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It is well known that North Korea uses political propaganda to elicit popular support, and this article focuses on how primary and secondary schools play an essential role in conveying the regime's messages. The article asks how this process shapes North Koreans' perceptions towards citizenship and how their perceptions of 'democracy' differ from those in other parts of the world. School education, I argue, socialises North Koreans and shapes their everyday political attitudes and citizenship perceptions. This study examines 32 North Korean Socialist Moral textbooks and identifies four core regime messages embedded in these texts: Personality Cult education in relation to the Kims, promoting socialism, fostering nationalism, and cultivating communitarianism and collectivism. I propose that these regime messages positively and negatively affect perceptions of democratic citizenship. Messages that promote communitarianism can encourage North Koreans to engage in democratic politics, but messages about political leadership, nationalism, and collectivism can hamper North Koreans' understanding of democracy and their capacity to develop democratic norms. This study has implications for research into how North Korean defectors are integrated into democratic South Korea, suggesting that these defectors' longstanding exposure to authoritarian education in North Korea will necessarily influence how they conceive of democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 2016 and 2019, South Korean conservatives organized a movement called the T'aegŭkki Rallies to oppose the impeachment of President Park Geun-hye and to protest against President Moon Jae-in's administration. This movement is puzzling for its timing, demographic composition, and rhetorical choices. Through in-depth interviews with rally participants and non-participants, I illustrate that a collective identity, shaped by authoritarian socialization, strengthened with positive memories about an authoritarian past, combined to mobilize rally participants. Curiously, rally participants saw themselves as defenders of liberal democracy, protecting South Korea against progressive forces seeking to turn the country into a communist state. However, my interviews revealed that they were, in fact, trying to protect the authoritarian past. In this manner, South Korea's authoritarian legacy entrenches ideological polarization and hampers common understandings of democratic citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Are authoritarian successor party (ASP) supporters more likely to protest? I propose that ASP supporters are less likely to protest in general. The post-democratization mobilization environment is shaped upon the pre-democratization mobilization basis. During the pre-democratization period, protest was organized around the democracy movement. Thus, protest tactics and networks were accumulated through it. As former authoritarian ruling party supporters, ASP supporters are less likely to have legacies of participating in the democracy movement, which prevents them from accessing the accumulated protest resources from the democracy movement. However, I argue that this negative association varies based on the ASP qualities and supporters' age. Supporters of ASPs that maintain strong pre-democratization legacies are more likely to participate in protests than supporters of ASPs that do not strongly highlight their authoritarian legacies. Also, when the ASPs' characteristics are considered, older ASP supporters are more likely to participate in protests than younger supporters. Using both single-level and multilevel statistical analyses, I examine four Asian countries with politically powerful ASPs and find evidence supporting my hypotheses. Lastly, I compare two South Korean mass movements, the Candlelight movement and the Taegeukgi rallies to unpack the relationships between ASP supporters, protest resources, and mobilization. This study reveals authoritarian legacies among post-democratization citizens through ASP supporters' protesting behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to their analytical framework, Slater and Wong revise the classic modernization theory, which maintains that economic development and subsequent structural changes lead to a stable democracy. Tackling these two classic questions, Dan Slater and Joseph Wong break with the longstanding assumption that democratization starts when an authoritarian regime is too weak to withstand internal and external pressures. Thus, I From development to democracy i redirects our attention to the role that dictators play in democratization processes. [Extracted from the article]

This letter presents a high-frequency boost converter using an accurate feedforward-path current sensor for the fast-load transient response. To operate with the switching frequency of up to 25 MHz, the proposed current sensor senses the inductor current with a fast-sensing response time of about 4.5 ns. It also provides more accurate sensing gain than previous current sensors. In addition, the adaptive on-time control method is used for the proposed converter to further enhance the transient responses. The converter has been fabricated using a 0.18-μm CMOS process with a total chip area of 1.3 × 1.12 mm. It achieves a fast-load transient of only 1 μs at a 400-mA load step, and peak efficiency of 91.5 and 88.2% at switching frequencies of 15 and 25 MHz, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Central Election Management Commission (CEMC) was rebranded by Park Chung Hee and keeps managing elections and the election landscape after democratization. South Korean elections are known as one of the most clean and fair elections.[1] If one emphasizes elections to gauge democracy, South Korea can be considered a well-performing democracy. When Syngman Rhee's Liberal Party, which actively mobilized voters, fell with rampant electoral fraud, Park successfully created a democracy symbol that disconnects ordinary citizens and politicians and "minimizes voter-politician interaction" (p. 32). [Extracted from the article]

In 2017–18, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) changed its domestic security strategy in Xinjiang, escalating the use of mass detention, ideological re-education, and pressure on Uyghur diaspora networks. Commonly proposed explanations for this shift focus on domestic factors: ethnic unrest, minority policy, and regional leadership. The CCP's strategy changes in Xinjiang, however, were also likely catalyzed by changing perceptions of the threat posed by Uyghur contact with transnational Islamic militant groups in Southeast Asia and the Middle East, and a corresponding increase in perceived domestic vulnerability. This threat shifted from theoretical risk to operational reality in 2014–16, and occurred alongside a revised assessment that China's Muslim population was more vulnerable to infiltration by jihadist networks than previously believed. Belief in the need to preventively inoculate an entire population from "infection" by these networks explains the timing of the change in repressive strategy, shift toward collective detention, heavy use of re-education, and attention paid to the Uyghur diaspora. It therefore helps explain specific aspects of the timing and nature of the CCP's strategy changes in Xinjiang. These findings have implications for the study of the connections between counterterrorism and domestic repression, as well as for authoritarian preventive repression and Chinese security policy at home and abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose new discrimination methods for classification of high dimension, low sample size (HDLSS) data that regularize the degree of data piling. The within-class scatter of the HDLSS data, when projected onto a low-dimensional discriminant subspace, can be selected to be arbitrarily small. Using this fact, we develop two different ways of tuning the amount of within-class scatter, or equivalently, the degree of data piling. In the first approach, we consider a linear path connecting the maximal data piling and the least data piling directions. We also formulate a problem of finding the optimal classifier under a constraint on data piling. The data piling regularization methods are extended to multicategory problems. Simulated and real data examples show competitive performances of the proposed classification methods. Supplementary materials for this article are available online on the journal web site. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: FT-IR attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy has been used for the fast characterization of cotton fabric scouring process. The greige and the scoured cotton fabrics showed very similar FT-IR spectrum in transmission mode because the bulk composition of the fabrics are similar. However, FT-IR ATR spectroscopy can provide information about the surface of a fabric. By examination of C–H stretching region at 2800–3000cm-1, the amount of waxes left on the fabric can be estimated. The presence of pectins and/or waxes can also be probed by observation of carbonyl peak induced by the HCl vapor treatment on the fabric. Based on these changes of FT-IR ATR spectra, the scouring process has been characterized. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aerobic oxidation of α-hydroxycarbonyl compounds was efficiently carried out with a ruthenium catalyst [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2 in the presence of a catalytic amount of base to afford 1,2-diketones or α-ketoesters in good to excellent yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is field research? Is it just for qualitative scholars? Must it be done in a foreign country? How much time in the field is "enough"? A lack of disciplinary consensus on what constitutes "field research" or "fieldwork" has left graduate students in political science underinformed and thus underequipped to leverage site-intensive research to address issues of interest and urgency across the subfields. Uneven training in Ph.D. programs has also left early-career researchers underprepared for the logistics of fieldwork, from developing networks and effective sampling strategies to building respondents' trust, and related issues of funding, physical safety, mental health, research ethics, and crisis response. Based on the experience of five junior scholars, this paper offers answers to questions that graduate students puzzle over, often without the benefit of others' "lessons learned." This practical guide engages theory and praxis, in support of an epistemologically and methodologically pluralistic discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controller area network with flexible data rate (CAN-FD) has been introduced to support higher data rates for intelligent automotive systems. To achieve a robustness in the electronic functions of electronic systems, CAN-FD transmitters should provide a good symmetry between the differential signaling on the CAN bus radiating a low electromagnetic emission (EME). This paper proposes a new CAN-FD transmitter which achieves good symmetry on the CAN-FD signals. Also, a so-called ``Ping-Pong” driving scheme is introduced. Without using complex circuits and after-calibration process, this method can match accurate turn-on/off timing of the transmitter signals. The proposed CAN-FD transmitter was fabricated using a $0.18\,\mu {\text{m}}$ automotive Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS process. The measurement results show that the proposed CAN-FD transmitter improves the voltage symmetry of the CAN bus at 5 Mbps, achieving a low EME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To identify the impact of reconstruction algorithms on CT radiomic features of pulmonary tumors and to reveal and compare the intra- and inter-reader and inter-reconstruction algorithm variability of each feature. Methods: Forty-two patients (M:F = 19:23; mean age, 60.43±10.56 years) with 42 pulmonary tumors (22.56±8.51mm) underwent contrast-enhanced CT scans, which were reconstructed with filtered back projection and commercial iterative reconstruction algorithm (level 3 and 5). Two readers independently segmented the whole tumor volume. Fifteen radiomic features were extracted and compared among reconstruction algorithms. Intra- and inter-reader variability and inter-reconstruction algorithm variability were calculated using coefficients of variation (CVs) and then compared. Results: Among the 15 features, 5 first-order tumor intensity features and 4 gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM)-based features showed significant differences (p<0.05) among reconstruction algorithms. As for the variability, effective diameter, sphericity, entropy, and GLCM entropy were the most robust features (CV≤5%). Inter-reader variability was larger than intra-reader or inter-reconstruction algorithm variability in 9 features. However, for entropy, homogeneity, and 4 GLCM-based features, inter-reconstruction algorithm variability was significantly greater than inter-reader variability (p<0.013). Conclusions: Most of the radiomic features were significantly affected by the reconstruction algorithms. Inter-reconstruction algorithm variability was greater than inter-reader variability for entropy, homogeneity, and GLCM-based features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a split power-driving scheme for electromagnetic interference robust design and its automatic stepwise digital slope control for suppression of spectral emission. This analog–digital hybrid method gives power saving effect up to 24.4%, and also production reliability can be improved by utilizing a failure detection and recovery scheme. For feasibility of the proposed electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) scheme, a Local Interconnect Network transceiver prototype is fabricated in a 0.18-μm BCD process, and experimentally verified to provide EMC-enhanced operation with low-cost and low-power overheads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce a transparent fingerprint sensing system using a thin film transistor (TFT) sensor panel, based on a self-capacitive sensing scheme. An armorphousindium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) TFT sensor array and associated custom Read-Out IC (ROIC) are implemented for the system. The sensor panel has a 200 × 200 pixel array and each pixel size is as small as 50 μm × 50 μm. The ROIC uses only eight analog front-end (AFE) amplifier stages along with a successive approximation analog-to-digital converter (SAR ADC). To get the fingerprint image data from the sensor array, the ROIC senses a capacitance, which is formed by a cover glass material between a human finger and an electrode of each pixel of the sensor array. Three methods are reviewed for estimating the self-capacitance. The measurement result demonstrates that the transparent fingerprint sensor system has an ability to differentiate a human finger's ridges and valleys through the fingerprint sensor array. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]