Search

Ancient Egyptian ethical thought and action revolved around the notion of maat. Although there are no traces of a standard moral code surviving from ancient Egypt, moral principles were often reflected in the literature—especially works of wisdom literature, funerary books and songs, tomb biographies, and literary narratives. In these sources moral principles were mostly expressed in practical admonitions and general observations on everyday conduct and were voiced by authoritative sages. Through the study of these sources one can observe the occurrence of a major change in ancient Egyptian ethical thought during the New Kingdom, when piety and religiosity became significant criteria for the judgment of the individual.

Introduction: Acute brain injury is one of the most important causes of morbidity, mortality and disability worldwide. Time is the most important aspect of acute brain injury management. In this context, biomarkers could mitigate the limitations of neuroimaging. Neuro-biomarkers could be used both to diagnose intracranial pathology and to predict the effectiveness of treatment applications. Aim: The aim of this review is to describe the role of various and specific markers of brain damage with particular emphasis on acute brain injury and stroke. Results/discussion: The diagnostic and prognostic value of modern biomarkers remains relatively questionable, although grouping biomarkers into panels is improving their usefulness. The groups of biomarkers that will be analyzed include astrocytic, axonal, neuronal as well as extracellular biomarkers. Conclusion: Future studies will demonstrate the utility of neuro-biomarkers in the diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic monitoring of patients with acute brain injury in the intensive care unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of education and apprenticeship in ancient Egypt was the training of scribes and of specialist craftsmen. The result of this profession-oriented educational system was restricted accessibility to schooling, most probably favoring male members of the Egyptian elite. Basic education offered in Egyptian local schools consisted of the teaching of language, mathematics, geography, and of other subjects appropriate for the preparation of potential scribes who were destined to work in local and national Egyptian institutions, such as the palace or the temples. The evidence for the existence of such an educational system in ancient Egypt comes mainly in the form of school exercises, schoolbooks, and references found in literary and documentary texts. There is comparatively less evidence, however, for the role of apprenticeship, which was a pedagogical method employed mainly for the training of craftsmen or for advanced and specialized education, such as that needed to become a priest. Although the main elements of pedagogy probably remained as such throughout Egyptian history, it is likely that foreign languages were taught from the New Kingdom onwards, culminating in the bilingual Egyptian-Greek education of the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods.

Ancient Egyptian ethical thought and action revolved around the notion of maat. Although there are no traces of a standard moral code surviving from ancient Egypt, moral principles are often reflected in the literature--especially works of wisdom literature, funerary books and songs, tomb biographies, and literary narratives. In these sources moral principles are mostly expressed in practical admonitions and general observations on everyday conduct, and are voiced by authoritative sages. Through the study of these sources one can observe the occurrence of a major change in ancient Egyptian ethical thought during the New Kingdom, when piety and religiosity became significant criteria for the judgment of the individual.

Background Device-assisted enteroscopy (DAE) has become a well-established diagnostic and therapeutic tool for the management of small-bowel pathology. We aimed to evaluate the performance measures for DAE across the UK against the quality benchmarks proposed by the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE). Methods We retrospectively collected data on patient demographics and DAE performance measures from electronic endoscopy records of consecutive patients who underwent DAE for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes across 12 enteroscopy centers in the UK between January 2017 and December 2022. Results A total of 2005 DAE procedures were performed in 1663 patients (median age 60 years; 53% men). Almost all procedures (98.1%) were performed for appropriate indications. Double-balloon enteroscopy was used for most procedures (82.0%), followed by single-balloon enteroscopy (17.2%) and spiral enteroscopy (0.7%). The estimated depth of insertion was documented in 73.4% of procedures. The overall diagnostic yield was 70.0%. Therapeutic interventions were performed in 42.6% of procedures, with a success rate of 96.6%. Overall, 78.0% of detected lesions were marked with a tattoo. Patient comfort was significantly better with the use of deep sedation compared with conscious sedation (99.7% vs. 68.5%; P <0.001). Major adverse events occurred in only 0.6% of procedures. Conclusions Performance measures for DAE in the UK meet the ESGE quality benchmarks, with high diagnostic and therapeutic yields, and a low incidence of major adverse events. However, there is room for improvement in optimizing sedation practices, standardizing the depth of insertion documentation, and adopting marking techniques to aid in the follow-up of detected lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]