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Scholarly research into Australian musical instrument making following European traditions is in its infancy. Historical and musical discourse rarely investigates European-Australian makers although they played an important role in defining settler musical culture and identity in Australia between European settlement in 1788 and the foundation of the Australian state in 1901. The limited number of existing studies mainly confine themselves to a few specific instrument types such as keyboards or bowed strings, or else are concerned with the twentieth century. The result is that many European-Australian makers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries are unknown and lost from the historical record. Although the available literature may give the impression that there were few practising European-Australian instrument makers before 1900, this is far from the case. I argue that a more thorough investigation of the available evidence found in primary and secondary sources and in existing instruments shows that the world of European-Australian instrument making before 1900 was far more extensive and complex that previously assumed. The number of makers throughout the Australian colonies grew during the period as did the diversity of instruments produced. These factors, together with the maker’s willingness to use local materials and introduce innovative solutions to cope with local conditions, indicates that instrument makers played a larger and more important role than has previously been recognised in the musical, cultural and economic life of the colonies. This study is thus the first comprehensive survey of musical instrument making in Australia from 1788 to 1901. Its prime role is to place reliable and detailed knowledge of European musical instrument making traditions in Australia into current academic and public discourse. A chronological and thematic cross-disciplinary approach has been applied to the evidence of documents and material culture.

Cancer is a disease characterized by unrestrained cellular proliferation. In order to sustain growth, cancer cells undergo a complex metabolic rearrangement characterized by changes in metabolic pathways involved in energy production and biosynthetic processes. The relevance of the metabolic transformation of cancer cells has been recently included in the updated version of the review "Hallmarks of Cancer", where dysregulation of cellular metabolism was included as an emerging hallmark. While several lines of evidence suggest that metabolic rewiring is orchestrated by the concerted action of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, in some circumstances altered metabolism can play a primary role in oncogenesis. Recently, mutations of cytosolic and mitochondrial enzymes involved in key metabolic pathways have been associated with hereditary and sporadic forms of cancer. Together, these results demonstrate that aberrant metabolism, once seen just as an epiphenomenon of oncogenic reprogramming, plays a key role in oncogenesis with the power to control both genetic and epigenetic events in cells. In this review, we discuss the relationship between metabolism and cancer, as part of a larger effort to identify a broad-spectrum of therapeutic approaches. We focus on major alterations in nutrient metabolism and the emerging link between metabolism and epigenetics. Finally, we discuss potential strategies to manipulate metabolism in cancer and tradeoffs that should be considered. More research on the suite of metabolic alterations in cancer holds the potential to discover novel approaches to treat it.

En la actualidad, el doctor Lea participa en una misión técnica del Fondo Monetario Internacional para ayudar al desarrollo de instrumentos hipotecarios en el Perú.

Despite its recognized economic and social importance, housing finance often remains underdevelopedin emerging economies. Residential lending remains small, poorly accessible, and depository-based. Lenders remain vulnerable to significant credit, liquidity, and interest rate risks. As a result, housing finance is relatively expensive and often rationed. The importance of developing robust systems of housing finance is paramount as emerging economy governments struggle to cope with population growth, rapid urbanization, and rising expectations from a growing middle class. The capital markets in many economies can provide an attractive and potentially large source of long-term funding for housing, and solutions to better allocate part of the risks. The advent of institutional investors is creating large and rapidly growing pools of funds that may facilitate the development of mortgage-related securities. Despite such a strong appeal, there are significant barriers to the development of mortgage securities in emerging markets. Their success is dependent on many factors, starting with a strong legal and regulatory framework and liberalized financial sector, and including a developed primary mortgage market. The experience in developing mortgage securities in emerging markets has been mixed. The authors review the experience of introducing mortgage securities in emerging markets and explore the policy issues related to this theme.