Search

Symphurus oxyrhynchus sp. nov. (English name: Sharpnose tonguefish) (Figs. 1–4; Table 1) Holotype. NSMT-P 57352, mature female, 101.3 mm SL, off Kochi, Tosa Bay, Japan, 744–786 m, 33º10.63’– 33º11.36’ N, 133º53.79’– 133º55.35’E, 11 December 1998. Paratype. ASIZP0061780, male, 87.4 mm SL, South China Sea, off SW Taiwan, otter trawl, 718–852 m, 22º05.16’– 22º10.73’ N, 120º14.10’ E, Ocean Researcher I, CD 139, 23 November 2001. Diagnosis. Symphurus oxyrhynchus sp. nov. is distinguished from all congeners by the combination of: 1–2–2– 1–2 ID pattern, 14 caudal-fin rays, 9 abdominal vertebrae, 52 total vertebrae, 5 hypurals, 93 dorsal-fin rays, 80–81 anal-fin rays, 87–89 longitudinal scale rows, 31 transverse scales, 18 scale rows on head posterior to lower orbit, small eye (7.5–8.0% HL) with relatively large pupil (78–85% ED), square snout, projecting anteriorly, with the ocular side uniformly yellow to dark brown with intense pigmentation on body areas overlying dorsal- and anal-fin pterygiophores, outer surface of opercle bluish-black, and with the blind side sharing the same coloration and also the same intensity overlying the pterygiophore areas. Description. Meristic characters and proportions of morphometric features are summarized in Table 1. Symphurus oxyrhynchus sp. nov. is a medium-sized species; reaching sizes to at least 101.3 mm SL. Predominant ID pattern 1–2–2–1–2 (2/ 2 specimens) (Fig. 1). Caudal-fin rays 14 (one specimen with 15 caudal-fin rays). Dorsal-fin rays 93. Anal-fin rays 80–81. Pelvic-fin rays 4. Total vertebrae 52; abdominal vertebrae 9 (3 + 6) (Fig. 1). Hypurals 5. Longitudinal scale rows 87–89. Scale rows on head posterior to lower orbit 18. Transverse scale rows 31. Body moderately deep; maximum depth in anterior one-third of body; body depth tapering gradually from anterior to posterior. Preanal length smaller than body depth. Head wide; head width slightly greater than head length (HW/HL 1.01–1.03). Upper head lobe narrower than lower head lobe and shorter than postorbital length (UHL/ LHL= 0.94–0.98). Lower opercular lobe of ocular-side slightly narrower than upper opercular lobe. Snout square and projecting anteriorly, its length much greater than eye diameter (SNL/ED 2.84–2.87). Dermal papillae well developed, present on blind side snout and lower part of chin. Ocular-side anterior nostril tubular and short, usually not reaching anterior margin of lower eye when depressed posteriorly. Ocular-side posterior nostril a small rounded tube located between upper and lower eye. Blind-side anterior nostril tubular and elongate, easily distinguishable from dermal papillae; blind-side posterior nostril a shorter posteriorly-directed tube situated posterior to vertical at rear margin of jaws. Jaws short; posterior margin of upper jaw usually reaching point between verticals through anterior margin and midpoint of lower eye. Eyes separate, round and extremely small; with two to three rows of small ctenoid scales in interorbital space, and with some small scales covering upper aspects of eye. Pupillary operculum absent. Dorsal-fin origin located at point between verticals through anterior margin and midpoint of upper eye. No scales present on dorsal- and anal-fin rays on either side. Caudal fin short, with several rows of ctenoid scales on base of fin. Four to five rows of well-developed teeth on blind-side dentary; two to three rows of well-developed teeth on blind-side premaxilla. One row of sharply, pointed, well-developed teeth on both ocular-side dentary and premaxilla. Pigmentation (Figs. 2–3). Ocular-side background coloration generally yellow to dark brown with greatest intensity on body areas overlying dorsal- and anal-fin pterygiophores. Head coloration similar to that on body. Outer surface of both opercles bluish-black. Posterior margin of opercle darker, black and easily distinguishable from bluish-black regions of opercle. Inner surfaces of opercles with small dark-brown or black dots. Lips and chin region yellow to light brown, margins of lips unpigmented. Ocular-side anterior nostril light yellow. Upper aspects of eyes, and eye socket bluish, pupil light bluish. Blind side background coloration the same as the ocular-side background coloration, uniformly yellow to dark brown with darker, with greater intensity on the area overlying dorsal- and anal-fin pterygiophores. Peritoneum bluish-black, clearly observed through abdominal wall on both sides. Fin rays of dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins uniformly yellow to dark brown with black margins; basal regions of fin rays brown. Fin membrane usually faded, and transparent in whole membrane area. Coloration of blind-side fin rays yellow to dark brown, with darker coloration covering their basal margins. Size and sexual maturity. Of two specimens examined, one is a male of 87.4 mm SL, while the other is a mature female of 101.3 mm SL with elongate, but not gravid, ovaries. Distribution & Ecology. Symphurus oxyrhynchus is currently known from only two specimens, one collected from Tosa Bay, Japan; and the other collected from off Siao-Liouciou, South China Sea, Taiwan (Fig. 4). These specimens were collected from deep waters between 718 and 852 m depths. It is expected that this species has wider distributions, horizontally and vertically. Small crustaceans, snails and bivalves were observed in the digestive systems of the holotype (Fig. 1A). Little else is known regarding the biology of this species. Etymology. The name oxyrhynchus, derived from the Greek, oxy meaning sharp, and rhynchus, meaning snout, in reference to the relatively sharp, pointed snout of this species compared with those of congeners. Comparisons. Symphurus oxyrhynchus is easily distinguished from all other congeners, except S. fuscus Brauer, S. macrophthalmus Norman, and S. schultzi Chabanaud, by the combination of a 1–2–2–1–2 ID pattern (Fig. 1), 9 abdominal vertebrae, and 14 caudal-fin rays. Symphurus oxyrhynchus is easily separated from S. fuscus by having fewer dorsal- (93 vs. 105 in S. fuscus) and anal-fin rays (80–81 vs. 93 in S. fuscus), and fewer total vertebrae (52 vs. 58 in S. fuscus) than are found in S. fuscus. These species, known from limited specimens, are actually distributed in different oceans, with S. oxyrhynchus currently known from off Taiwan and Japan, western Pacifc, while S. fuscus was collected from off east Africa, western Indian Ocean. Both of these need further investigation for more precise species definitions and understanding the range of morphological variation of the species. Compared with S. macrophthalmus and S. schultzi, S. oxyrhynchus has similar but slightly higher counts of dorsal- (93 vs. 87 in S. macrophthalmus, and 85–88 in S. schultzi) and anal-fin rays (80–81 vs. 75 in S. macrophthalmus, and 72–75 in S. schultzi), and total vertebrae (52 vs. 48 in S. macrophthalmus, and 48–50 in S. schultzi). Symphurus oxyrhynchus also differs from both species in having an obviously smaller eye (7.5–8.0% HL vs. 21.1% HL in S. macrophthalmus, and 13.3–18.9% HL in S. schultzi) with a larger pupil (pupil diameter/eye diameter 78–85% vs. 54% in S. macrophthalmus, and 61.9–68.4% in S. schultzi). Symphurus oxyrhynchus is also similar to S. bathyspilus Krabbenhoft and Munroe, S. multimaculatus Lee, Munroe and Chen, and S. thermophilus Munroe and Hashimoto in sharing similar meristic features, but is easily distinguished from these species by its 1–2–2–1–2 ID pattern (vs. 1–2–2–2– 2 in these others). In morphometric measurements, S. oxyrhynchus differs from these other species in having a much smaller eye (7.5–8.0% HL vs. 12.2–16.3% HL in S. bathyspilus, 9.1–10.1% HL in S. multimaculatus, and 10.2–16.3% in S. thermophilus), and by its generally yellow to dark-brown coloration with intense coloration on body areas overlying the dorsal- and anal-fin pterygiophores on both sides (vs. uniformly lighter and white blind side in these other three species, and with pepper-dots present in S. bathyspilus and S. multimaculatus, and the ocular side of both in S. bathyspilus and S. thermophilus usually has crossbands, and do not have intense coloration overlying the pterygiophore regions). Symphurus oxyrhynchus also differs from S. bathyspilus in having a longer snout (20.2–21.3% HL vs. 12.9–19.7% HL in S. bathyspilus) and a much shorter anterior nostril, not reaching the lower eye when depressed (vs. elongate anterior nostril, usually reaching the lower eye when depressed). Symphurus oxyrhynchus is further distinguished from S. multimaculatus in having fewer scale rows on the head posterior to the lower orbit (18 vs. 21–24 in S. multimaculatus), fewer transverse rows of scales (31 vs. 45–48 in S. multimaculatus), and fewer longitudinal scales (87–89 vs. 102–108 in S. multimaculatus), a more slender body (25.2–26.5% SL vs. 28.6–35.1% SL in S. multimaculatus), narrower head (20.5–21.0% SL vs. 24.5–30.2% SL in S. multimaculatus), a with a smaller ratio of HW/HL (HW/HL=1.01–1.03 vs. HW/HL= 1.26–1.50 in S. multimaculatus), a longer predorsal length (22.1–25.8% HL vs. 15.2–19.3% HL in S. multimaculatus), narrower upper head lobe (10.2–10.3% SL vs. 14.4–18.8% SL in S. multimaculatus) that is shorter than the lower head lobe (vs. bigger than lower head lobe in S. multimaculatus),the snout much longer than the eye (SNL/ED=2.84–2.87 vs. SNL/ED= 1.54–1.90 in S. multimaculatus), and in S. oxyrhynchus the pupil is also larger (pupil diameter/eye diameter 78–85% vs 61–72% in S. multimaculatus). Symphurus oxyrhynchus also differs from S. thermophilus in having fewer scale rows on the head posterior to the lower orbit (18 vs. 20–24 in S. thermophilus), fewer transverse scale rows (31 vs. 47–56 in S. thermophilus), and fewer longitudinal scales (87–89 vs. 100–112 in S. thermophilus), a more slender body (25.2–26.5% SL vs. 28.4–33.1% SL in S. thermophilus), narrower head (20.5–21.0% SL vs. 26.2–29.3% SL in S. thermophilus) that is much smaller than its length (HW/HL=1.01–1.03 vs. HW/HL= 1.18–1.30 in S. thermophilus), narrower upper head lobe (10.2–10.3% SL vs. 13.8–17.1% SL in S. thermophilus), a narrower lower head lobe (10.5–10.9% SL vs. 11.7–15.9% SL in S. thermophilus), and with upper head narrower than the lower head lobe (vs. upper lobe wider than lower head lobe in S. thermophilus), narrower lower lobe of opercle (20.6–24.6% HL vs. 26.9–36.4% HL in S. thermophilus), and upper opercular lobe wider than the lower (vs. lower opercular lobe wider than the upper in S. thermophilus), and larger pupil (pupil diameter/eye diameter 78–85% vs. 55–68% in S. thermophilus). Symphurus oxyrhynchus is also similar to S. fallax Chabanaud, S. orientalis (Bleeker), and S. septemstriatus (Alcock) in having similar or overlapping dorsal- and anal-fin rays, and counts for abdominal and total vertebrae. Symphurus oxyrhynchus differs distinctly from these species in having 14 caudal-fin rays and five hypurals (vs. 12 caudal-fin rays and four hypurals in those species), and a 1–2–2–1–2 ID pattern (vs. 1–2–2–2– 2 in those species)., Published as part of Lee, Mao-Ying, 2022, A new species of deep-water tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae: Symphurus) from the western North Pacific Ocean, pp. 233-242 in Zootaxa 5189 (1) on pages 234-239, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5189.1.21, http://zenodo.org/record/7119499

Imagery has become a key tool for assessing deep-sea megafaunal biodiversity, historically based on physical sampling using fishing gears. Image datasets provide quantitative and repeatable estimates, small-scale spatial patterns and habitat descriptions. However, taxon identification from images is challenging and often relies on morphotypes without considering a taxonomic framework. Taxon identification is particularly challenging in regions where the fauna is poorly known and/or highly diverse. Furthermore, the efficiency of imagery and physical sampling may vary among habitat types. Here, we compared biodiversity metrics (alpha and gamma diversity, composition) based on physical sampling (dredging and trawling) and towed-camera still images (1) along the upper continental slope of Papua New Guinea (sedimented slope with wood-falls, a canyon and cold seeps), and (2) on the outer slopes of the volcanic islands of Mayotte, dominated by hard bottoms. The comparison was done on selected taxa (Pisces, Crustacea, Echinoidea, and Asteroidea), which are good candidates for identification from images. Taxonomic identification ranks obtained for the images varied among these taxa (e.g., family/order for fishes, genus for echinoderms). At these ranks, imagery provided a higher taxonomic richness for hard-bottom and complex habitats, partially explained by the poor performance of trawling on these rough substrates. For the same reason, the gamma diversity of Pisces and Crustacea was also higher from images, but no difference was observed for echinoderms. On soft bottoms, physical sampling provided higher alpha and gamma diversity for fishes and crustaceans, but these differences tended to decrease for crustaceans identified to the species/morphospecies level from images. Physical sampling and imagery were selective against some taxa (e.g., according to size or behavior), therefore providing different facets of biodiversity. In addition, specimens collected at a larger scale facilitated megafauna identification from images. Based on this complementary approach, we propose a robust methodology for image-based faunal identification relying on a taxonomic framework, from collaborative work with taxonomists. An original outcome of this collaborative work is the creation of identification keys dedicated specifically to in situ images and which take into account the state of the taxonomic knowledge for the explored sites.

Symphurus leucochilus Lee, Munroe & Shao. 2014 (Figs. 13, 14; Tables 1–5, 12–13) Symphurus leucochilus Lee et al. 2014: 563, Fig. 1 (Off Japan and Taiwan, 150 m. Holotype: USNM 408271; sister group of S. orientalis; S. microrhynchus sensu Munroe & Marsh 1997 represents composite mix of several species; meristic data overlaps that of several species in the S. microrhynchus species complex). Lee et al. 2017: 78 (compared with S. longirostris; S. microrhynchus sensu Munroe & Marsh 1997 represents a composite mix of several species; recognized two species groups among the nominal species included in the S. microrhynchus complex). Holotype: USNM 408271, mature female, 58.7 mm SL, Da-Shi fish market, northeastern Taiwan, 24 August 2011. Detailed information on material examined can be found in Lee et al. (2014). Paratypes: Seven specimens. Two non-type specimens also included in the original description. Paratypes and non-type specimens 21.7–66.9 mm SL. Diagnosis. Symphurus leucochilus is distinguished from all congeners by the combination of: a 1–2–2–2–2 ID pattern; 12 caudal-fin rays; 9 (3 + 6) abdominal vertebrae; 49–51 total vertebrae; 4 hypurals; 89–92 dorsal-fin rays; 76–80 anal-fin rays; 75–83 longitudinal scale rows; 32–35 transverse scale rows; 15–17 scale rows on head posterior to lower orbit; relatively deep body (BD= 26.3–32.3% of HL); moderately long preanal length (PAL= 24.3–26.0% of SL); upper head lobe much larger than lower head lobe; moderately short head (HL= 18.7–21.8% of SL), shorter than head width (HW/HL= 1.07–1.29); short postorbital length (POL= 65.6–69.5% of HL); long snout (SNL= 18.4–23.4% of HL; SNL/ED= 1.47–2.09), round to obliquely blunt anteriorly; dorsal-fin origin at point between verticals at anterior margin of upper eye and anterior margin of pupil of upper eye; relatively long predorsal length (PDL= 17.6–22.3% of HL); no fleshy ridge on ocular-side lower jaw; eyes separate, with anterior margin of upper usually equal to, or slightly in advance of, anterior margin of lower eye; anterior ocular-side nostril not connected to eyes; ocular-side pigmentation light-yellow to light-brown without melanophores; blind-side pigmentation uniformly white to light yellow; peritoneum bluish-black. Description (from Lee et al. 2016). Symphurus leucochilus (Fig. 13) is a diminutive species, known from 10 specimens, the largest reaching a maximum size of 66.9 mm SL. Meristic characters are summarized in Tables 2–5. Predominant ID pattern 1–2–2–2–2 (eight of nine specimens). Caudal-fin rays 12. Dorsal-fin rays 89–92. Anal-fin rays 76–80. Pelvic-fin rays four. Total vertebrae 49–51; abdominal vertebrae, nine (3 + 6). Hypurals four. Longitudinal scale rows 75–83. Scale rows on head posterior to lower orbit 15–17. Transverse scale rows 32–35. Proportions of morphometric features are presented in Table 12. Body relatively deep; maximum depth in anterior one-third of body usually at point between anus and eighth anal-fin ray, body depth tapering rapidly posterior to midpoint. Preanal length usually smaller than body depth. Head moderately long and wide; head width (HW) slightly shorter than body depth, and much greater than head length (HW/HL= 1.07–1.29, Mean= 1.20). Upper head lobe wider than lower head lobe (UHL/LHL= 1.05–1.37, Mean= 1.22); slightly shorter than postorbital length. Upper lobe of ocular-side opercle wider than lower opercular lobe; posterior margin of lower lobe projecting slightly beyond posterior margin of upper opercular lobe, or both lobes equal with their posterior margins reaching similar points along same vertical plane. Snout moderately long, slightly round to obliquely blunt anteriorly; snout length much greater than eye diameter (SNL/ED= 1.47–2.09, Mean=1.83). Dermal papillae present, but not well developed, on blind side of snout. Ocular-side anterior nostril tubular and short, usually not reaching anterior margin of lower eye when depressed posteriorly. Ocular-side posterior nostril a small, rounded tube located on snout just anterior to interorbital space. Blind-side anterior nostril tubular and short, easily distinguishable from dermal papillae; blind-side posterior nostril a shorter, and wider, posteriorly directed tube situated posterior to vertical at rear margin of jaws. Jaws long and slightly arched; upper jaw length equal to, or slightly longer than, snout length; posterior margin of upper jaw usually extending to point between verticals through anterior margin of eye and anterior margin of pupil of lower eye. Ocular-side lower jaw without fleshy ridge. Cheek depth shorter than snout length. Eyes moderately large (ED= 10.4–12.5% of HL), oval, separated by two to three rows of small ctenoid scales in narrow interorbital space. Eyes usually equal in position, or with anterior margin of upper eye slightly in advance of that of lower eye. Pupillary operculum absent. Dorsal-fin origin located at point between verticals through anterior margin of upper eye and anterior margin of pupil of upper eye; predorsal length moderately short. Anteriormost dorsal-fin rays slightly shorter than more posterior fin rays. Scales absent on both sides of dorsal- and anal-fin rays. Pelvic fin moderately long; longest pelvic-fin ray, when extended posteriorly, usually reaching base of first to fourth anal-fin ray. Posteriormost pelvic-fin ray connected to anal fin by delicate membrane. Caudal fin relatively long, with several rows of ctenoid scales on its base. Both sides of body with numerous, strongly ctenoid scales. Teeth present and recurved slightly inwards on all jaws; better developed on blind-side jaws. Ocular-side premaxilla and dentary with single row of sharply pointed, well-developed teeth. Blind-side premaxilla with three to four rows of sharp, recurved teeth. Blind-side lower jaw with four to six rows of well-developed teeth. Pigmentation of freshly caught specimens (Fig. 13). Ocular-side background coloration of body, head and most of external surface of opercle generally light-yellow to light-brown, sometimes also with irregular, darkly shaded areas. External surface overlying abdominal area usually darker bluish-black due to dark peritoneal pigment visible through abdominal wall. Posterior margin of opercle darker brown than more lightly pigmented anterior regions. Outer surface of ocular side of isthmus without conspicuous melanophores. Inner surface of ocular-side opercle and isthmus unpigmented. Ocular-side lips and chin region light-yellow to light-brown; margins of lips with numerous small black dots. Ocular-side anterior nostril light-yellow to brown. Upper aspects of eyes and eye sockets light blue to bluish-green; pupils bluish-black. No conspicuous melanophores on head region posterior to eyes. No conspicuous dermal spots or melanophores at bases of anterior dorsal-fin rays. Blind side generally white to light yellow with darkly pigmented bluish-black region overlying peritoneum. Background of outer surface of blind-side opercle white to light yellowish; inner surface unpigmented. Small specimens with streak of black on vertebrae distinctly visible externally through body musculature. Pigmentation of alcohol-preserved specimens. Similar to that of freshly caught fish, except bluish-black coloration of pupil of freshly caught specimens blending more gradually and eventually fading into white background coloration. Fin rays of dorsal, anal and pelvic fins uniformly yellow to brown; basal regions of fin rays and membranes covering fin rays light-yellow, with diffuse scattering of yellow to brown chromatophores covering entire fin membranes on both sides of fins. Entire dorsal and anal fin with a series of dark streaks alternating with lighter areas on fins. Basal margins of blind sides of dorsal- and anal-fin rays and associated fin membranes light-yellow to light-brown. Remarks. Information about S. leucochilus, including color photos were detailed in the description of this species by Lee et al. (2014). One additional specimen (NMMB– P21879) of S. leucochilus, discovered after the description by Lee et al. (2014), was collected in the bycatch landed at Dong-Gang fish market, Taiwan. Information regarding date of capture, depth of capture, and other ecological data are unknown for this specimen. This is a very common situation encountered when using specimens from bycatch. To collect reliable environmental data necessary for understanding the ecology (e.g. bathymetric distribution, substrata, etc.) of S. leucochilus we still need to rely on further investigations conducted by research vessels. Comparisons. Symphurus leucochilus has the same ID pattern (1–2–2–2–2) and the same number of caudalfin rays (12), and has counts for dorsal- (89–92) and anal-fin rays (76–80), total vertebrae (49–51) and longitudinal scales (75–83) that overlap those found in members of the S. microrhynchus species complex. Some features also overlap those of S. monostigmus. Differences between S. leucochilus and members of the S. microrhynchus species complex were discussed in the Comparisons sections under the individual species accounts above. Symphurus leucochilus is similar to S. monostigmus in that these are the only two shallow-water IWP species that lack a membranous connection between the ocular-side anterior nostril and lower eye, and these two species also lack a fleshy ridge on the ocular-side lower jaw that is found in members of the S. microrhynchus species complex. Symphurus leucochilus differs distinctly from S. monostigmus in having 12 caudal-fin rays and 4 hypurals (vs. 14 caudal-fin rays and 5 hypurals), and S. leucochilus has different pigmentation including lacking freckles on the ocular side and lacking the pigment spot on the abdomen that feature so prominently in S. monostigmus. Symphurus leucochilus also has fewer longitudinal (75–83 vs. 92) and transverse scales (32–35 vs. 36–38) than is found in S. monostigmus. Other differences between these species were discussed in the Comparisons section of the species account for S. monostigmus above., Published as part of Lee, Mao-Ying & Munroe, Thomas A., 2021, Unraveling cryptic diversity among shallow-water tonguefishes (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae: Symphurus) from the Indo-West Pacific region, with descriptions of five new species, pp. 1-55 in Zootaxa 5039 (1) on pages 47-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5039.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5506250, {"references":["Lee, M. - Y., Munroe, T. A. & Shao, K. - T. (2014) Description of a new cryptic, shallow-water tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae: Symphurus) from the western North Pacific Ocean. Journal of Fish Biology, 85 (3), 563 - 585. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jfb. 12440","Munroe, T. A. & Marsh, B. N. (1997) Taxonomic status of three nominal species of Indo-Pacific symphurine tonguefishes (Symphurus: Cynoglossidae: Pleuronectiformes). Ichthyological Research, 44 (2), 189 - 200. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02678697","Lee, M. - Y., Munroe. T. A. & Kai, Y. (2017) Description of a new cryptic species of tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae: Symphurus) from shallow waters off Japan. Ichthyological Research, 64 (1), 71 - 83. [article and species online at 2016] https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10228 - 016 - 0541 - 8"]}

Key to all known species of Luciobrotula Smith & Radcliffe, 1913 (modified from Nielsen 2009) 1. Precaudal vertebrae 13; total vertebrae 50 or 51............................................................................... 2 – Precaudal vertebrae 15 or 16; total vertebrae 52–57......................................................................... 3 2. Lateral line ending at 2 nd dorsal-fin ray; total gill rakers 13–14...................................................................................................................................................... L. brasiliensis Nielsen, 2009 (off Brazil) – Lateral line ending at 33 rd dorsal-fin ray; total gill rakers 17................................................................................................................................................... L. polylepis sp. nov. (off Papua New Guinea) 3. Lateral line short and distinct, ending at 2 nd dorsal-fin ray.... L. lineata (Gosline, 1954) (off Hawaii) – Lateral line long, usually indistinct, ending at 19 th –37 th dorsal-fin ray.............................................. 4 4. Dorsal-fin rays 81–89;anal-fin rays59–65;first gill arch with3developed rakers and 18–23dentigerous plates; longest filaments on first gill arch 2.8–3.6% SL......... L. coheni Nielsen, 2009 (East Pacific) – Dorsal-fin rays 86–96; anal-fin rays 66–75; first gill arch with 3–4 developed rakers and 12–18 dentigerous plates; longest filaments on fist gill arch 1.3–2.7% SL.................................................. 5 5. Four occipital pores, one interorbital pore; first anal-fin ray below 18 th –24 th dorsal-fin rays; dorsal rim of otolith without concavity (large specimens)................................................................................................................................................ L. bartschi Smith & Radcliffe, 1913 (Indo-West Pacific) – Pores absent on occipital and interorbital region; first anal-fin ray below 24 th –28 th dorsal-fin rays; dorsal rim of otolith with or without concavity................................................................................. 6 6. Head brown; otolith with a distinct concavity in dorsal rim in specimens larger than 300 mm SL; total vertebrae 56–57; longest pelvic-fin ray 7.9–9.6% SL..................................................................................................................... L. corethromycter Cohen, 1964 (Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea) – Head pale; otolith without a distinct concavity in dorsal rim in specimens larger than 300 mm SL; total vertebrae 53–55; longest pelvic-fin ray 11.0–12.5% SL.................................................................................................................................................... L. nolfi Cohen, 1981 (tropical East Atlantic)

Luciobrotula bartschi Smith & Radcliffe, 1913 (6 specimens, 97.9���393.7 mm SL) BISMARCK SEA ��� 393.7 mm SL; Cape Croisilles off Papua New Guinea, stn CP4033; 4��52��� S, 145��53��� E; 780 m depth; R/V ALIS, beam trawl, PAPUA NIUGINI expedition; 16 Dec. 2012; NTUM 16627 (tissue sample ID: PNG1082). EAST CHINA SEA ��� 181.6 mm SL; stn CD210, 24�� 28��� N, 122�� 12��� E; 1185 m depth; beam trawl; 30 May 2003; ASIZP0063749. PHILIPPINE SEA ��� 301.7 mm SL; stn CP2729, 15��19��� N, 121��37��� E; 593���600 m depth; R/V DA-BFAR, beam trawl, AURORA expedition; 31 May 2007; ASIZP 0068164 (tissue sample ID: ASIZP 0913925). TAIWAN ��� 227.4 mm SL; Dashi fishing port; 23 May 2007; ASIZP0070170. TAIWAN ��� 97.9 mm SL; South China Sea, NE of Dongsha Island; stn CD321; 20�� 43��� N, 117�� 32��� E; 954 m depth; beam trawl; 19 Aug. 2005; ASIZP 0066071 (tissue sample ID: ASIZP0911588). TAIWAN ��� 202 mm SL; South China Sea, SE of Little Liuqiu Island; 22�� 12��� N, 120�� 23��� E; 68���347 m depth; beam trawl; 29 Jul. 2014; ASIZP 0075076 (tissue sample ID: ASIZP 0916618)., Published as part of Wong, Man-Kwan, Lee, Mao-Ying & Chen, Wei-Jen, 2021, Integrative taxonomy reveals a rare and new cusk-eel species of Luciobrotula (Teleostei, Ophidiidae) from the Solomon Sea, West Pacific, pp. 52-69 in European Journal of Taxonomy 750 on page 69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.750.1361, http://zenodo.org/record/4770536

Luciobrotula polylepis sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E7C043DA-005E-494F-9E00-21454E6E61BA Figs 3���4; Table 2 Diagnosis Luciobrotula polylepis sp. nov. is morphologically distinct from all congeners by the following combination of characters: lateral line ending below 33 rd dorsal-fin ray; dorsal-fin rays 86, anal-fin rays 70, precaudal vertebrae 13, total vertebrae 50; gill rakers 17 (3 long rakers and 14 dentigerous plates); longest gill raker 2.1% SL; height of posterior margin of maxilla 3.2% SL; distance from the snout to end of lateral line 60% SL; one interorbital pore and four occipital pores. Differential diagnosis The new species is most similar to L. brasiliensis because both share the low number of vertebrae. It differs from L. brasiliensis by having a much longer lateral line (ending at the 33 rd dorsal-fin ray vs ending at the 2 nd dorsal-fin ray), a slightly more posterior position of the anal-fin origin (first anal ray below dorsal ray no. 22 vs first anal ray below dorsal ray no. 17), more pectoral-fin rays (32 vs 26), more gill rakers (17 vs 13���14), longer gill raker on first arch (2.1% SL vs 1.2% SL). Luciobrotula polylepis sp. nov. differs from L. bartschi (Figs 5���7) in having a slightly longer lateral line (ending at the 33 rd dorsal-fin ray vs the 18 th ���26 th dorsal-fin ray) and narrower posterior margin of maxilla (3.2% SL vs 3.6���4.7% SL). It differs from L. coheni by having more anal-fin rays (70 vs 59���65), fewer total gill rakers (17 vs 21���26), a more anterior anal-fin origin (anterior anal-fin ray below 17 th vertebra vs anterior anal-fin ray below 21 st ���22 nd vertebrae), a narrower interorbital space (3.5% SL vs 3.9���5.6% SL), and a narrower posterior margin of the maxilla (3.2% SL vs 3.9���4.9% SL). It differs from L. corethromycter by having fewer dorsal-fin rays (86 vs 91���96), fewer gill rakers (17 vs 18���21), and anterior position of the anal-fin origin (first anal-fin ray below the 17 th vertebra vs first analfin ray below the 20 th ���22 nd vertebrae). It differs from L. nolfi by having a slightly longer lateral line (ending at the 33 rd dorsal-fin ray vs ending at the 27 th ���31 st dorsal-fin ray), slightly more anterior position of the anal-fin origin (first anal-fin ray below the 17 th vertebra vs first anal-fin ray below the 19 th ���20 th vertebrae), smaller head (23.9% SL vs 24.5���28.0% SL), and relatively deeper body (16.3% SL vs 12.5���15.0% SL). It differs from L. lineata by having a much longer lateral line (ending at the 33 rd dorsal-fin ray vs ending at the 2 nd dorsal-fin ray), fewer dorsal-fin rays (86 vs 92), more pectoral-fin rays (32 vs 26), shorter pelvic-fin rays (10.9% SL vs 15.0% SL) and longer gill raker on the first arch (2.1% SL vs 0.7% SL). A detailed comparison between the new species and other congeners is provided in Table 2. Along the COI gene, the following apomorphic sites are unique nucleotides from the only specimen of L. polylepis sp. nov. examined here; these nucleotide sites can be used for the molecular diagnosis of the species to differentiate it from L. coheni and L. bartschi examined in this study. Nos. 97 (C vs T), 120 (A vs G), 147 (G vs A), 177 (G vs A), 180 (C vs T), 198 (C vs T), 219 (T vs C), 225 (C vs T), 294 (C vs T), 321 (A vs C), 324 (G vs A), 330 (A vs G), 336 (A vs C), 348 (G vs A or C), 363 (G vs T or C), 369 (T vs C), 372 (A vs C or T), 375 (C vs T), 381 (G vs A), 387 (C vs T), 390 (T vs C), 405 (C vs T), 420 (A vs G or C), 426 (T vs C), 465 (A vs C or G), 477 (A vs G), 540 (A vs G), 555 (G vs A), 565 (T vs C), 597 (T vs C), 603 (T vs A), 615 (C vs A), 648 (T vs C), 682 (C vs A or G), 675 (C vs T), 684 (G vs A), 687 (T vs C). * Data from Nielsen (2009). ** Data from examined specimens of this study # Data (in the parentheses) from an abnormal vertebrae development specimen. Etymology The name polylepis is derived from the Greek ��� poly ���, meaning ���many��� or ���numerous���, and ��� lepis ���, meaning ���scales���, in reference to the much longer lateral line and therefore more lateral line scales compared with L. bartschi, the only congener distributed in the West Pacific. Type material Holotype SOLOMON SEA ��� 168.4 mm SL, sample ID: PNG2363; Ainto Bay, SE of New Britain Island, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Sea, West Pacific, stn CP4334; 6��08��� S, 149��10��� E; 430���620 m depth; 6 May 2014; R/V ALIS; French beam trawl; MADEEP expedition; GenBank registration: MW218670; NTUM 11915. Description Measurements and counts of the holotype given in Table 2. Body elongate with tapering caudal portion, snout and head slightly depressed; eye small and round, horizontal eye diameter about half of snout length. Mouth large, oblique; upper jaw reaching a vertical through the posterior margin of orbit, posterior part vertically much extended, slightly protruding beyond lower jaw when mouth closed. Boomerang-formed vomer; palatine, and upper and lower jaw with many small, close-set, rather blunt teeth in several irregular rows; fang-like teeth absent in both jaws. One median and a pair of two large basibranchial tooth patches. Anterior nostril with low rim and placed midway between upper lip and posterior nostril, with small rounded flap rising from anterior rim. Posterior margins of preopercle, interopercle, and subopercle rounded, without spine. First gill arch with four finely dentigerous plates on upper branch, one long raker on the angle, and lower branch with two long rakers interspaced with 10 dentigerous plates (Fig. 4D); gill filaments ca 100, the longest about half as long as longest gill raker; pseudobranchial filament damaged, unavailable count. Sensory pores are found all over head (Fig. 4A���B). Supraorbital with group of eight pores behind eye, five pores immediately above eye, and five small pores in a row on tip of snout, larger pore between flaps on tip of snout, and above each nostril, one interorbital pore, four occipital pores, six suborbital pores and four mandibular pores, 10 small pores close to lower jaw, between this row and mandibular having four small pores, and finally a row of six pores above posterior mandibular, two pores behind posterior end of maxilla, and preopercle with six pores. Sagittal otolith is elongate and thin, about 2.5 times as long as high. Sulcus divided into ostium and cauda. Cauda is about ⅔ of ostium (Fig. 4C). Due to the damaged anterior rim, the presence of an ostial channel could not be ascertained. Body, top of head, and opercle covered with small cycloid scales, with ca 72 scales in oblique line from origin of anal fin forwards and ca 111 scales from upper part of gill slit to base of caudal fin; single lateral line originating at upper angle of opercle and extending posteriorly in straight line placed about midway between midline and profile of body, ending below 33 rd dorsal-fin ray. Dorsal-fin origin above end of pectoral fin; anal-fin origin at about mid-body of fish, pectoral fin placed medially and pelvic fin reaching one third from base to anal fin. Third neural spine pointed, length of first spine half as long as second spine (Fig. 3C), neural spines of posterior 10 pre-caudal vertebrae with blunt tips and broad bases, 4 th ���11 th precaudal vertebrae with broad bases and depressed neural spines, 7 th ���13 th precaudal vertebrae with parapophyses, and pleural ribs on 3 rd ���6 th precaudal vertebrae. Epipleural ribs hard to observe. Head brown; body brownish-yellow with bluish-brown abdomen (Fig. 3A). Dorsal, pectoral, anal, and caudal fins black. Color of preserved specimen similar to that of fresh specimens, the head and body uniformly brown with dark bluish-brown abdomen (Fig. 3B). Distribution Possibly endemic to waters off Papua New Guinea; the only known specimen was collected on the SE continental slope of New Britain Island, Papua New Guinea, at depths of 430���620 m (Fig. 1). Accompanying fauna Monomitopus sp. and Glyptophidium lucidum Smith & Radcliffe, 1913 were the only two other ophidiids collected along with L. polylepis sp. nov., in addition to Epigonus atherinoides (Gilbert, 1905) (Epigonidae Poey, 1861) (Okamoto et al. 2018). The mud bottom living invertebrates collected from the same site included sea cradles, sea snails, sea stars, deep-sea barnacles, decapods (https://expeditions.mnhn.fr/campaign/madeep/event/cp4334#les_photos), and a recently described deep-sea spider crab, Tunepugettia corbariae Lee, Richer de Forges & Ng 2019 (Epialtidae MacLeay, 1838) (Lee B.-Y. et al. 2019)., Published as part of Wong, Man-Kwan, Lee, Mao-Ying & Chen, Wei-Jen, 2021, Integrative taxonomy reveals a rare and new cusk-eel species of Luciobrotula (Teleostei, Ophidiidae) from the Solomon Sea, West Pacific, pp. 52-69 in European Journal of Taxonomy 750 on pages 58-63, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.750.1361, http://zenodo.org/record/4770536, {"references":["Radcliffe L. 1913. Descriptions of seven new genera and thirty-one new species of fishes of the families Brotulidae and Carapidae from the Philippine Islands and the Dutch East Indies. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 44 (1948): 135 - 176. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.44 - 1948.135","Nielsen J. G. 2009. A revision of the bathyal genus Luciobrotula (Teleostei, Ophidiidae) with two new species. Galathea Report 22: 141 - 156.","Okamoto M., Chen W. - J. & Shinohara G. 2018. Epigonus okamotoi (Perciformes: Epigonidae), a junior synonym of E. draco, with new distributional records for E. atherinoides and E. lifouensis in the West Pacific. Zootaxa 4476 (1): 141 - 150. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4476.1.13"]}

Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 36, 496-526

Lee, Mao-Ying, Munroe, Thomas A., Shao, Kwang-Tsao (2013): Symphurus orientalis (Bleeker) redefined based on morphological and molecular characters (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae). Zootaxa 3620 (3): 379-403, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3620.3.3

Symphurus orientalis (Bleeker, 1879) (Figs. 1���5; Tables 1���2) Aphoristia orientalis Bleeker, 1879: 31, Pl. 2 (fig. 1) (Japan; description, illustration of holotype). Symphurus orientalis.��� Jordan and Snyder 1901: 122 (listed; questionable occurrence, Japan). Jordan and Starks 1906: 243 (synonymy; description based on Bleeker (1879); doubted validity of species; transfer to Symphurus; coasts of Japan, north of Vladivostok, based on Schmidt (1904)). Jordan et al. 1913: 335 (listed in catalogue; both coasts of Japan, off Vladivostok, based on Schmidt (1904)). Hubbs 1915: 496 (brief description; one specimen, Suruga Gulf, Japan). Mori 1928: 8 (listed, Korea). Chu 1931: 94 (listed, China). Wu 1932: 162 (synonymy; listed, China ).?Fowler 1934: 223 ( synonymy; redescription; Chihli, Peking, China and Japan; figure ). Mori and Uchida 1934: 33 (listed; Korea). Taranetz 1937: 148 (in key). Okada 1938: 270 (listed; Honshu, Japan, Korea, and Vladivostok). Okada and Matsubara 1938: 439 (in part; brief morphological information for key; counts; off Japan, Pusan and Vladivostok ). Chabanaud 1939: 27 (listed, world catalogue of flatfishes). Mori 1952: 183 (listed, Pusan, Korea). Matsubara 1955: 1287 (in part) (brief data on meristic and morphometric features; Suruga Bay, Owase, Kochi, Japan and Pusan). Kamohara 1958: 64 (listed; Suruga Bay to Kochi Prefecture, Japan; and Korea). Ochiai 1959: 217 (in part) (redescription based on composite series of specimens; meristic and morphometric data following Matsubara (1955); figure; 200 m; China Sea, Yellow Sea, and Pacific side of southern Japan). Chyung 1961: 657 (in part) (redescription based on Ochiai (1959); Korea). Ochiai 1963: 102 (in part) (English edition of Ochiai (1959)). Chen and Weng 1965: 102 (in part? likely more than one species included in account; Tungkong, Taiwan; brief redescription). Chen 1969: 225, 226 (in part?) (brief description for identification key; follows Chen and Weng (1965); figure; Dong-Gang, Taiwan). Chyung 1977: 582 (listed; Pusan, Korea).?Son 1980 (listed; east coast of Korea, cited from Kim and Choi (1994)). Yasuda et al. 1981: 19, 569 (local name in several languages). Amaoka 1982: 302���3, 408 (redescription based on one specimen; color photograph; Tosa Bay, Japan).?Shen 1983: 107 (in part) (brief redescription possibly based on composite series of specimens; Taiwan). Shen 1984: 581 (in part) (redescription based on composite series of specimens; figure; in key; Taiwan). Ochiai 1984: 356 (in part) (redescription based on composite series of specimens following that of Ochiai (1959); figure; Japan, Suruga Bay to Yellow Sea, East China Sea). Chen and Yu 1986: 830 (in part) (listed; brief description for key; Taiwan). Shen 1986: 264 (Chinese, Japanese names). Li 1987: 513 (listed; figure; eastern Yellow Sea to northern South China Sea). Ochiai 1987: 931 (in part) (description following Ochiai (1959); color figure; Suruga Bay, Yellow Sea, East China Sea). Ochiai 1988: 342 (in part) (Japanese version of Ochiai (1984)). Ochiai 1989: 222 (in part) (description following Ochiai (1959); color figure; Suruga Bay, Yellow Sea, East China Sea). Munroe 1992: 374, 379 (ID pattern; meristic information). Lindberg and Federov 1993: 207 (mentioned in footnote; Japan side, sea of Japan). Shen 1993: 581 (in part) (redescription based on composite series of specimens; black and white photo not this species; Taiwan). Wang 1993: 115 (listed, South China Sea). Kim and Choi 1994: 810 (no specimens; description based on composite series of specimens following Ochiai (1959); Korea (based on Son 1980)). Li and Wang 1995: 380 (no specimens; redescription based on composite series of specimens following Ochiai (1959); illustrations; in key; China). Sakamoto 1997: 684 (in part; more than one species included in brief account; color photo is not S. orientalis; 200���400 m; Japan, East China Sea, Yellow Sea). Munroe and Amaoka 1998: 389 (discussed confusion surrounding species concept; distinguished from S. hondoensis; Japan). Eschmeyer 1998: 1248, 2436 (literature; listed as valid species). Evseenko 1998: 61 (vertebral count; depth of occurrence; phylogenetic information of Pleuronectiformes). Schwarzhans 1999: 366 (description and illustration of otoliths; Japan). Yamada 2000: 1392 (in part) (brief redescription based on composite series of specimens following Ochiai (1959); in key; illustration; 200���400 m; Pacific coast Japan, East China Sea, Yellow Sea). Munroe 2000: 646 (listed, South China Sea). Lin 2001: 458 (listed, China���s seas including northeastern Yellow Sea to north of South China Sea). Munroe 2001: 3895 (listed, West Central Pacific). Shinohara et al. 2001: 337 (listed, Tosa Bay, Japan). Yoda et al. 2002: 29 (listed; Japanese, English names). Yamada 2002: 1392 (in part) (English edition of Yamada (2000)). Youn 2002: 441, 690 (in part) (brief redescription; in key; Korea). Kim et al. (2005): 490 (in part) (brief redescription; listed, Korea; photograph not of this species). Shinohara et al. 2005: 443 (listed, off Ryukyu Islands, Japan). Liu 2008: 1057 (listed, China, in eastern part of Yellow Sea and South China Sea; off Japan). Munroe and Hashimoto 2008: 44 (comments on misidentifications; comparisons with S. thermophilus). Lee et al. 2009 b: 57 (compared with S. multimaculatus). Shen and Wu 2011: 763 (brief redescription with illustration; Taiwan). Symphurus arientalis (Bleeker).���Minami 1988: 962 (in part; meristic data follows that of Ochiai (1959); description of larval stages; Japan). Symphurus orientulis (Bleeker).���Lin 1994: 747 (listed, China���s seas including northeastern Yellow Sea to north of South China Sea). Symphurus novemfasciatus Shen and Lin, 1984: 8, Fig. 3 (based on two specimens; color photograph; Tung-Kong (=Dong- Gang), Taiwan). Shen 1984: 141 (after Shen and Lin (1984); description, color figure; Taiwan; compared with S. septemstriatus (Alcock)). Shen 1986: 264 (listed; Chinese name). Chen and Yu 1986: 831 (listed; brief description for key). Munroe 1992: 379 (listed in table; meristic features following those in original description). Shen 1993: 581 (description based on Shen and Lin (1984), color photograph; Taiwan). Lin 1994: 747 (listed, sandy flat, southern Taiwan). Li and Wang 1995: 383 (no specimens; description based on Shen and Lin (1984); black and white photo; in key). Eschmeyer 1998: 1204, 2436 (literature; listed as valid species). Munroe 2000: 646 (listed; South China Sea). Liu 2008: 1057 (listed; off Dong-Gang, southwestern Taiwan). Ho and Shao 2011: 63 (listed; type catalogue; Taiwan). Shen and Wu 2011: 763 (brief description with color photo). Symphurus cf. orientalis (not of Bleeker).���Sowerby 1930: 182 (Symphurus sp. listed in Schmidt (1904) likely a species of Cynoglossus). Shen 1984: 141 (compared specimen identified as S. strictus Gilbert with S. orientalis sensu Chen and Weng (1965); Taiwan).?Fourmanoir 1985: 50 (three specimens, Philippine Islands). Hashimoto et al. 1988: 87 (Kaikata Caldera, west of Chichijima Island, Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands). Hashimoto et al. 1995: 585 (hydrothermal vents, Minami-Ensei Knoll, Mid-Okinawa Trough, Western Pacific). Ono et al. 1996: 223 (hydrothermal vents, Kaikata Seamount near Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, South Japan). Fujikura et al. 2002: 24 (hydrothermal vent, Okinawa Trough). Symphurus orientalis (not of Bleeker). Ohashi and Motomura 2011: 115 (brief description from single specimen; 70���100 m; Shibushi Bay, Kagoshima). Neotype. BSKU 44238, mature female, 91.0 mm SL; Tosa Bay, off Kochi, Japan; bottom trawl, 300���400 m; collected by O. Okamura, 13 Nov 1987. Counted and measured. 91 specimens (54.7 ���109.0 mm SL). Taiwan, off northeastern coast. ASIZP 72344, mature female, 77.0 mm SL; 24 �� 49.22 ���N, 121 �� 58.50 ���E, T.-W. Wang, 23 Aug 2007. ASIZP 72345, male, 77.0 mm SL; 24 �� 52.17 ���N, 121 �� 57.53 ���E, T.-W. Wang, 23 Aug 2007. ASIZP 72346, mature female, 81.7 mm SL; 24 �� 52.17 ���N, 121 �� 57.53 ���E, T.-W. Wang, 23 Aug 2007. ASIZP 72347, male, 77.1 mm SL; 24 �� 52.17 ���N, 121 �� 57.53 ���E, T.-W. Wang, 23 Aug 2007. ASIZP 67634, mature female, 93.5 mm SL; Nanfang-Ao fish port, M.- Y. Lee, 6 Jan 2007. Taiwan, off northeastern coast, in landings at Da-Shi fish port. ASIZP 72340, 2 mature females, 87.8 ���91.0 mm SL; M.- Y. Lee, 23 Aug 2007. ASIZP 72372 (JN 678742 and JN 678777), mature female, 72.9 mm SL; M.- Y. Lee, 30 Dec 2009. ASIZP 72373 (JN 678743 and JN 678778), mature female, 86.0 mm SL; M.- Y. Lee, 30 Dec 2009. ASIZP 72374 (JN 678744 and JN 678779), male, 74.1 mm SL; M.- Y. Lee, 30 Dec 2009. ASIZP 72375 (JN 678745 and JN 678780), mature female, 91.3 mm SL; M.- Y. Lee, 30 Dec 2009. ASIZP 72376 (JN 678746 and JN 678781), male, 60.1 mm SL; M.- Y. Lee, 30 Dec 2009. ASIZP 72377 (JN 678747 and JN 678782), male, 64.0 mm SL; M.- Y. Lee, 30 Dec 2009. ASIZP 72378 (JN 678748 and JN 678783), mature female, 88.8 mm SL; M.- Y. Lee, 30 Dec 2009. ASIZP 72379 (JN 678749 and JN 678784), male, 83.3 mm SL; M.- Y. Lee, 30 Dec 2009. ASIZP 72380 (JN 678750 and JN 678785), mature female, 78.6 mm SL; M.- Y. Lee, 30 Dec 2009. ASIZP 72381 (JN 678751 and JN 678786), mature female, 75.3 mm SL; M.- Y. Lee, 30 Dec 2009. NMMB���P 1663, male, 96.4 mm SL; Y.-M. Ju, 9 Sep 2003. NMMB���P 6127, mature female, 89.2 mm SL; Y.-M. Ju, 8 May 2003. NMMB���P 6184, male, 94.7 SL; Y.-M. Ju, 8 May 2003. NMMB���P 6186, mature female, 85.6 mm SL; Y.-M. Ju, 8 May 2003. NMMB���P 8631, 2 mature females, 78.8 ���89.0 mm SL; T.-M. Ju, 18 Jun 2005. NMMB���P 9114, 10 (2 exam., 1 male and 1 immature female), 67.1���78.2 mm SL; Ta-Shi (=Da-Shi) fish port, H.-W. Chen, 7 Aug 2008. NMMB���P 7484, mature female, 80.8 mm SL; Y.-M. Ju, 16 Apr 2004. Eastern Taiwan, off Su-ao. ASIZP 65666, male, 67.7 mm SL; 24 �� 47.75 ������ 24 �� 48.01 ���N, 122 ��00.09������ 122 ��02.09���E, ORE beam trawl, 265���352 m, Fishery Researcher I, OCP 273, 13 Jun 2005. ASIZP 66767, 4 (2 exam., females), 66.9���88.7 mm SL; 24 �� 55.11 ������ 24 �� 57.47 ���N, 122 ��04.73������ 122 ��05.43���E, beam trawl, 267���430 m, Fishery Researcher I, CP 291, 8 Aug 2005. ASIZP 66821, 4 (3 exam., male and an immature and mature female), 71.4���83.1 mm SL; 24 �� 57.07 ������ 24 �� 58.27 ���N, 122 ��04.61������ 122 ��05.57���E, beam trawl, 236���272 m, Fishery Researcher I, CP 292, 8 Aug 2005. ASIZP 66898, 10 (4 exam. 2 males, 1 immature and 1 mature female), 65.7���79.4 mm SL; 24 �� 55.70 ������ 24 �� 57.23 ���N, 122 ��04.30������ 122 ��04.81���E, beam trawl, 212���275 m, Ocean Researcher I, CP 290, 28 Aug 2004. Taiwan, off southwestern coast, in landings at Dong-Gang fish port. ASIZP 67650, male, 76.5 mm SL; M.- Y. Lee, 4 Jul 2007. ASIZP 67651, male, 83.8 mm SL; M.- Y. Lee, 4 July 2007. ASIZP 67652, male, 82.5 mm SL; M.- Y. Lee, 4 Jul 2007. ASIZP 67653, mature female, 80.4 mm SL; M.- Y. Lee, 4 Jul 2007. ASIZP 72341, 2 males, 72.1���81.1 mm SL; M.- Y. Lee, 28 May 2008. ASIZP 72342, 6 (4 males and 1 immature and 1 mature female), 69.1���84.2 mm SL; M.- Y. Lee, 28 May 2008. ASIZP 72556 (JN 678752 and JN 678787), male, 79.1 mm SL; M.- Y. Lee, 21 July 2011. ASIZP 72557 (JN 678753 and JN 678788), immature female, 75.3 mm SL; M.- Y. Lee, 21 Jul 2011. ASIZP 72558 (JN 678754 and JN 678789), immature female, 68.7 mm SL; M.- Y. Lee, 21 Jul 2011. ASIZP 72559 (JN 678755 and JN 678790), immature female, 62.6 mm SL; M.- Y. Lee, 21 Jul 2011. ASIZP 72560 (JN 678756 and JN 678791), male, 76.1 mm SL; M.- Y. Lee, 21 Jul 2011. ASIZP 72561 (JN 678757 and JN 678792), male, 62.8 mm SL; M.- Y. Lee, 21 Jul 2011. ASIZP 72562 (JN 678758 and JN 678793), male, 69.7 mm SL; M.- Y. Lee, 21 Jul 2011. ASIZP 72563 (JN 678759 and JN 678794), male, 80.5 mm SL; M.- Y. Lee, 21 Jul 2011. ASIZP 72564 (JN 678760 and JN 678795), male, 61.9 mm SL; M.- Y. Lee, 21 Jul 2011. ASIZP 72565 (JN 678761 and JN 678796), mature female, 72.3 mm SL; M.- Y. Lee, 21 Jul 2011. NMMB���P 3714, male, 72.1 mm SL; Dong-Kang (=Dong-Gang) fish port, J.-H. Wu, 2 May 2002. NMMB���P 5776, 2 mature females, 77.2���81.4 mm SL; Dong-Kang (=Dong-Gang) fish port, Y.-M. Ju, 13 Mar 2003. NMMB���P 6222, mature female, 90.9 mm SL; Tong-Kong (=Dong-Gang) fish port, H-C. Ho, 5 Jul 2007. NMMB���P 7914, male, 85.9 mm SL; Y-M. Ju, 11 Jun 2004. NMMB���P 8147, mature female, 76.3 mm SL; Y.-M. Ju, 11 Jun 2004. NMMB���P 6222, 3 (2 males and 1 mature female), 61.9���82.6 mm SL; Tong-Kong (=Dong-Gang) fish port, C-W. Chang, 27 Aug 2008. NTUM 0 4564, Holotype of S. novemfasciatus, mature female, 79.9 mm SL, Tung-kong (=Dong-Gang), S.-C. Shen, 1 Feb 1980. Taiwan, off southwestern coast. NMMB���P 7615, 2 mature females, 65.4���78.8 mm SL; Kao- Hsung, Y.-M. Ju, 4 Jul 2004. NMMB���P 3713, 2 mature females, 76.8���80.2 mm SL; Fon-Kan fish port, 200 m, J.- H. Wu, 2 Aug 2001. South China Sea. ASIZP 66881, 2 (male and mature female), 72.9���77.8 mm SL; Off Siao Liouciou, 22 �� 21.64 ������ 22 �� 22.29 ���N, 120 �� 11.55 ������ 120 �� 13.28 ���E, mini-beam trawl, 336���395 m, Ocean Researcher I, PCP 348, 9 Mar 2006. Japan. Tosa Bay, off Kochi, in landings at Mimase fish port. BSKU 341, mature female, 91.8 mm SL; 11 Apr 1951. BSKU 617, male, 82.3 mm SL; 5 Feb 1951. BSKU 618, mature female, 81.2 mm SL; 5 Feb 1951. BSKU 807, male, 92.5 mm SL; 19 Feb 1951. BSKU 808, male, 86.2 mm SL; 19 Feb 1951. BSKU 810, male, 91.7 mm SL; 19 Feb 1951. BSKU 1585, mature female, 96.3 mm SL; 20 Jan 1952. BSKU 3457, mature female, 91.2 mm SL; 6 Dec 1953. BSKU 40990, male, 70.4 mm SL; off Saga, traditional bottom trawl, 26 Feb 1985. Tosa Bay, off Kochi. BSKU 67756, male, 58.5 mm SL; R/V Kotaka-maru, 25 Jul 2003. BSKU 69970, 2 (exam. 1, male), 54.7 mm SL; 200 m, R/V Kotaka-maru, 7 Oct 2003. BSKU 88734, male, 68.7 mm SL; in landings at fish port, 3 Mar 2006. Off Murado Cape, Kochi. BSKU 3528, male, 109.0 mm SL; 1953. Suruga Bay. NSMT- P 7471, mature female, 97.3 mm SL; 16���20 Sep 1968. NSMT-P 49992, male, 74.5 mm SL; Off Heda, 245���440 m, 34 �� 59.74 ���N, 138 �� 45.17 ���E, 10 Nov 1996. NSMT-P 78389, mature female, 86.3 mm SL; 300���400 m, 1 Apr 1986. USNM 77066, male, 56.4 mm SL; 270���520 m, 16 Oct 1906. Counted. 2 specimens (31.4���33.8 mm SL). ASIZP 72358 (JN 678762 and JN 678797), male, 33.8 mm SL; off Kochi, Tosa Bay, Japan, 200 m, R/V Toyohata-maru, 17 Jun 2009. ASIZP 72359 (JN 678763 and JN 678798), male, 31.4 mm SL; off Kochi, Tosa Bay, Japan, 200 m, R/V Toyohata-maru, 17 Jun 2009. Diagnosis. Symphurus orientalis is distinguished from all congeners by the combination of: a predominant 1���2 ��� 2 ��� 2 ��� 2 ID pattern, 12 caudal-fin rays, 9 abdominal vertebrae, 52���55 total vertebrae, four hypurals, 96���101 dorsal-fin rays, 82���89 anal-fin rays, 87���99 longitudinal scale rows, 37���42 transverse scales, 18���22 scale rows on the head posterior to the lower orbit, and usually with 5���11 distinct, wide (covering 4���8 scales), complete or incomplete dark, blackish-brown crossbands on the ocular side, an alternating series of rectangular blotches and unpigmented areas (both extending from base to tip of fin) throughout entire lengths of dorsal and anal fins, uniformly white blind side, and conspicuous bluish-black peritoneum. Description. Symphurus orientalis is a medium-sized species reaching sizes to approximately 109 mm SL. Meristic characters are summarized in Table 1. Predominant ID pattern 1���2 ��� 2 ��� 2 ��� 2 (83 / 91 specimens). Caudal-fin rays 12 (two specimens with 11). Dorsal-fin rays 96���101. Anal-fin rays 82���89. Pelvic-fin rays 4. Total vertebrae 52���55; abdominal vertebrae 9 (3 + 6). Hypurals 4. Longitudinal scale rows 87���99. Scale rows on head posterior to lower orbit 18���22. Transverse scales 37���42. Proportions of morphometric features are presented in Table 2. Body relatively deep and moderately elongate; maximum depth in anterior one-third of body usually at point between anus and fourth anal-fin ray, with moderate taper posteriorly from anus to posterior body margin. Preanal length smaller than body depth. Head moderately short and wide; head width slightly shorter than body depth, and much greater than head length (HW/HL= 1.05���1.28, x = 1.12). Upper head lobe wider than lower head lobe (UHL/LHL= 1.02���1.51, x = 1.18); slightly shorter than postorbital length. Lower lobe of ocular-side opercle wider than upper opercular lobe; posterior margin of lower lobe projecting slightly beyond posterior margin of upper opercular lobe. Snout moderately short, slightly rounded to obliquely blunt anteriorly, its length greater than eye diameter (SNL/ED= 1.39���2.11, x = 1.62). Dermal papillae present, but not well developed, on blind-side snout. Ocular-side anterior nostril tubular and short, usually not reaching anterior margin of lower eye when depressed posteriorly. Ocular-side posterior nostril a small, rounded tube located on snout just anterior to interorbital space. Blind-side anterior nostril tubular, short, easily distinguishable from dermal papillae; blind-side posterior nostril a shorter and wider, posteriorly-directed, tube situated posterior to vertical at posterior margin of jaws. Jaws long and slightly arched; upper jaw length longer than snout length; posterior margin of upper jaw usually extending to point between verticals through anterior margin of pupil and midpoint of lower eye. Ocular-side lower jaw without fleshy ridge. Chin depth slightly shorter than, or equal to, snout length. Eyes moderately large and oval, separated by three to four rows of small ctenoid scales in narrow interorbital space. Eyes usually equal in position, or upper eye slightly in advance of lower eye. Pupillary operculum absent. Dorsal-fin origin located at point between verticals through anterior margin of upper eye and anterior margin of pupil of upper eye; predorsal length moderately short. Anteriormost dorsal-fin rays slightly shorter than more posterior fin rays. Scales absent on both sides of dorsal- and anal-fin rays. Pelvic fin moderately long; longest pelvic-fin ray, when extended posteriorly, usually reaching base of first to third anal-fin ray. Posteriormost pelvic-fin ray connected to anal fin by delicate membrane (torn in many specimens). Caudal fin relatively long, with several rows of ctenoid scales on base of fin. Body with numerous, strongly ctenoid scales on both sides. Character Neotype NTUM 0 4564 Examined Specimens n Range Mean �� SD Teeth present and recurved slightly inwards on all jaws, but better developed on blind-side jaws. Ocular-side premaxilla and dentary with single row of sharply pointed, well-developed teeth. Blind-side premaxilla with two to four rows of sharp, recurved teeth. Blind-side lower jaw with three to five rows of well-developed teeth. Coloration of fresh-caught specimens (Fig. 1). Body pigmentation generally similar, Published as part of Lee, Mao-Ying, Munroe, Thomas A. & Shao, Kwang-Tsao, 2013, Symphurus orientalis (Bleeker) redefined based on morphological and molecular characters (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae), pp. 379-403 in Zootaxa 3620 (3) on pages 383-399, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3620.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/219997

Symphurus multimaculatus, new species (Figs. 1���2, Tables 1���2) Pepperdot Tonguefish Holotype. ASIZP 67634, female, 93.5 mm SL; Nanfang-Ao fish port in landings of commercial bottom trawler fishing off northeastern coast of Taiwan; M.- Y. Lee; 6 Jan 2007. Paratypes. (all collected from commercial fish catches of bottom trawlers landed at fish ports). ASIZP 67647, female, 79.6 mm SL; off northeastern coast of Taiwan, Da-shi fish port; M.- Y. Lee; 22 Jun 2007. ASIZP 67648, female, 75.0 mm SL; off northeastern coast of Taiwan, Da-shi fish port; M.- Y. Lee; 22 Jun 2007. ASIZP 67654, male, 64.7 mm SL; off southwestern coast of Taiwan, Dong-gang fish port; M.- Y. Lee; 4 Jul 2007. ASIZP 67655, male, 69.5 mm SL; off southwestern coast of Taiwan, Dong-gang fish port; M.- Y. Lee; 4 Jul 2007. USNM 394605, male, 90.6 mm SL; off southwestern coast of Taiwan, Dong-gang fish port; H.-C. Ho; 13 Nov 2007. USNM 394606, male, 78.5 mm SL; off southwestern coast of Taiwan, Dong-gang fish port; H.-C. Ho; 13 Nov 2007. Additional non-type specimens examined. (all collected from commercial fish catches of bottom trawlers landed at fish ports). ASIZP 67641, female, 103.8 mm SL; off northeastern coast of Taiwan, Da-shi fish port; M.- Y. Lee; 9 Mar 2007. ASIZP 67642, male, 92.2 mm SL; off northeastern coast of Taiwan, Nanfang-ao fish port; M.- Y. Lee; 28 Feb 2007. Diagnosis. Symphurus multimaculatus is distinguished from all congeners by the combination of: 1���2 ��� 2 ��� 2 ��� 2 ID pattern, 14 caudal-fin rays, 9 abdominal vertebrae, 50���51 total vertebrae, 5 hypurals, 92���94 dorsal-fin rays, 79���82 anal-fin rays, 102���108 longitudinal scales, 45���48 scales in a transverse row, a small eye (9.1��� 10.1 % HL), deep body (28.6���35.1 % SL), and blind-side pigmentation featuring conspicuous, irregular, blackish-brown speckles especially conspicuous overlying pterygiophore regions of the dorsal and anal fins. Description. Symphurus multimaculatus is a medium-sized species, reaching sizes to 103.8 mm SL. Meristic characters are summarized in Table 1. Predominant ID pattern 1���2 ��� 2 ��� 2 ��� 2 (9 / 9 specimens). Caudalfin rays 14 (two specimens abnormalities). Dorsal-fin rays 92���94. Anal-fin rays 79���82. Pelvic-fin rays 4. Total vertebrae 50���51; abdominal vertebrae 9 (3 + 6). Hypurals 5. Longitudinal scale rows 102���108. Scale rows on head posterior to lower orbit 21���24. Transverse scales 45���48. Longitudinal scales 102 * 103 104 105 106 107 108 Frequency 1 1 3 2 1 - 1 a Includes specimen with two sites of fused caudal vertebrae indicated by multiple neural and haemal spines in the first fusion, and by two haemal spines in the second site of fusion. Proportions of morphometric features are presented in Table 2. Body relatively deep; maximum depth in anterior one-third of body usually at point between anus and fourth anal-fin ray, with moderate posterior taper from anus to posterior body margin. Preanal length smaller than body depth. Head moderately short and wide; head width slightly shorter than body depth, and much greater than head length (HW/HL= 1.26���1.50, x = 1.33). Upper head lobe wider than lower head lobe (UHL/LHL= 1.34���1.67, x = 1.48); slightly longer than postorbital length. Lower lobe of ocular-side opercle wider than upper opercular lobe; posterior margin of lower lobe projecting slightly beyond posterior margin of upper opercular lobe. Snout moderately long, slightly round to obliquely blunt anteriorly, its length greater than eye diameter (SNL/ED= 1.54���1.90, x = 1.74). Dermal papillae present, but not well developed, on blind-side snout. Ocular-side anterior nostril tubular and short, usually not reaching anterior margin of lower eye when depressed posteriorly. Ocular-side posterior nostril a small, rounded tube located on snout just anterior to interorbital space. Blind-side anterior nostril tubular and slightly elongate, easily distinguishable from dermal papillae; blind-side posterior nostril a shorter and wider posteriorly-directed tube situated posterior to vertical at posterior margin of jaws. Jaws long and slightly arched; upper jaw length longer than snout length; posterior margin of upper jaw usually extending to point between verticals through anterior margin of pupil and midpoint of lower eye. Ocular-side lower jaw without fleshy ridge. Cheek depth slightly greater than snout length. Eyes moderately large and oval, separated by three to four rows of small ctenoid scales in narrow interorbital space. Eyes usually equal in position, or upper eye slightly in advance of lower eye. Pupillary operculum absent. Dorsal-fin origin located at point between verticals through anterior margin of pupil and anterior margin of dorsal eye; predorsal length moderately short. Anteriormost dorsal-fin rays slightly shorter than more posterior fin rays. Scales absent on both sides of dorsal- and anal-fin rays. Pelvic fin moderately long; longest pelvic-fin ray, when extended posteriorly, usually reaching base of first anal-fin ray. Posteriormost pelvic-fin ray connected to anal fin by delicate membrane. Caudal fin relatively long, with several rows of ctenoid scales on base of fin. Scales numerous, strongly ctenoid on both sides of body. Holotype and other specimens Character Holotype n Range Mean��SD Teeth present and recurved slightly inwards on all jaws, but better developed on blind-side jaws. Ocularside premaxilla and dentary with single row of sharply pointed, well-developed teeth. Blind-side premaxilla with three to four rows of sharp, recurved teeth. Blind-side lower jaw with three to five rows of welldeveloped teeth. Coloration (Figs. 1���2). Freshly-caught specimens. Background body coloration differing slightly between adults and juveniles. Ocular-side background pigmentation of adults (Fig. 1) generally reddishbrown to dark-brown; juveniles (Fig. 2) with bluish-black to purple background coloration. General background coloration more intense on body areas overlying dorsal and anal pterygiophores. Adults and juveniles usually with 5���7 distinct, wide (covering 4���8 scales), complete and incomplete dark blackish-brown crossbands on body (crossbands faded and indistinct in some specimens); crossbands not continued onto dorsal and anal fins. Anteriormost crossband on body region between opercle and vertical through anus; successive crossbands on mid-body region to caudal-fin base. External surface of abdominal area sometimes bluish-black, but usually with same general coloration as that of ocular-side body (because darker peritoneal pigment obscured by abdominal wall and not visible externally). Background coloration of ocular-side head generally similar to that on body. Ocular-side snout light brown. Outer surface of ocular-side opercle blackish-brown; inner surface of ocular-side opercle with small blackish-brown or black chromatophores. Ocular-side lips and chin region dark brown, margins of lips pigmented with small black chromatophores. Ocular-side anterior nostril blackish-brown. Upper aspects of eyes and eye sockets light blue; pupils bluishblack. Blind side generally white to light yellow with numerous, small, blackish-brown pepper-dots irregularly distributed over blind-side body, but usually most dense and conspicuous on body regions overlying pterygiophores of dorsal and anal fins. A cluster of blackish-brown speckles usually surrounding anus. External surface of abdominal region whitish in adults (because peritoneal coloration difficult to observe through thick abdominal wall), but lightly bluish-black in juveniles where dark peritoneum shows through abdominal wall. Outer surface of blind-side opercle bluish-black. Inner surface of blind-side opercle with numerous, small, blackish-brown chromatophores. trawler off northeastern Taiwan. A. Ocular-side pigmentation of freshly caught juvenile female. B. Blind-side coloration of same specimen. Fin rays of dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins uniformly reddish-brown or bluish-brown; basal regions of fin rays and membranes covering fin rays grayish-blue. Numerous, small, dense, and nearly spherical spots covering entire fin membranes on both sides of fins, giving fin membranes a reddish-brown or bluish-brown color. Basal margins of fin rays on blind side, and associated fin membranes, reddish-brown to grayish-blue. Coloration of recently preserved specimens similar to that of freshly-caught fishes, except that coloration of fin rays (on both sides) of some preserved specimens faded to nearly transparent. Size and sexual maturity. Nine specimens range in size from 64.7���103.8 mm SL. Four of these are females; two (75.0��� 79.6 mm SL) are immature showing little elongation of the ovaries, while two others (93.5���103.8 mm SL) are non-gravid, mature females with elongate ovaries, but without any ova evident. Males (n = 5, 64.7���92.2 mm SL) attain similar sizes to those of females. Distribution. Symphurus multimaculatus is currently known only from commercial fish catches taken on the continental shelf and/or upper continental slope off Taiwan. All nine specimens examined in this study were collected by trawlers operating in deep waters near Da-shi and Nanfang-Ao off northeastern Taiwan, and off Dong-gang, southwestern Taiwan. Though specific depth of capture information is lacking for these specimens, we conclude that S. multimaculatus is a deepwater tonguefish that occurs on the continental shelf and/or continental slope based on the evidence that all nine specimens were retrieved from catches landed at fishing ports that also contained S. orientalis and other deep-sea fishes known to occur at depths of about 300��� 400 m. Additionally, S. multimaculatus also features a black peritoneum, a pigmentation feature characteristic of other deepwater (> 200 m) species of Symphurus (Munroe 1998; Munroe 2006; Munroe and Amaoka 1998; Krabbenhoft and Munroe 2003; Munroe and Hashimoto 2008; Lee et al. 2009). Symphurus multimaculatus apparently is a rarely-caught species. Only nine specimens were retrieved from numerous port samples that were sorted, and which also contained several hundred specimens of other species of Symphurus. Furthermore, research vessels conducting bioinventories of deep waters around Taiwan during the past several years (K.-T. Shao, unpubl. data) also have not collected any specimens of this species during these investigations. Further collections by research vessels with capabilities for discrete sampling are needed to gain better understanding of the ecology, abundance and life history of this species. Etymology. The name multimaculatus is derived from the Latin, multi meaning many, and maculatus, meaning spots, in reference to the numerous blackish-brown speckles on the blind-side body and fins of this species. Remarks. In S. multimaculatus, one of nine specimens has two sites of fused caudal vertebrae as evidenced by the presence of multiple neural and/or haemal spines on a centrum, which also has a different size and shape compared with other centra. The first site of fused vertebrae is located at caudal vertebrae No. 27, which has double neural and haemal spines. The second site of fused vertebrae is located at vertebrae No. 32, which has double haemal spines. Presence of multiple neural and haemal spines on caudal vertebra indicates that some unknown number of vertebrae either failed to develop or have fused during development. Based on previous studies (Munroe & Mahadeva 1989; Munroe & Hashimoto 2008), estimating only two vertebrae involved in such fusions resulted in vertebral counts that were within the range of this count recorded for specimens without fused vertebrae. In the case of S. multimaculatus, each fusion, when interpreted as involving only two vertebrae, results in a vertebral count of 50, which is within the range recorded for the other specimens of S. multimaculatus without fused vertebrae (Table 1). Two of the nine specimens also have anomalies associated with their caudal-fin rays as reflected in abnormal shapes of their hypurals and/or associated skeletal elements. For example, one specimen has two sites of fused caudal-fin rays; one site is located on caudal-fin rays supported by the parhypural and hypural��� 1, and the other site involves caudal-fin rays associated with hypural��� 1. Normal specimens usually have four fin-rays associated with the parhypural and hypural��� 1 and three fin-rays associated with hypural��� 1 and hypural��� 2. In this specimen, the fin ray located between the parhypural and hypural��� 1 is slender and is fused with the last fin-ray supported by the parhypural, which results in only three fin rays being located between the parhypural and hypural��� 1. The fin ray associated with hypural��� 1 is also fused with the fin ray on hypural��� 2 resulting in a single, wider fin ray, and this fusion consequently results in only two fin rays being located between hypurals��� 1 and ��� 2. The other specimen with anomalous caudal-fin rays has the bases of the first and second caudal-fin rays, which are supported by the parhypural, fused together. Also in this specimen, the epural and proximal radial of the posteriormost dorsal fin are fused. This anomaly results in a fusion of the bases of the first four caudal-fin rays with their respective rays radiating distally., Published as part of Lee, Mao-Ying, Munroe, Thomas A. & Chen, Hong-Ming, 2009, A new species of tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae) from Taiwanese waters, pp. 49-58 in Zootaxa 2203 on pages 51-55, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275127, {"references":["Munroe, T. A. (2006) New western Indian Ocean tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae, Symphurus). Copeia, 2006 (2), 230 - 234.","Munroe, T. A. & Amaoka, K. (1998) Symphurus hondoensis Hubbs, 1915, a valid species of Western Pacific tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae). Ichthyological Research, 45 (4), 385 - 391.","Krabbenhoft, T. J. & Munroe, T. A. (2003) Symphurus bathyspilus: a new cynoglossid flatfish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae) from deepwaters of the Indo-West Pacific. Copeia, 2003 (4), 810 - 817.","Munroe, T. A. & Hashimoto, J. (2008) A new Western Pacific Tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae): The first pleuronectiform discovered at active hydrothermal vents. Zootaxa, 1839, 43 - 59.","Lee, M. - Y., Shao, K. - T. & Chen, H. - M. (2009) A new species of deep-water tonguefish Genus Symphurus (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae) from Taiwan. Copeia, 2009 (2), 342 - 347.","Munroe, T. A. & Mahadeva, M. N. (1989) Symphurus callopterus (Cynoglossidae, Pleuronectiformes), a new deepwater tonguefish from the eastern Pacific. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 102 (2), 458 - 467."]}