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565 results on '"Le Quéré, Corinne"'

4. Global patterns of daily CO2 emissions reductions in the first year of COVID-19

Author

Liu, Zhu, Deng, Zhu, Zhu, Biqing, Ciais, Philippe, Davis, Steven J., Tan, Jianguang, Andrew, Robbie M., Boucher, Olivier, Arous, Simon Ben, Canadell, Josep G., Dou, Xinyu, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Gentine, Pierre, Guo, Rui, Hong, Chaopeng, Jackson, Robert B., Kammen, Daniel M., Ke, Piyu, Le Quéré, Corinne, Monica, Crippa, Janssens-Maenhout, Greet, Peters, Glen P., Tanaka, Katsumasa, Wang, Yilong, Zheng, Bo, Zhong, Haiwang, Sun, Taochun, and Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim

Published
2022
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5. Recent Changes in Global Photosynthesis and Terrestrial Ecosystem Respiration Constrained From Multiple Observations

Author

Li, Wei, Ciais, Philippe, Wang, Yilong, Yin, Yi, Peng, Shushi, Zhu, Zaichun, Bastos, Ana, Yue, Chao, Ballantyne, Ashley P, Broquet, Grégoire, Canadell, Josep G, Cescatti, Alessandro, Chen, Chi, Cooper, Leila, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Le Quéré, Corinne, Myneni, Ranga B, and Piao, Shilong

Subjects
Life on Land, GPP trend, Bayesian constraint, terrestrial ecosystem respiration, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Abstract

To assess global carbon cycle variability, we decompose the net land carbon sink into the sum of gross primary productivity (GPP), terrestrial ecosystem respiration (TER), and fire emissions and apply a Bayesian framework to constrain these fluxes between 1980 and 2014. The constrained GPP and TER fluxes show an increasing trend of only half of the prior trend simulated by models. From the optimization, we infer that TER increased in parallel with GPP from 1980 to 1990, but then stalled during the cooler periods, in 1990–1994 coincident with the Pinatubo eruption, and during the recent warming hiatus period. After each of these TER stalling periods, TER is found to increase faster than GPP, explaining a relative reduction of the net land sink. These results shed light on decadal variations of GPP and TER and suggest that they exhibit different responses to temperature anomalies over the last 35 years.

Published
2018

7. A Global Ocean Opal Ballasting–Silicate Relationship.

Author

Cael, B. B., Moore, C. Mark, Guest, Joe, Jarníková, Tereza, Mouw, Colleen B., Bowler, Chris, Mawji, Edward, Henson, Stephanie A., and Le Quéré, Corinne

Subjects
ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide, BIOGEOCHEMICAL cycles, IRON silicates, CALCIUM carbonate, OPALS, CARBON cycle
Abstract

Opal and calcium carbonate are thought to regulate the biological pump's transfer of organic carbon to the deep ocean. A global sediment trap database exhibits large regional variations in the organic carbon flux associated with opal flux. These variations are well‐explained by upper ocean silicate concentrations, with high opal 'ballasting' in the silicate‐deplete tropical Atlantic Ocean, and low ballasting in the silicate‐rich Southern Ocean. A plausible, testable hypothesis is that opal ballasting varies because diatoms grow thicker frustules where silicate concentrations are higher, carrying less organic carbon per unit opal. The observed pattern does not fully emerge in an advanced ocean biogeochemical model when diatom silicification is represented using a single global parameterization as a function of silicate and iron. Our results suggest a need for improving understanding of currently modeled processes and/or considering additional parameterizations to capture the links between elemental cycles and future biological pump changes. Plain Language Summary: Opal, or hydrated silica, is taken up in the surface ocean by diatoms to construct their protective frustules. Another plankton type, coccolithophores, generate protective platelets from calcium carbonate. These two minerals, and thereby plankton types, play major roles in the global carbon cycle. The 'biological carbon pump' transfers carbon from the upper ocean to the ocean's depths, where it can stay for millenia. This process has influenced past atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and could also do so in the future. The transfer of carbon to the deep ocean is partially regulated by the amount of 'ballast' minerals in sinking particles, especially opal and calcium carbonate, which are denser and cause particles to sink faster and/or protect organic carbon from microbial consumption. We show that unlike calcium carbonate, opal's ballasting effect varies a great deal between different regions of the ocean. The variation in opal ballasting is well‐explained by the upper‐ocean concentration of silicate between these regions. This suggests a simple explanation: when silicate concentrations are high, diatoms grow thick frustules which actually results in lower carbon sinking per unit opal. Capturing this ballasting–silicate relationship in carbon cycle models may improve their ability to predict future biogeochemical cycles and climate. Key Points: Opal ballasting varies by more than a factor of six across ocean regions; calcium carbonate ballasting is uniformSilicate concentration predicts opal ballasting which suggests that the latter varies with diatom frustule thicknessThis emergent relationship's absence from a sophisticated biogeochemical model indicates it holds useful information for constraining models [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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9. A global ocean opal ballasting–silicate relationship

Author

Cael, B.B., Moore, C. Mark, Guest, Joe, Jarníková, Tereza, Mouw, Colleen B., Bowler, Chris, Mawji, Edward, Henson, Stephanie A., Le Quéré, Corinne, Cael, B.B., Moore, C. Mark, Guest, Joe, Jarníková, Tereza, Mouw, Colleen B., Bowler, Chris, Mawji, Edward, Henson, Stephanie A., and Le Quéré, Corinne

Abstract

Opal and calcium carbonate are thought to regulate the biological pump's transfer of organic carbon to the deep ocean. A global sediment trap database exhibits large regional variations in the organic carbon flux associated with opal flux. These variations are well-explained by upper ocean silicate concentrations, with high opal ‘ballasting’ in the silicate-deplete tropical Atlantic Ocean, and low ballasting in the silicate-rich Southern Ocean. A plausible, testable hypothesis is that opal ballasting varies because diatoms grow thicker frustules where silicate concentrations are higher, carrying less organic carbon per unit opal. The observed pattern does not fully emerge in an advanced ocean biogeochemical model when diatom silicification is represented using a single global parameterization as a function of silicate and iron. Our results suggest a need for improving understanding of currently modeled processes and/or considering additional parameterizations to capture the links between elemental cycles and future biological pump changes.

Published
2024

10. A Synthesis of Global Coastal Ocean Greenhouse Gas Fluxes

Author

Resplandy, Laure LR, Hogikyan, A., Müller, Jens Daniel, Najjar, Raymond R.G., Hermann, W. Bange, Bianchi, Daniele, Weber, T., Cai, Wei-Jun, Doney, S. C., Fennel, Katja, Gehlen, Marion, Hauck, J., Lacroix, Fabrice, Landschutzer, Peter, Le Quéré, Corinne, Roobaert, Alizée, Schwinger, J., Berthet, Sarah, Bopp, Laurent, Chau, Thi T. T., Dai, Minhan, Gruber, Nicolas, Ilyina, Tatiana, Kock, A., Manizza, M., Lachkar, Z., Laruelle, Goulven Gildas, Liao, Enhui EL, Lima, I. D., Nissen, C, Rödenbeck, Christian, Séférian, Roland, Toyama, K., Tsujino, H., Regnier, Pierre A.G., Resplandy, Laure LR, Hogikyan, A., Müller, Jens Daniel, Najjar, Raymond R.G., Hermann, W. Bange, Bianchi, Daniele, Weber, T., Cai, Wei-Jun, Doney, S. C., Fennel, Katja, Gehlen, Marion, Hauck, J., Lacroix, Fabrice, Landschutzer, Peter, Le Quéré, Corinne, Roobaert, Alizée, Schwinger, J., Berthet, Sarah, Bopp, Laurent, Chau, Thi T. T., Dai, Minhan, Gruber, Nicolas, Ilyina, Tatiana, Kock, A., Manizza, M., Lachkar, Z., Laruelle, Goulven Gildas, Liao, Enhui EL, Lima, I. D., Nissen, C, Rödenbeck, Christian, Séférian, Roland, Toyama, K., Tsujino, H., and Regnier, Pierre A.G.

Abstract

The coastal ocean contributes to regulating atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations by taking up carbon dioxide (CO2) and releasing nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). In this second phase of the Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP2), we quantify global coastal ocean fluxes of CO2, N2O and CH4 using an ensemble of global gap-filled observation-based products and ocean biogeochemical models. The global coastal ocean is a net sink of CO2 in both observational products and models, but the magnitude of the median net global coastal uptake is ∼60% larger in models (−0.72 vs. −0.44 PgC year−1, 1998–2018, coastal ocean extending to 300 km offshore or 1,000 m isobath with area of 77 million km2). We attribute most of this model-product difference to the seasonality in sea surface CO2 partial pressure at mid- and high-latitudes, where models simulate stronger winter CO2 uptake. The coastal ocean CO2 sink has increased in the past decades but the available time-resolving observation-based products and models show large discrepancies in the magnitude of this increase. The global coastal ocean is a major source of N2O (+0.70 PgCO2-e year−1 in observational product and +0.54 PgCO2-e year−1 in model median) and CH4 (+0.21 PgCO2-e year−1 in observational product), which offsets a substantial proportion of the coastal CO2 uptake in the net radiative balance (30%–60% in CO2-equivalents), highlighting the importance of considering the three greenhouse gases when examining the influence of the coastal ocean on climate., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2024

13. Sharing a quota on cumulative carbon emissions

Author

Raupach, Michael R, Davis, Steven J, Peters, Glen P, Andrew, Robbie M, Canadell, Josep G, Ciais, Philippe, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Jotzo, Frank, van Vuuren, Detlef P, and Le Quéré, Corinne

Subjects
Climate Action, Atmospheric Sciences, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Environmental Science and Management
Abstract

Any limit on future global warming is associated with a quota on cumulative global CO2 emissions. We translate this global carbon quota to regional and national scales, on a spectrum of sharing principles that extends from continuation of the present distribution of emissions to an equal per-capita distribution of cumulative emissions. A blend of these endpoints emerges as the most viable option. For a carbon quota consistent with a 2°C warming limit (relative to pre-industrial levels), the necessary long-term mitigation rates are very challenging (typically over 5% per year), both because of strong limits on future emissions from the global carbon quota and also the likely short-term persistence in emissions growth in many regions.

Published
2014

14. Constraining the trend in the ocean CO2 sink during 2000–2022.

Author

Mayot, Nicolas, Buitenhuis, Erik T., Wright, Rebecca M., Hauck, Judith, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., and Le Quéré, Corinne

Subjects
OCEAN, TWO thousands (Decade), ATMOSPHERE, HUMAN beings
Abstract

The ocean will ultimately store most of the CO2 emitted to the atmosphere by human activities. Despite its importance, estimates of the 2000−2022 trend in the ocean CO2 sink differ by a factor of two between observation-based products and process-based models. Here we address this discrepancy using a hybrid approach that preserves the consistency of known processes but constrains the outcome using observations. We show that the hybrid approach reproduces the stagnation of the ocean CO2 sink in the 1990s and its reinvigoration in the 2000s suggested by observation-based products and matches their amplitude. It suggests that process-based models underestimate the amplitude of the decadal variability in the ocean CO2 sink, but that observation-based products on average overestimate the decadal trend in the 2010s. The hybrid approach constrains the 2000−2022 trend in the ocean CO2 sink to 0.42 ± 0.06 Pg C yr−1 decade−1, and by inference the total land CO2 sink to 0.28 ± 0.13 Pg C yr−1 decade−1. A hybrid approach reconciles discrepancies between observation-based and ocean model estimates of the ocean CO2 sink. It shows that ocean models underestimate variability, while observation-based methods tend to overestimate the 2010s trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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18. Three decades of global methane sources and sinks

Author

Kirschke, Stefanie, Bousquet, Philippe, Ciais, Philippe, Saunois, Marielle, Canadell, Josep G, Dlugokencky, Edward J, Bergamaschi, Peter, Bergmann, Daniel, Blake, Donald R, Bruhwiler, Lori, Cameron-Smith, Philip, Castaldi, Simona, Chevallier, Frédéric, Feng, Liang, Fraser, Annemarie, Heimann, Martin, Hodson, Elke L, Houweling, Sander, Josse, Béatrice, Fraser, Paul J, Krummel, Paul B, Lamarque, Jean-François, Langenfelds, Ray L, Le Quéré, Corinne, Naik, Vaishali, O'Doherty, Simon, Palmer, Paul I, Pison, Isabelle, Plummer, David, Poulter, Benjamin, Prinn, Ronald G, Rigby, Matt, Ringeval, Bruno, Santini, Monia, Schmidt, Martina, Shindell, Drew T, Simpson, Isobel J, Spahni, Renato, Steele, L Paul, Strode, Sarah A, Sudo, Kengo, Szopa, Sophie, van der Werf, Guido R, Voulgarakis, Apostolos, van Weele, Michiel, Weiss, Ray F, Williams, Jason E, and Zeng, Guang

Subjects
Climate Action, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Abstract

Methane is an important greenhouse gas, responsible for about 20% of the warming induced by long-lived greenhouse gases since pre-industrial times. By reacting with hydroxyl radicals, methane reduces the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere and generates ozone in the troposphere. Although most sources and sinks of methane have been identified, their relative contributions to atmospheric methane levels are highly uncertain. As such, the factors responsible for the observed stabilization of atmospheric methane levels in the early 2000s, and the renewed rise after 2006, remain unclear. Here, we construct decadal budgets for methane sources and sinks between 1980 and 2010, using a combination of atmospheric measurements and results from chemical transport models, ecosystem models, climate chemistry models and inventories of anthropogenic emissions. The resultant budgets suggest that data-driven approaches and ecosystem models overestimate total natural emissions. We build three contrasting emission scenarios-which differ in fossil fuel and microbial emissions-to explain the decadal variability in atmospheric methane levels detected, here and in previous studies, since 1985. Although uncertainties in emission trends do not allow definitive conclusions to be drawn, we show that the observed stabilization of methane levels between 1999 and 2006 can potentially be explained by decreasing-to-stable fossil fuel emissions, combined with stable-to-increasing microbial emissions. We show that a rise in natural wetland emissions and fossil fuel emissions probably accounts for the renewed increase in global methane levels after 2006, although the relative contribution of these two sources remains uncertain. © 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited.

Published
2013

21. Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide

Author

Le Quéré, Corinne, Raupach, Michael R, Canadell, Josep G, Marland, Gregg, Bopp, Laurent, Ciais, Philippe, Conway, Thomas J, Doney, Scott C, Feely, Richard A, Foster, Pru, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Gurney, Kevin, Houghton, Richard A, House, Joanna I, Huntingford, Chris, Levy, Peter E, Lomas, Mark R, Majkut, Joseph, Metzl, Nicolas, Ometto, Jean P, Peters, Glen P, Prentice, I Colin, Randerson, James T, Running, Steven W, Sarmiento, Jorge L, Schuster, Ute, Sitch, Stephen, Takahashi, Taro, Viovy, Nicolas, van der Werf, Guido R, and Woodward, F Ian

Subjects
Climate Action, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Abstract

Efforts to control climate change require the stabilization of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. This can only be achieved through a drastic reduction of global CO 2 emissions. Yet fossil fuel emissions increased by 29% between 2000 and 2008, in conjunction with increased contributions from emerging economies, from the production and international trade of goods and services, and from the use of coal as a fuel source. In contrast, emissions from land-use changes were nearly constant. Between 1959 and 2008, 43% of each year's CO 2 emissions remained in the atmosphere on average; the rest was absorbed by carbon sinks on land and in the oceans. In the past 50 years, the fraction of CO 2 emissions that remains in the atmosphere each year has likely increased, from about 40% to 45%, and models suggest that this trend was caused by a decrease in the uptake of CO 2 by the carbon sinks in response to climate change and variability. Changes in the CO 2 sinks are highly uncertain, but they could have a significant influence on future atmospheric CO 2 levels. It is therefore crucial to reduce the uncertainties. © 2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.

Published
2009

22. Global Carbon Budget 2023

Author

Friedlingstein, Pierre, primary, O'Sullivan, Michael, additional, Jones, Matthew W., additional, Andrew, Robbie M., additional, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, Hauck, Judith, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Le Quéré, Corinne, additional, Luijkx, Ingrid T., additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Peters, Wouter, additional, Pongratz, Julia, additional, Schwingshackl, Clemens, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Canadell, Josep G., additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Jackson, Robert B., additional, Alin, Simone R., additional, Anthoni, Peter, additional, Barbero, Leticia, additional, Bates, Nicholas R., additional, Becker, Meike, additional, Bellouin, Nicolas, additional, Decharme, Bertrand, additional, Bopp, Laurent, additional, Brasika, Ida Bagus Mandhara, additional, Cadule, Patricia, additional, Chamberlain, Matthew A., additional, Chandra, Naveen, additional, Chau, Thi-Tuyet-Trang, additional, Chevallier, Frédéric, additional, Chini, Louise P., additional, Cronin, Margot, additional, Dou, Xinyu, additional, Enyo, Kazutaka, additional, Evans, Wiley, additional, Falk, Stefanie, additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Feng, Liang, additional, Ford, Daniel J., additional, Gasser, Thomas, additional, Ghattas, Josefine, additional, Gkritzalis, Thanos, additional, Grassi, Giacomo, additional, Gregor, Luke, additional, Gruber, Nicolas, additional, Gürses, Özgür, additional, Harris, Ian, additional, Hefner, Matthew, additional, Heinke, Jens, additional, Houghton, Richard A., additional, Hurtt, George C., additional, Iida, Yosuke, additional, Ilyina, Tatiana, additional, Jacobson, Andrew R., additional, Jain, Atul, additional, Jarníková, Tereza, additional, Jersild, Annika, additional, Jiang, Fei, additional, Jin, Zhe, additional, Joos, Fortunat, additional, Kato, Etsushi, additional, Keeling, Ralph F., additional, Kennedy, Daniel, additional, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, additional, Knauer, Jürgen, additional, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, additional, Körtzinger, Arne, additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Lefèvre, Nathalie, additional, Li, Hongmei, additional, Liu, Junjie, additional, Liu, Zhiqiang, additional, Ma, Lei, additional, Marland, Greg, additional, Mayot, Nicolas, additional, McGuire, Patrick C., additional, McKinley, Galen A., additional, Meyer, Gesa, additional, Morgan, Eric J., additional, Munro, David R., additional, Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, additional, Niwa, Yosuke, additional, O'Brien, Kevin M., additional, Olsen, Are, additional, Omar, Abdirahman M., additional, Ono, Tsuneo, additional, Paulsen, Melf, additional, Pierrot, Denis, additional, Pocock, Katie, additional, Poulter, Benjamin, additional, Powis, Carter M., additional, Rehder, Gregor, additional, Resplandy, Laure, additional, Robertson, Eddy, additional, Rödenbeck, Christian, additional, Rosan, Thais M., additional, Schwinger, Jörg, additional, Séférian, Roland, additional, Smallman, T. Luke, additional, Smith, Stephen M., additional, Sospedra-Alfonso, Reinel, additional, Sun, Qing, additional, Sutton, Adrienne J., additional, Sweeney, Colm, additional, Takao, Shintaro, additional, Tans, Pieter P., additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Tilbrook, Bronte, additional, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, additional, Tubiello, Francesco, additional, van der Werf, Guido R., additional, van Ooijen, Erik, additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Watanabe, Michio, additional, Wimart-Rousseau, Cathy, additional, Yang, Dongxu, additional, Yang, Xiaojuan, additional, Yuan, Wenping, additional, Yue, Xu, additional, Zaehle, Sönke, additional, Zeng, Jiye, additional, and Zheng, Bo, additional

Published
2023
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23. The Southern Ocean Carbon Cycle 1985–2018: Mean, Seasonal Cycle, Trends, and Storage

Author

Hauck, Judith, primary, Gregor, Luke, additional, Nissen, Cara, additional, Patara, Lavinia, additional, Hague, Mark, additional, Mongwe, Precious, additional, Bushinsky, Seth, additional, Doney, Scott C., additional, Gruber, Nicolas, additional, Le Quéré, Corinne, additional, Manizza, Manfredi, additional, Mazloff, Matthew, additional, Monteiro, Pedro M. S., additional, and Terhaar, Jens, additional

Published
2023
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24. Supplementary material to "Global Carbon Budget 2023"

Author

Friedlingstein, Pierre, primary, O'Sullivan, Michael, additional, Jones, Matthew W., additional, Andrew, Robbie M., additional, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, Hauck, Judith, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Le Quéré, Corinne, additional, Luijkx, Ingrid T., additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Peters, Wouter, additional, Pongratz, Julia, additional, Schwingshackl, Clemens, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Canadell, Josep G., additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Jackson, Robert B., additional, Alin, Simone R., additional, Anthoni, Peter, additional, Barbero, Leticia, additional, Bates, Nicholas R., additional, Becker, Meike, additional, Bellouin, Nicolas, additional, Decharme, Bertrand, additional, Bopp, Laurent, additional, Brasika, Ida Bagus Mandhara, additional, Cadule, Patricia, additional, Chamberlain, Matthew A., additional, Chandra, Naveen, additional, Chau, Thi-Tuyet-Trang, additional, Chevallier, Frédéric, additional, Chini, Louise P., additional, Cronin, Margot, additional, Dou, Xinyu, additional, Enyo, Kazutaka, additional, Evans, Wiley, additional, Falk, Stefanie, additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Feng, Liang, additional, Ford, Daniel. J., additional, Gasser, Thomas, additional, Ghattas, Josefine, additional, Gkritzalis, Thanos, additional, Grassi, Giacomo, additional, Gregor, Luke, additional, Gruber, Nicolas, additional, Gürses, Özgür, additional, Harris, Ian, additional, Hefner, Matthew, additional, Heinke, Jens, additional, Houghton, Richard A., additional, Hurtt, George C., additional, Iida, Yosuke, additional, Ilyina, Tatiana, additional, Jacobson, Andrew R., additional, Jain, Atul, additional, Jarníková, Tereza, additional, Jersild, Annika, additional, Jiang, Fei, additional, Jin, Zhe, additional, Joos, Fortunat, additional, Kato, Etsushi, additional, Keeling, Ralph F., additional, Kennedy, Daniel, additional, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, additional, Knauer, Jürgen, additional, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, additional, Körtzinger, Arne, additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Lefèvre, Nathalie, additional, Li, Hongmei, additional, Liu, Junjie, additional, Liu, Zhiqiang, additional, Ma, Lei, additional, Marland, Greg, additional, Mayot, Nicolas, additional, McGuire, Patrick C., additional, McKinley, Galen A., additional, Meyer, Gesa, additional, Morgan, Eric J., additional, Munro, David R., additional, Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, additional, Niwa, Yosuke, additional, O'Brien, Kevin M., additional, Olsen, Are, additional, Omar, Abdirahman M., additional, Ono, Tsuneo, additional, Paulsen, Melf E., additional, Pierrot, Denis, additional, Pocock, Katie, additional, Poulter, Benjamin, additional, Powis, Carter M., additional, Rehder, Gregor, additional, Resplandy, Laure, additional, Robertson, Eddy, additional, Rödenbeck, Christian, additional, Rosan, Thais M., additional, Schwinger, Jörg, additional, Séférian, Roland, additional, Smallman, T. Luke, additional, Smith, Stephen M., additional, Sospedra-Alfonso, Reinel, additional, Sun, Qing, additional, Sutton, Adrienne J., additional, Sweeney, Colm, additional, Takao, Shintaro, additional, Tans, Pieter P., additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Tilbrook, Bronte, additional, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, additional, Tubiello, Francesco, additional, van der Werf, Guido R., additional, van Ooijen, Erik, additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Watanabe, Michio, additional, Wimart-Rousseau, Cathy, additional, Yang, Dongxu, additional, Yang, Xiaojuan, additional, Yuan, Wenping, additional, Yue, Xu, additional, Zaehle, Sönke, additional, Zeng, Jiye, additional, and Zheng, Bo, additional

Published
2023
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25. Magnitude, Trends, and Variability of the Global Ocean Carbon Sink From 1985 to 2018

Author

DeVries, Tim, primary, Yamamoto, Kana, additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Gruber, Nicolas, additional, Hauck, Judith, additional, Müller, Jens Daniel, additional, Bopp, Laurent, additional, Carroll, Dustin, additional, Carter, Brendan, additional, Chau, Thi‐Tuyet‐Trang, additional, Doney, Scott C., additional, Gehlen, Marion, additional, Gloege, Lucas, additional, Gregor, Luke, additional, Henson, Stephanie, additional, Kim, Ji Hyun, additional, Iida, Yosuke, additional, Ilyina, Tatiana, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Le Quéré, Corinne, additional, Munro, David, additional, Nissen, Cara, additional, Patara, Lavinia, additional, Pérez, Fiz F., additional, Resplandy, Laure, additional, Rodgers, Keith B., additional, Schwinger, Jörg, additional, Séférian, Roland, additional, Sicardi, Valentina, additional, Terhaar, Jens, additional, Triñanes, Joaquin, additional, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, additional, Watson, Andrew, additional, Yasunaka, Sayaka, additional, and Zeng, Jiye, additional

Published
2023
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26. Chapter 1 Impacts of the Oceans on Climate Change

Author

Reid, Philip C, Fischer, Astrid C, Lewis-Brown, Emily, Meredith, Michael P, Sparrow, Mike, Andersson, Andreas J, Antia, Avan, Bates, Nicholas R, Bathmann, Ulrich, Beaugrand, Gregory, Brix, Holger, Dye, Stephen, Edwards, Martin, Furevik, Tore, Gangstø, Reidun, Hátún, Hjálmar, Hopcroft, Russell R, Kendall, Mike, Kasten, Sabine, Keeling, Ralph, Le Quéré, Corinne, Mackenzie, Fred T, Malin, Gill, Mauritzen, Cecilie, Ólafsson, Jón, Paull, Charlie, Rignot, Eric, Shimada, Koji, Vogt, Meike, Wallace, Craig, Wang, Zhaomin, and Washington, Richard

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Climate Action, Life Below Water, Air Movements, Animals, Antarctic Regions, Arctic Regions, Atmosphere, Carbon Dioxide, Climate Change, Ecosystem, Environmental Monitoring, Oceanography, Oceans and Seas, Water Movements, Marine Biology & Hydrobiology, Biological sciences
Abstract

The oceans play a key role in climate regulation especially in part buffering (neutralising) the effects of increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and rising global temperatures. This chapter examines how the regulatory processes performed by the oceans alter as a response to climate change and assesses the extent to which positive feedbacks from the ocean may exacerbate climate change. There is clear evidence for rapid change in the oceans. As the main heat store for the world there has been an accelerating change in sea temperatures over the last few decades, which has contributed to rising sea-level. The oceans are also the main store of carbon dioxide (CO2), and are estimated to have taken up approximately 40% of anthropogenic-sourced CO2 from the atmosphere since the beginning of the industrial revolution. A proportion of the carbon uptake is exported via the four ocean 'carbon pumps' (Solubility, Biological, Continental Shelf and Carbonate Counter) to the deep ocean reservoir. Increases in sea temperature and changing planktonic systems and ocean currents may lead to a reduction in the uptake of CO2 by the ocean; some evidence suggests a suppression of parts of the marine carbon sink is already underway. While the oceans have buffered climate change through the uptake of CO2 produced by fossil fuel burning this has already had an impact on ocean chemistry through ocean acidification and will continue to do so. Feedbacks to climate change from acidification may result from expected impacts on marine organisms (especially corals and calcareous plankton), ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles. The polar regions of the world are showing the most rapid responses to climate change. As a result of a strong ice-ocean influence, small changes in temperature, salinity and ice cover may trigger large and sudden changes in regional climate with potential downstream feedbacks to the climate of the rest of the world. A warming Arctic Ocean may lead to further releases of the potent greenhouse gas methane from hydrates and permafrost. The Southern Ocean plays a critical role in driving, modifying and regulating global climate change via the carbon cycle and through its impact on adjacent Antarctica. The Antarctic Peninsula has shown some of the most rapid rises in atmospheric and oceanic temperature in the world, with an associated retreat of the majority of glaciers. Parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet are deflating rapidly, very likely due to a change in the flux of oceanic heat to the undersides of the floating ice shelves. The final section on modelling feedbacks from the ocean to climate change identifies limitations and priorities for model development and associated observations. Considering the importance of the oceans to climate change and our limited understanding of climate-related ocean processes, our ability to measure the changes that are taking place are conspicuously inadequate. The chapter highlights the need for a comprehensive, adequately funded and globally extensive ocean observing system to be implemented and sustained as a high priority. Unless feedbacks from the oceans to climate change are adequately included in climate change models, it is possible that the mitigation actions needed to stabilise CO2 and limit temperature rise over the next century will be underestimated.

Published
2009

28. A comparison of global estimates of marine primary production from ocean color

Author

Carr, Mary-Elena, Friedrichs, Marjorie AM, Schmeltz, Marjorie, Aita, Maki Noguchi, Antoine, David, Arrigo, Kevin R, Asanuma, Ichio, Aumont, Olivier, Barber, Richard, Behrenfeld, Michael, Bidigare, Robert, Buitenhuis, Erik T, Campbell, Janet, Ciotti, Aurea, Dierssen, Heidi, Dowell, Mark, Dunne, John, Esaias, Wayne, Gentili, Bernard, Gregg, Watson, Groom, Steve, Hoepffner, Nicolas, Ishizaka, Joji, Kameda, Takahiko, Le Quéré, Corinne, Lohrenz, Steven, Marra, John, Mélin, Frédéric, Moore, Keith, Morel, André, Reddy, Tasha E, Ryan, John, Scardi, Michele, Smyth, Tim, Turpie, Kevin, Tilstone, Gavin, Waters, Kirk, and Yamanaka, Yasuhiro

Subjects
Life Below Water, Geochemistry, Oceanography, Ecology
Published
2006

34. Global Carbon Budget 2023

Author

Friedlingstein, Pierre, O’Sullivan, Michael, Jones, Matthew W., Andrew, Robbie M., Bakker, Dorothee C.E., Hauck, Judith, Landschützer, Peter, Le Quéré, Corinne, Luijkx, Ingrid T., Peters, Glen P., Peters, Wouter, Pongratz, Julia, Schwingshackl, Clemens, Sitch, Stephen, Canadell, Josep G., Ciais, Philippe, Jackson, Robert B., Alin, Simone R., Anthoni, Peter, Barbero, Leticia, Bates, Nicholas R., Becker, Meike, Bellouin, Nicolas, Decharme, Bertrand, Bopp, Laurent, Brasika, Ida Bagus Mandhara, Cadule, Patricia, Chamberlain, Matthew A., Chandra, Naveen, Chau, Thi Tuyet Trang, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P., Cronin, Margot, Dou, Xinyu, Enyo, Kazutaka, Evans, Wiley, Falk, Stefanie, Feely, Richard A., Feng, Liang, Ford, Daniel J., Gasser, Thomas, Ghattas, Josefine, Gkritzalis, Thanos, Grassi, Giacomo, Gregor, Luke, Gruber, Nicolas, Gürses, Özgür, Harris, Ian, Hefner, Matthew, Heinke, Jens, Houghton, Richard A., Hurtt, George C., Iida, Yosuke, Ilyina, Tatiana, Jacobson, Andrew R., Jain, Atul, Jarníková, Tereza, Jersild, Annika, Jiang, Fei, Jin, Zhe, Joos, Fortunat, Kato, Etsushi, Keeling, Ralph F., Kennedy, Daniel, Goldewijk, Kees Klein, Knauer, Jürgen, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, Körtzinger, Arne, Lan, Xin, Lefèvre, Nathalie, Li, Hongmei, Liu, Junjie, Liu, Zhiqiang, Ma, Lei, Marland, Greg, Mayot, Nicolas, McGuire, Patrick C., McKinley, Galen A., Meyer, Gesa, Morgan, Eric J., Munro, David R., Nakaoka, Shin Ichiro, Niwa, Yosuke, O’Brien, Kevin M., Olsen, Are, Omar, Abdirahman M., Ono, Tsuneo, Paulsen, Melf, Pierrot, Denis, Pocock, Katie, Poulter, Benjamin, Powis, Carter M., Rehder, Gregor, Resplandy, Laure, Robertson, Eddy, Rödenbeck, Christian, Rosan, Thais M., Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Smallman, Luke, Smith, Stephen M., Sospedra-Alfonso, Reinel, Sun, Qing, Sutton, Adrienne J., Sweeney, Colm, Takao, Shintaro, Tans, Pieter P., Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, Tubiello, Francesco, van der Werf, Guido R., van Ooijen, Erik, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Michio, Wimart-Rousseau, Cathy, Yang, Dongxu, Yang, Xiaojuan, Yuan, Wenping, Yue, Xu, Zaehle, Sönke, Zeng, Jiye, Zheng, Bo, Friedlingstein, Pierre, O’Sullivan, Michael, Jones, Matthew W., Andrew, Robbie M., Bakker, Dorothee C.E., Hauck, Judith, Landschützer, Peter, Le Quéré, Corinne, Luijkx, Ingrid T., Peters, Glen P., Peters, Wouter, Pongratz, Julia, Schwingshackl, Clemens, Sitch, Stephen, Canadell, Josep G., Ciais, Philippe, Jackson, Robert B., Alin, Simone R., Anthoni, Peter, Barbero, Leticia, Bates, Nicholas R., Becker, Meike, Bellouin, Nicolas, Decharme, Bertrand, Bopp, Laurent, Brasika, Ida Bagus Mandhara, Cadule, Patricia, Chamberlain, Matthew A., Chandra, Naveen, Chau, Thi Tuyet Trang, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P., Cronin, Margot, Dou, Xinyu, Enyo, Kazutaka, Evans, Wiley, Falk, Stefanie, Feely, Richard A., Feng, Liang, Ford, Daniel J., Gasser, Thomas, Ghattas, Josefine, Gkritzalis, Thanos, Grassi, Giacomo, Gregor, Luke, Gruber, Nicolas, Gürses, Özgür, Harris, Ian, Hefner, Matthew, Heinke, Jens, Houghton, Richard A., Hurtt, George C., Iida, Yosuke, Ilyina, Tatiana, Jacobson, Andrew R., Jain, Atul, Jarníková, Tereza, Jersild, Annika, Jiang, Fei, Jin, Zhe, Joos, Fortunat, Kato, Etsushi, Keeling, Ralph F., Kennedy, Daniel, Goldewijk, Kees Klein, Knauer, Jürgen, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, Körtzinger, Arne, Lan, Xin, Lefèvre, Nathalie, Li, Hongmei, Liu, Junjie, Liu, Zhiqiang, Ma, Lei, Marland, Greg, Mayot, Nicolas, McGuire, Patrick C., McKinley, Galen A., Meyer, Gesa, Morgan, Eric J., Munro, David R., Nakaoka, Shin Ichiro, Niwa, Yosuke, O’Brien, Kevin M., Olsen, Are, Omar, Abdirahman M., Ono, Tsuneo, Paulsen, Melf, Pierrot, Denis, Pocock, Katie, Poulter, Benjamin, Powis, Carter M., Rehder, Gregor, Resplandy, Laure, Robertson, Eddy, Rödenbeck, Christian, Rosan, Thais M., Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Smallman, Luke, Smith, Stephen M., Sospedra-Alfonso, Reinel, Sun, Qing, Sutton, Adrienne J., Sweeney, Colm, Takao, Shintaro, Tans, Pieter P., Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, Tubiello, Francesco, van der Werf, Guido R., van Ooijen, Erik, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Michio, Wimart-Rousseau, Cathy, Yang, Dongxu, Yang, Xiaojuan, Yuan, Wenping, Yue, Xu, Zaehle, Sönke, Zeng, Jiye, and Zheng, Bo

Published
2023

35. Testing the reconstruction of modelled particulate organic carbon from surface ecosystem components using PlankTOM12 and machine learning

Author

Denvil-Sommer, Anna, Buitenhuis, Erik T., Kiko, Rainer, Lombard, Fabien, Guidi, Lionel, Le Quéré, Corinne, Denvil-Sommer, Anna, Buitenhuis, Erik T., Kiko, Rainer, Lombard, Fabien, Guidi, Lionel, and Le Quéré, Corinne

Abstract

Understanding the relationship between surface marine ecosystems and the export of carbon to depth by sinking organic particles is key to representing the effect of ecosystem dynamics and diversity, and their evolution under multiple stressors, on the carbon cycle and climate in models. Recent observational technologies have greatly increased the amount of data available, both for the abundance of diverse plankton groups and for the concentration and properties of particulate organic carbon in the ocean interior. Here we use synthetic model data to test the potential of using machine learning (ML) to reproduce concentrations of particulate organic carbon within the ocean interior based on surface ecosystem and environmental data. We test two machine learning methods that differ in their approaches to data-fitting, the random forest and XGBoost methods. The synthetic data are sampled from the PlankTOM12 global biogeochemical model using the time and coordinates of existing observations. We test 27 different combinations of possible drivers to reconstruct small (POCS) and large (POCL) particulate organic carbon concentrations. We show that ML can successfully be used to reproduce modelled particulate organic carbon over most of the ocean based on ecosystem and modelled environmental drivers. XGBoost showed better results compared to random forest thanks to its gradient boosting trees' architecture. The inclusion of plankton functional types (PFTs) in driver sets improved the accuracy of the model reconstruction by 58 % on average for POCS and by 22 % for POCL. Results were less robust over the equatorial Pacific and some parts of the high latitudes. For POCS reconstruction, the most important drivers were the depth level, temperature, microzooplankton and PO4, while for POCL it was the depth level, temperature, mixed-layer depth, microzooplankton, phaeocystis, PO4 and chlorophyll a averaged over the mixed-layer depth. These results suggest that it will be possible to

Published
2023
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36. Magnitude, Trends, and Variability of the Global Ocean Carbon Sink From 1985 to 2018

Author

DeVries, Tim, Yamamoto, Kana, Wanninkhof, Rik, Gruber, Nicolas, Hauck, Judith, Müller, Jens Daniel, Bopp, Laurent, Carroll, Dustin, Carter, Brendan, Chau, Thi‐Tuyet‐Trang, Doney, Scott C, Gehlen, Marion, Gloege, Lucas, Gregor, Luke, Henson, Stephanie, Kim, Ji Hyun, Iida, Yosuke, Ilyina, Tatiana, Landschützer, Peter, Le Quéré, Corinne, Munro, David, Nissen, Cara, Patara, Lavinia, Pérez, Fiz F, Resplandy, Laure, Rodgers, Keith B, Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Sicardi, Valentina, Terhaar, Jens, Triñanes, Joaquin, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, Watson, Andrew, Yasunaka, Sayaka, Zeng, Jiye, DeVries, Tim, Yamamoto, Kana, Wanninkhof, Rik, Gruber, Nicolas, Hauck, Judith, Müller, Jens Daniel, Bopp, Laurent, Carroll, Dustin, Carter, Brendan, Chau, Thi‐Tuyet‐Trang, Doney, Scott C, Gehlen, Marion, Gloege, Lucas, Gregor, Luke, Henson, Stephanie, Kim, Ji Hyun, Iida, Yosuke, Ilyina, Tatiana, Landschützer, Peter, Le Quéré, Corinne, Munro, David, Nissen, Cara, Patara, Lavinia, Pérez, Fiz F, Resplandy, Laure, Rodgers, Keith B, Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Sicardi, Valentina, Terhaar, Jens, Triñanes, Joaquin, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, Watson, Andrew, Yasunaka, Sayaka, and Zeng, Jiye

Abstract

This contribution to the RECCAP2 (REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes) assessment analyzes the processes that determine the global ocean carbon sink, and its trends and variability over the period 1985–2018, using a combination of models and observation-based products. The mean sea-air CO2 flux from 1985 to 2018 is −1.6 ± 0.2 PgC yr−1 based on an ensemble of reconstructions of the history of sea surface pCO2 (pCO2 products). Models indicate that the dominant component of this flux is the net oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2, which is estimated at −2.1 ± 0.3 PgC yr−1 by an ensemble of ocean biogeochemical models, and −2.4 ± 0.1 PgC yr−1 by two ocean circulation inverse models. The ocean also degasses about 0.65 ± 0.3 PgC yr−1 of terrestrially derived CO2, but this process is not fully resolved by any of the models used here. From 2001 to 2018, the pCO2 products reconstruct a trend in the ocean carbon sink of −0.61 ± 0.12 PgC yr−1 decade−1, while biogeochemical models and inverse models diagnose an anthropogenic CO2-driven trend of −0.34 ± 0.06 and −0.41 ± 0.03 PgC yr−1 decade−1, respectively. This implies a climate-forced acceleration of the ocean carbon sink in recent decades, but there are still large uncertainties on the magnitude and cause of this trend. The interannual to decadal variability of the global carbon sink is mainly driven by climate variability, with the climate-driven variability exceeding the CO2-forced variability by 2–3 times. These results suggest that anthropogenic CO2 dominates the ocean CO2 sink, while climate-driven variability is potentially large but highly uncertain and not consistently captured across different methods.

Published
2023

37. The Southern Ocean Carbon Cycle 1985–2018: Mean, Seasonal Cycle, Trends, and Storage

Author

Hauck, Judith, Gregor, Luke, Nissen, Cara, Patara, Lavinia, Hague, Mark, Mongwe, Precious, Bushinsky, Seth, Doney, Scott C, Gruber, Nicolas, Le Quéré, Corinne, Manizza, Manfredi, Mazloff, Matthew, Monteiro, Pedro MS, Terhaar, Jens, Hauck, Judith, Gregor, Luke, Nissen, Cara, Patara, Lavinia, Hague, Mark, Mongwe, Precious, Bushinsky, Seth, Doney, Scott C, Gruber, Nicolas, Le Quéré, Corinne, Manizza, Manfredi, Mazloff, Matthew, Monteiro, Pedro MS, and Terhaar, Jens

Abstract

We assess the Southern Ocean CO2 uptake (1985–2018) using data sets gathered in the REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes Project Phase 2. The Southern Ocean acted as a sink for CO2 with close agreement between simulation results from global ocean biogeochemistry models (GOBMs, 0.75 ± 0.28 PgC yr−1) and pCO2-observation-based products (0.73 ± 0.07 PgC yr−1). This sink is only half that reported by RECCAP1 for the same region and timeframe. The present-day net uptake is to first order a response to rising atmospheric CO2, driving large amounts of anthropogenic CO2 (Cant) into the ocean, thereby overcompensating the loss of natural CO2 to the atmosphere. An apparent knowledge gap is the increase of the sink since 2000, with pCO2-products suggesting a growth that is more than twice as strong and uncertain as that of GOBMs (0.26 ± 0.06 and 0.11 ± 0.03 Pg C yr−1 decade−1, respectively). This is despite nearly identical pCO2 trends in GOBMs and pCO2-products when both products are compared only at the locations where pCO2 was measured. Seasonal analyses revealed agreement in driving processes in winter with uncertainty in the magnitude of outgassing, whereas discrepancies are more fundamental in summer, when GOBMs exhibit difficulties in simulating the effects of the non-thermal processes of biology and mixing/circulation. Ocean interior accumulation of Cant points to an underestimate of Cant uptake and storage in GOBMs. Future work needs to link surface fluxes and interior ocean transport, build long overdue systematic observation networks and push toward better process understanding of drivers of the carbon cycle.

Published
2023

38. Magnitude, Trends, and Variability of the Global Ocean Carbon Sink From 1985 to 2018

Author

National Science Foundation (US), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US), European Commission, Helmholtz Association, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Research Foundation - Flanders, German Research Foundation, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Research Council of Norway, Swiss National Science Foundation, Royal Society (UK), Devries, Timothy, Yamamoto, Kama, Wanninkhof, Rik, Gruber, Nicolas, Hauck, Judith, Müller, Jens Daniel, Bopp, Laurent, Carroll, Dustin, Carter, Brendan R., Chau, Thi-Tuyet-Trang, Doney, Scott C., Gehlen, Marion, Gloege, Lucas, Gregor, Luke, Henson, Stephanie, Kim, Ji Hyun, Iida, Yosuke, Ilyina, Tatiana, Landschützer, Peter, Le Quéré, Corinne, Munro, David R., Nissen, Cara, Patara, Lavinia, Pérez, Fiz F., Resplandy, Laure, Rodgers, Keith B., Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Sicardi, Valentina, Terhaar, Jens, Triñanes, Joaquin, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, Watson, Andrew J., Yasunaka, Sayaka, Zeng, Jiye, National Science Foundation (US), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US), European Commission, Helmholtz Association, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Research Foundation - Flanders, German Research Foundation, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Research Council of Norway, Swiss National Science Foundation, Royal Society (UK), Devries, Timothy, Yamamoto, Kama, Wanninkhof, Rik, Gruber, Nicolas, Hauck, Judith, Müller, Jens Daniel, Bopp, Laurent, Carroll, Dustin, Carter, Brendan R., Chau, Thi-Tuyet-Trang, Doney, Scott C., Gehlen, Marion, Gloege, Lucas, Gregor, Luke, Henson, Stephanie, Kim, Ji Hyun, Iida, Yosuke, Ilyina, Tatiana, Landschützer, Peter, Le Quéré, Corinne, Munro, David R., Nissen, Cara, Patara, Lavinia, Pérez, Fiz F., Resplandy, Laure, Rodgers, Keith B., Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Sicardi, Valentina, Terhaar, Jens, Triñanes, Joaquin, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, Watson, Andrew J., Yasunaka, Sayaka, and Zeng, Jiye

Abstract

This contribution to the RECCAP2 (REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes) assessment analyzes the processes that determine the global ocean carbon sink, and its trends and variability over the period 1985–2018, using a combination of models and observation-based products. The mean sea-air CO2 flux from 1985 to 2018 is −1.6 ± 0.2 PgC yr−1 based on an ensemble of reconstructions of the history of sea surface pCO2 (pCO2 products). Models indicate that the dominant component of this flux is the net oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2, which is estimated at −2.1 ± 0.3 PgC yr−1 by an ensemble of ocean biogeochemical models, and −2.4 ± 0.1 PgC yr−1 by two ocean circulation inverse models. The ocean also degasses about 0.65 ± 0.3 PgC yr−1 of terrestrially derived CO2, but this process is not fully resolved by any of the models used here. From 2001 to 2018, the pCO2 products reconstruct a trend in the ocean carbon sink of −0.61 ± 0.12 PgC yr−1 decade−1, while biogeochemical models and inverse models diagnose an anthropogenic CO2-driven trend of −0.34 ± 0.06 and −0.41 ± 0.03 PgC yr−1 decade−1, respectively. This implies a climate-forced acceleration of the ocean carbon sink in recent decades, but there are still large uncertainties on the magnitude and cause of this trend. The interannual to decadal variability of the global carbon sink is mainly driven by climate variability, with the climate-driven variability exceeding the CO2-forced variability by 2–3 times. These results suggest that anthropogenic CO2 dominates the ocean CO2 sink, while climate-driven variability is potentially large but highly uncertain and not consistently captured across different methods

Published
2023

39. Heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean: the state of the art and future priorities [Introduction]

Author

Meijers, Andrew J.S., Le Quéré, Corinne, Monteiro, Pedro M.S., Sallée, Jean-Baptiste, Meijers, Andrew J.S., Le Quéré, Corinne, Monteiro, Pedro M.S., and Sallée, Jean-Baptiste

Abstract

The Southern Ocean is an extreme environment. The vast area it covers, roaring winds, mountainous seas and treacherous ice all combine to make it both a challenge and a privilege to study. While researchers no longer take their lives in their hands to travel to the Southern Ocean, as scientists and explorers did in earlier times, it still exerts an undeniable draw on us. It is perhaps fortunate that this draw does exist; research over the last several decades has steadily revealed that the Southern Ocean has an impact on our global climate far exceeding its area and belying its remote nature.

Published
2023

40. National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide

Author

Friedlingstein, Pierre, O'Sullivan, Michael, Jones, Matthew W., Andrew, Robbie M., Gregor, Luke, Hauck, Judith, Le Quéré, Corinne, Luijkx, Ingrid T., Olsen, Are, Peters, Glen P., Peters, Wouter, Pongratz, Julia, Schwingshackl, Clemens, Sitch, Stephen, Canadell, Josep G., Ciais, Philippe, Jackson, Robert B., Alin, Simone R., Alkama, Ramdane, Arneth, Almut, Arora, Vivek K., Bates, Nicholas R., Becker, Meike, Bellouin, Nicolas, Bittig, Henry C., Bopp, Laurent, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P., Cronin, Margot, Evans, Wiley, Falk, Stefanie, Feely, Richard A., Gasser, Thomas, Gehlen, Marion, Gkritzalis, Thanos, Gloege, Lucas, Grassi, Giacomo, Gruber, Nicolas, Gürses, Özgür, Harris, Ian, Hefner, Matthew, Houghton, Richard A., Hurtt, George C., Iida, Yosuke, Ilyina, Tatiana, Jain, Atul K., Jersild, Annika, Kadono, Koji, Kato, Etsushi, Kennedy, Daniel, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Knauer, Jürgen, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, Landschützer, Peter, Lefèvre, Nathalie, Lindsay, Keith, Liu, Junjie, Liu, Zhu, Marland, Gregg, Mayot, Nicolas, Mcgrath, Matthew J., Metzl, Nicolas, Monacci, Natalie M., Munro, David R., Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, Niwa, Yosuke, O'brien, Kevin, Ono, Tsuneo, Palmer, Paul I., Pan, Naiqing, Pierrot, Denis, Pocock, Katie, Poulter, Benjamin, Resplandy, Laure, Robertson, Eddy, Rödenbeck, Christian, Rodriguez, Carmen, Rosan, Thais M., Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Shutler, Jamie D., Skjelvan, Ingunn, Steinhoff, Tobias, Sun, Qing, Sutton, Adrienne J., Sweeney, Colm, Takao, Shintaro, Tanhua, Toste, Tans, Pieter P., Tian, Xiangjun, Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, Tubiello, Francesco, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Walker, Anthony P., Wanninkhof, Rik, Whitehead, Chris, Willstrand Wranne, Anna, Wright, Rebecca, Yuan, Wenping, Yue, Chao, Yue, Xu, Zaehle, Sönke, Zeng, Jiye, Zheng, Bo, Friedlingstein, Pierre, O'Sullivan, Michael, Jones, Matthew W., Andrew, Robbie M., Gregor, Luke, Hauck, Judith, Le Quéré, Corinne, Luijkx, Ingrid T., Olsen, Are, Peters, Glen P., Peters, Wouter, Pongratz, Julia, Schwingshackl, Clemens, Sitch, Stephen, Canadell, Josep G., Ciais, Philippe, Jackson, Robert B., Alin, Simone R., Alkama, Ramdane, Arneth, Almut, Arora, Vivek K., Bates, Nicholas R., Becker, Meike, Bellouin, Nicolas, Bittig, Henry C., Bopp, Laurent, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P., Cronin, Margot, Evans, Wiley, Falk, Stefanie, Feely, Richard A., Gasser, Thomas, Gehlen, Marion, Gkritzalis, Thanos, Gloege, Lucas, Grassi, Giacomo, Gruber, Nicolas, Gürses, Özgür, Harris, Ian, Hefner, Matthew, Houghton, Richard A., Hurtt, George C., Iida, Yosuke, Ilyina, Tatiana, Jain, Atul K., Jersild, Annika, Kadono, Koji, Kato, Etsushi, Kennedy, Daniel, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Knauer, Jürgen, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, Landschützer, Peter, Lefèvre, Nathalie, Lindsay, Keith, Liu, Junjie, Liu, Zhu, Marland, Gregg, Mayot, Nicolas, Mcgrath, Matthew J., Metzl, Nicolas, Monacci, Natalie M., Munro, David R., Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, Niwa, Yosuke, O'brien, Kevin, Ono, Tsuneo, Palmer, Paul I., Pan, Naiqing, Pierrot, Denis, Pocock, Katie, Poulter, Benjamin, Resplandy, Laure, Robertson, Eddy, Rödenbeck, Christian, Rodriguez, Carmen, Rosan, Thais M., Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Shutler, Jamie D., Skjelvan, Ingunn, Steinhoff, Tobias, Sun, Qing, Sutton, Adrienne J., Sweeney, Colm, Takao, Shintaro, Tanhua, Toste, Tans, Pieter P., Tian, Xiangjun, Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, Tubiello, Francesco, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Walker, Anthony P., Wanninkhof, Rik, Whitehead, Chris, Willstrand Wranne, Anna, Wright, Rebecca, Yuan, Wenping, Yue, Chao, Yue, Xu, Zaehle, Sönke, Zeng, Jiye, and Zheng, Bo

Abstract

A complete description of the dataset is given by Jones et al. (2023). Key information is provided below. A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2021. National CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2022; Friedlingstein et al., 2022). National CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (Gütschow et al., 2022). We construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021). Warming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST). The data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total)., A complete description of the dataset is given by Jones et al. (2023). Key information is provided below. Background A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2021. National CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2022; Friedlingstein et al., 2022). National CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (Gütschow et al., 2022). We construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021). Warming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST). The data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total). Data records: overview The data records include three comma separated values (.csv) files as described below. All files are in ‘long’ format with one value provided in the Data column for each combination of the categorical variables Year, Country Name, Country ISO3 code, Gas, and Component columns. Component specifies fossil emissions, LULUCF emissions or total emissions of the gas. Gas specifies CO2, CH4, N

Published
2023

45. Towards real-time verification of CO2 emissions

Author

Peters, Glen P., Le Quéré, Corinne, Andrew, Robbie M., Canadell, Josep G., Friedlingstein, Pierre, Ilyina, Tatiana, Jackson, Robert B., Joos, Fortunat, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, McKinley, Galen A., Sitch, Stephen, and Tans, Pieter

Published
2017
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47. Global Carbon Budget 2022

Author

Friedlingstein, Pierre, primary, O'Sullivan, Michael, additional, Jones, Matthew W., additional, Andrew, Robbie M., additional, Gregor, Luke, additional, Hauck, Judith, additional, Le Quéré, Corinne, additional, Luijkx, Ingrid T., additional, Olsen, Are, additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Peters, Wouter, additional, Pongratz, Julia, additional, Schwingshackl, Clemens, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Canadell, Josep G., additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Jackson, Robert B., additional, Alin, Simone R., additional, Alkama, Ramdane, additional, Arneth, Almut, additional, Arora, Vivek K., additional, Bates, Nicholas R., additional, Becker, Meike, additional, Bellouin, Nicolas, additional, Bittig, Henry C., additional, Bopp, Laurent, additional, Chevallier, Frédéric, additional, Chini, Louise P., additional, Cronin, Margot, additional, Evans, Wiley, additional, Falk, Stefanie, additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Gasser, Thomas, additional, Gehlen, Marion, additional, Gkritzalis, Thanos, additional, Gloege, Lucas, additional, Grassi, Giacomo, additional, Gruber, Nicolas, additional, Gürses, Özgür, additional, Harris, Ian, additional, Hefner, Matthew, additional, Houghton, Richard A., additional, Hurtt, George C., additional, Iida, Yosuke, additional, Ilyina, Tatiana, additional, Jain, Atul K., additional, Jersild, Annika, additional, Kadono, Koji, additional, Kato, Etsushi, additional, Kennedy, Daniel, additional, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, additional, Knauer, Jürgen, additional, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Lefèvre, Nathalie, additional, Lindsay, Keith, additional, Liu, Junjie, additional, Liu, Zhu, additional, Marland, Gregg, additional, Mayot, Nicolas, additional, McGrath, Matthew J., additional, Metzl, Nicolas, additional, Monacci, Natalie M., additional, Munro, David R., additional, Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, additional, Niwa, Yosuke, additional, O'Brien, Kevin, additional, Ono, Tsuneo, additional, Palmer, Paul I., additional, Pan, Naiqing, additional, Pierrot, Denis, additional, Pocock, Katie, additional, Poulter, Benjamin, additional, Resplandy, Laure, additional, Robertson, Eddy, additional, Rödenbeck, Christian, additional, Rodriguez, Carmen, additional, Rosan, Thais M., additional, Schwinger, Jörg, additional, Séférian, Roland, additional, Shutler, Jamie D., additional, Skjelvan, Ingunn, additional, Steinhoff, Tobias, additional, Sun, Qing, additional, Sutton, Adrienne J., additional, Sweeney, Colm, additional, Takao, Shintaro, additional, Tanhua, Toste, additional, Tans, Pieter P., additional, Tian, Xiangjun, additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Tilbrook, Bronte, additional, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, additional, Tubiello, Francesco, additional, van der Werf, Guido R., additional, Walker, Anthony P., additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Whitehead, Chris, additional, Willstrand Wranne, Anna, additional, Wright, Rebecca, additional, Yuan, Wenping, additional, Yue, Chao, additional, Yue, Xu, additional, Zaehle, Sönke, additional, Zeng, Jiye, additional, and Zheng, Bo, additional

Published
2022
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