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Despite its prominence in early scientific records, the usefulness of saliva as a respiratory specimen has been de-emphasised over the past century. However, due to its low cost and reliance on specific supply chains and the non-invasive nature of its collection, its benefits over swab-based specimens are again becoming increasingly recognised. These benefits were highlighted over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, where saliva emerged as a more practical, clinically non-inferior sample type for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 and saw numerous saliva-based diagnostic tests approved for clinical use. Looking forward, as saliva uniquely contains both respiratory secretions and immunological components, it has potentially wide applications, ranging from clinical diagnostics to post-vaccine disease burden and immunity surveillance. This Personal View seeks to summarise the existing evidence for the use of saliva in detecting respiratory pathogens, beyond SARS-CoV-2, as well as detailing methodological factors that can influence sample quality and thus, clinical utility., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests SP has received consulting or travel fees from Pfizer, Inventprise, Global Diagnostic Systems, and Vaxcyte, and is the Principal Investigator on a grant from Merck to Yale University, for work not related to this Personal View. ALW has received consulting or advisory board fees from Pfizer, RADx, Diasorin, PPS Health, Co-Diagnostics, Filtration Group, and Global Diagnostics Systems for work not related to this Personal View. ALW is a Principal Investigator for research grants funded by Pfizer, Merck, Flambeau Diagnostics, Tempus Labs, and The Rockefeller Foundation to Yale University. All other authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria presents a robust physicochemical barrier protecting the cell from both the natural environment and acting as the first line of defense against antimicrobial materials. The proteins situated within the outer membrane are responsible for a range of biological functions including controlling influx and efflux. These outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are ultimately inserted and folded within the membrane by the β-barrel assembly machine (Bam) complex. The precise mechanism by which the Bam complex folds and inserts OMPs remains unclear. Here, we have developed a platform for investigating Bam-mediated OMP insertion. By derivatizing a gold surface with a copper-chelating self-assembled monolayer, we were able to assemble a planar system containing the complete Bam complex reconstituted within a phospholipid bilayer. Structural characterization of this interfacial protein-tethered bilayer by polarized neutron reflectometry revealed distinct regions consistent with known high-resolution models of the Bam complex. Additionally, by monitoring changes of mass associated with OMP insertion by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, we were able to demonstrate the functionality of this system by inserting two diverse OMPs within the membrane, pertactin, and OmpT. This platform has promising application in investigating the mechanism of Bam-mediated OMP insertion, in addition to OMP function and activity within a phospholipid bilayer environment., (Copyright © 2021 Biophysical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The Mla pathway is believed to be involved in maintaining the asymmetrical Gram-negative outer membrane via retrograde phospholipid transport. The pathway is composed of three components: the outer membrane MlaA-OmpC/F complex, a soluble periplasmic protein, MlaC, and the inner membrane ATPase, MlaFEDB complex. Here, we solve the crystal structure of MlaC in its phospholipid-free closed apo conformation, revealing a pivoting β-sheet mechanism that functions to open and close the phospholipid-binding pocket. Using the apo form of MlaC, we provide evidence that the inner-membrane MlaFEDB machinery exports phospholipids to MlaC in the periplasm. Furthermore, we confirm that the phospholipid export process occurs through the MlaD component of the MlaFEDB complex and that this process is independent of ATP. Our data provide evidence of an apparatus for lipid export away from the inner membrane and suggest that the Mla pathway may have a role in anterograde phospholipid transport.