on the reactive power sources/voltage profile in the system, it is also a function of real power flows. In this paper, network sensitivity between load voltages and source voltages to compute voltage stability index (L), is used as the basis to evaluate desirable load sharing for improving stability margins. The proposed method has been tested on typical sample systems and also on a practical 24-bus equivalent power system, and results are presented to illustrate the proposed approach.

In this paper, we develop a tool for carrying out acceptance tests in a multiprocessor system, for workloads that include both sporadic hard tasks with specified resource requirements, and multimedia tasks with firm (m, k) guarantees. The tool is a two-level scheduler. The higher-level server planner generates server arrangements for the multimedia server, such that it can meet the (m, k) firm guarantees, and can execute optional task instances as well, while the lower-level feasibility checker determines the schedulability of the sporadic tasks under the specified server arrangement. The two levels iterate until schedulability is determined. The tool has been validated through simulation.

This paper presents a usage-based transmission cost allocation method based on a new set of line utility factors (LUFs), which provides power transaction impact on each element of the network in deregulated power system operation. The developed LUFs relates the line flows with generation/load for a given network configuration. In this paper, a bilateral transaction contract model through a transaction matrix and line utility factors are used to evaluate cost of bilateral power contracts. The proposed method allocates the transaction costs over the participants/contracts proportional to the ratio of power flow caused by each participant/contract and the total power flows on a designated transmission line. The method has been applied on a few sample systems, and the results for sample systems and a real life EHV equivalent system are presented for illustrative purposes.

In a faulty torus/mesh, finding the maximal fault-free submesh is the main problem of reconfiguration. Chen and Hu [1] proposed a distributed method to determine the maximal fault-free submesh in a faulty torus. In this paper, we show that it is sufficient to apply the distributed algorithm proposed by Chen and Hu [1] to only few nodes of a torus. The time for determination of the maximal fault free submesh/submeshes (MFSS) is considerably reduced, by reduction in the number of messages needed for determination of MFSS. In addition, it also reduces the congestion in the network. We present an algorithm to determine the smallest submesh containing all faulty nodes in a torus. The proposed algorithm has a time complexity of O(n(m+k)) for a k-ary n-cube with m faults. Intensive simulation study reveals that number of messages is significantly reduced compared to Chen and Hu’s [1] method.

Distribution networks, unlike in transmission system, may not be provided with protective devices or circuit breakers in each branch of the feeder. For any fault in the feeder, a large part of the feeder, may be isolated depending on the circuit breaker installation. For the purpose of speedy repair work and maintenance, it is important to find the exact fault location and type of fault. This paper presents an algorithmic approach for finding the location and type of fault based on the three phase measurements obtained for state estimation. Results of the simulated fault conditions on practical distribution systems are presented.

Electric power systems are exposed to various contingencies. Network contingencies often contribute to overloading of network branches, unsatisfactory voltages and also leading to problems of stability/voltage collapse. To maintain security of the systems, it is desirable to estimate the effect of contingencies and plan suitable measures to improve system security/stability. The paper presents an approach for selection of UPFC (unified power flow controller) suitable locations considering normal and network contingencies after evaluating the degree of severity of the contingencies. The ranking is evaluated using composite criteria based fuzzy logic for eliminating masking effects. The selection of UPFC suitable locations uses the criteria on the basis of improved system security/stability. The proposed approach for selection of UPFC suitable locations has been tested under simulated conditions on a few sample power systems and the results for a real life 36-node equivalent EHV power network are presented for illustration purposes.

Transmission charge allocation is one of the major issues in transmission open access faced by the electric power industry. This paper introduces a new method of transmission charge allocation based on relative electrical distance (RED) concept. The method estimates the relative locations of load nodes with respect to the generator nodes. The proposed method has been tested on typical sample systems and also on a practical 24-bus equivalent EHV power system, and results are presented for illustrative purpose. The proposed method provides better transmission tariff for maintaining system stability margins.

Any systematic study of the effectiveness of the protection scheme of a power system in recovering from a fault requires the development of a suitable model of the protection scheme. In this paper, the relevance of Petri net models to recoverability analysis is investigated.

A new class of nets, called S-nets, is introduced for the performance analysis of scheduling algorithms used in real-time systems Deterministic timed Petri nets do not adequately model the scheduling of resources encountered in real-time systems, and need to be augmented with resource places and signal places, and a scheduler block, to facilitate the modeling of scheduling algorithms. The tokens are colored, and the transition firing rules are suitably modified. Further, the concept of transition folding is used, to get intuitively simple models of multiframe real-time systems. Two generic performance measures, called i?½load indexi?½ and i?½balance index,i?½ which characterize the resource utilization and the uniformity of workload distribution, respectively, are defined. The utility of S-nets for evaluating heuristic-based scheduling schemes is illustrated by considering three heuristics for real-time scheduling. S-nets are useful in tuning the hardware configuration and the underlying scheduling policy, so that the system utilization is maximized, and the workload distribution among the computing resources is balanced.

The dependence of the system voltage stability on reactive power distribution forms the basis for reactive power optimisation. The technique attempts to utilise fully the reactive power sources in the system to improve the voltage stability and profile as well as meeting the reactive power requirements at the AC-DC terminals to facilitate the smooth operation of DC links. The method involves successive solution of steady-state power flows and optimisation of reactive power control variables using linear programming techniques. The proposed method has been applied to a few systems and the results obtained on a real-life equivalent 96-bus AC and a two-terminal DC system are presented for illustration.