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Socioeconomic inequality is a persistent societal problem affecting various aspects of adolescent development. Existing studies have revealed that low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with a higher prevalence of internalizing symptoms. However, little is known about the underlying factors that may mediate this relationship. The current study conducted path analyses to examine the role of academic performance and cyberbullying victimization as mediators of the association between family SES and internalizing symptoms (depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation). The sample consisted of 7333 middle and high school students (age 12 to 19 years) (50.8% female) participating in the Korean Children and Youth Rights Study. Findings indicated that SES was directly and negatively associated with depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation. There were indirect associations between SES and internalizing symptoms through academic performance and cyberbullying victimization. The findings suggest low family SES is significantly related to adolescents' internalizing symptoms, and academic performance and cyberbullying victimization are key mediators of the negative association between family SES and internalizing symptoms. Further longitudinal studies exploring the roles of family SES, academic performance, and cyberbullying victimization are suggested.

This study investigated the effectiveness of floating covers (FCs) in mitigating ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emissions from lab-scale swine slurry pits. Lab experiments were conducted over 125 days, comparing a treatment setup with FCs covering approximately 51.6% of the slurry surface to a control setup without covers. The results showed a significant reduction in NH3 emissions by 54.4% with FCs (p < 0.05), which was attributed to their ability to limit NH3 volatilization and promote crust formation. Although H2S emissions were also reduced by 22.7%, this decrease was not statistically significant, likely due to the complex factors influencing H2S production. These findings highlight the role of floating covers (FCs) in improving air quality within swine barns and reducing environmental pollution. By minimizing nitrogen loss as ammonia (NH3), FCs enhance nitrogen recycling into agricultural land, supporting sustainable nutrient management. This aligns with broader sustainability goals by addressing air quality concerns, reducing odors, and improving resource efficiency in livestock systems. This study offers an effective method to mitigate air pollution, providing a foundation for practical and sustainable agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated contributions of pre-service teachers' endogenous and exogenous instrumentalities, their intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, and their use of self-regulation strategies to explain the extent to which they used strategies to purposefully integrate their knowledge across courses (extensive knowledge integration). With a total of 254 pre-service teachers' survey-responses, results of a hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that their endogenous instrumentality of their current coursework (i.e. seeing their course work as instrumentally connected to their future careers), their use of metacognitive strategies and their use of deeper cognitive learning strategies (e.g. elaboration and critical thinking) contributed to explaining their use of extensive knowledge integration strategies for completing coursework. Our results suggest that to develop pre-service teachers' teaching expertise, they may need to (a) have a strong understanding that the current course content and their future goals are instrumentally linked, (b) be able to initiate planning and self-monitoring for learning and (c) use strategies for deep learning that integrates their knowledge across courses.

This study investigated the influence of pre-service teachers' (n = 142) perceived endogenous/exogenous instrumentality, goal commitment, and intrinsic/extrinsic motivation on their use of self-regulation strategies (effort regulation, management of time and study environment) for their teacher-education courses. Data were drawn from a customised survey and were statistically analysed using hierarchical multiple regressions. Results demonstrated that pre-service teachers' endogenous instrumentality was a significant contributor for explaining their use of self-regulation strategies. To facilitate pre-service teachers' use of self-regulation strategies for learning, our findings suggest that, in addition to having intrinsic motivation for learning in their teacher-education courses, they need to have appropriate understandings of how their current course content connects to their future goals to be teachers in order to promote their use of strategies for self-regulation and learning.

A number of decoding schemes have recently been proposed to perform maximum-likelihood (ML) detection for multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) systems. In this paper, employing a 'breadth-first' search algorithm for closet points in a lattice, we propose a novel ML decoding scheme called the breadth-first signal decoder (BSIDE). Through analysis and computer simulations, it is shown that the BSIDE has the same bit-error-rate performance as the conventional ML decoders while allowing significantly lower computational complexity. In addition, we introduce a simple tuning scheme that allows the BSIDE to have a performance--complexity tradeoff capability as necessary. Index Terms--Breadth-first searching, maximum-likelihood (ML) detection, multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) systems, sphere decoder (SD).

In most previously reported studies on locally optimum detection of signals, independent observations have been assumed in various noise environments. The use of an independent observation model may cause a considerable performance degradation in detection applications of modern high data-rate communication systems exhibiting dependence among interference components. In this paper, the detection of weak known and random signals is addressed in observations corrupted by multiplicative and first-order Markov additive noises. The asymptotic and finite sample-size performance of several detectors are obtained and compared: it is confirmed that the dependence of noise components need to be taken into account to maintain detection performance appropriately. Index Terms--Known signal, locally optimum detector, Markov noise, multiplicative noise, nonadditive components, random signal, signal detection, weak signal.

In this paper, the detection of weak signals in additive noise described by the first-order moving average (FOMA) of an impulsive process is considered. Specifically, decision regions of the maximum likelihood (ML) and suboptimum ML (S-ML) detectors are derived in the FOMA noise model, and specific examples of the ML and S-ML decision regions are obtained. The ML and S-ML detectors are employed in the antipodal signaling system and compared in terms of bit error rate in an impulsive noise environment. Numerical results show that the S-ML detector, despite its reduced complexity and simpler structure, exhibits practically the same performance as the optimum ML detector. It is also observed that the performance gap between detectors for FOMA and independent and identically distributed noise becomes larger as the degree of noise impulsiveness increases. Index Terms--Dependent noise, detection, first-order moving average (FOMA), impulsive noise, suboptimum scheme, weak signal.

In this correspondence, we address the derivation of joint distributions and correlation coefficients for seven pairs of statistics used commonly in a number of signal detection schemes. The upper and lower bounds of the correlation coefficients are obtained, and relationships among the correlation coefficients are derived. Explicit values of the correlation coefficients evaluated for some specific noise distributions are shown for easy reference. Index Terms--Correlation coefficient, magnitude, magnitude rank, rank, sign.

A truncated adaptive transmission scheme for the hybrid multicarrier CDMA/FDM system is considered in forward link. In the proposed scheme, a data substream is transmitted over the subchannels of which the channel gains are greater than a given threshold, based on the feedback information from the mobile station. We analyze the performance of the proposed system when orthogonal and random signature sequences are used in single- and multiple-cell environment. In the single-cell environment, when orthogonal signature sequences are used, the proposed scheme outperforms the adaptive FH/DS system as well as the conventional MC DS/CDMA system, and accommodates more users than the adaptive FH/DS system while maintaining the orthogonality between users. In the multiple-cell environment also, the proposed scheme has better performance characteristics than the adaptive FH/DS system when orthogonal or random codes are used as spreading sequences. Index Terms--Adaptive transmission, code division multiple access (CDMA), FDM, multicarrier, truncation.