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BACKGROUND: Gross total or near total resection (GTR/NTR; resection ≥95%) of glioblastoma (GBM) seems correlated with a longer survival. Intraoperative MRI (ioMRI) is one method to evaluate the extent of resection (EOR) in order to improve it during the same anesthesia. We compared GBM resections using a 3.0T ioMRI and then without considering the EOR, safety, survival and discussed the indications for using this expensive modality. METHODS: Between March 2006 and November 2011, 56 GBM resections were performed using an ioMRI, and 38 without (control group). The only criterion in order to have access to the ioMRI was its availability. We compared the variables EOR, Karnofsky Performance Scale scores and survival in both groups. RESULTS: In the ioMRI group, 15 patients (26.8%) underwent an immediate second resection increasing the GTR rate of 10.7% and the GTR/NTR rate of 8.9%. There was a significant difference between the use of an ioMRI and the control group in reaching a larger EOR (P=0.049, Fisher's exact test). The effect of using the ioMRI or not on the overall survival, with EOR as covariate, was not significant (P=0.147, Likelihood ratio test). However, the EOR alone had a significant effect on survival (P=0.049, Wald test), with a shorter survival for the patients with a partial resection (PR) than a GTR/NTR (Hazard ratio=1.6, 95% CI HR: 1.00-2.69), with a median overall survival of 15.26 months (95% CI: 12.34-19.08) for the GTR/NTR subgroup versus 10.26 months (95% CI: 6.64-15.82) for the PR subgroup. Multivariate regression analysis also identified age, sex and adjuvant chemotherapy as factors significantly associated with overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: A 3.0T ioMRI improved the quality of resection by 17.8% and increased the GTR/NTR rate by 8.9% up to 73.2% without additional morbidity. A GTR/NTR improves survival duration by about 50%. Thus, it remains reasonable to increase the EOR to reach GTR/NTR using an intraoperative control. However, ioMRI should

Objectives: To retrospectively identify morphological and physiological post-operative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics predictive of glioblastoma recurrences after gross total resection (gross-TR). Methods: Resection margins of 24 glioblastoma were analysed immediately post-operatively (MRI ≤ 2 h) and early post-operatively (24 h ≤ MRI ≤ 48 h), and subdivided into areas with and without subtle contrast enhancement previously considered non-specific. On follow-up MRI, tumour regrowth areas were subdivided according to recurrence extent (focally/extended) and delay (≤6 and ≥12 months). Co-registration of pre-operative, immediately post-operative and early post-operative MRI with the first follow-up MRI demonstrating recurrence authorised their morphological (contrast enhancements) and physiological (rCBV) characterisation. Results: Morphologically, on immediately post-operative MRI, micro-nodular and frayed enhancements correlate significantly with early recurrences (≤6 months). After gross-TR the absence of these enhancements is associated with a significant increase in progression-free survival (61 vs 15 weeks respectively) and overall survival (125 vs 51 weeks respectively). Physiologically, areas with a future focal recurrence have a trend toward higher rCBV than other areas. Conclusion: Immediately post-operative topography of micro-nodular and frayed enhancements is suggestive of recurrence location and delay. Absence of such enhancements is associated with a fourfold increase in progression-free survival and a 2.5-fold increase in overall survival. Key Points: • Immediately post-operative MRI reveals contrast enhancement after glioblastoma gross total resection. • Immediately post-operative micro-nodular and frayed enhancement correlate with early recurrence. • Absence of micro-nodular/frayed enhancement is associated with 61 weeks' progression-free survival. • Absence of micro-nodular/frayed enhancement is associated with 125 weeks' overall su