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The iron-based superconductor FeTe$_{0.55}$Se$_{0.45}$ is a peculiar material: it hosts a surface state with a Dirac dispersion, is a putative topological superconductor hosting Majorana modes in vortices, and has an unusually low Fermi energy. The superconducting state is generally thought to be characterized by three gaps in different bands, with the usual homogenous, spatially extended Bogoliubov excitations -- in this work, we uncover evidence that it is instead of a very different nature. Our scanning tunneling spectroscopy data shows several peaks in the density of states above a full gap, and by analyzing the spatial and junction-resistance dependence of the peaks, we conclude that the peaks above the first one are not coherence peaks from different bands. Instead, comparisons with our simulations indicate that they originate from generalized Shiba states that are spatially overlapping. This can lead to an amorphous state of Bogoliubov quasiparticles, reminiscent of impurity bands in semiconductors. We discuss the origin and implications of this new state., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

Solids undergoing a transition from order to disorder experience the proliferation of topological defects. The melting process generates transient quantum states. However, their dynamical nature with femtosecond lifetime hinders exploration with atomic precision. Here, we suggest an alternative approach to the dynamical melting process by focusing on the interface created by competing degenerate quantum states. We use a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to visualize the unidirectional charge density wave (CDW) and its spatial progression ("static melting") across a twin domain boundary (TDB) in the layered material GdTe$_{3}$. Combining STM with a spatial lock-in technique, we reveal that the order parameter amplitude attenuates with the formation of dislocations and thus two different unidirectional CDWs coexist near the TDB, reducing the CDW anisotropy. Notably, we discover a correlation between this anisotropy and the CDW gap. Our study provides valuable insight into the behavior of topological defects and transient quantum states.

Reputation is one of key mechanisms to maintain human cooperation, but its analysis gets complicated if we consider the possibility that reputation does not reach consensus because of erroneous assessment. The difficulty is alleviated if we assume that reputation and cooperation do not take binary values but have continuous spectra so that disagreement over reputation can be analysed in a perturbative way. In this work, we carry out the analysis by expanding the dynamics of reputation to the second order of perturbation under the assumption that everyone initially cooperates with good reputation. The second-order theory clarifies the difference between Image Scoring and Simple Standing in that punishment for defection against a well-reputed player should be regarded as good for maintaining cooperation. Moreover, comparison among the leading eight shows that the stabilizing effect of justified punishment weakens if cooperation between two ill-reputed players is regarded as bad. Our analysis thus explains how Simple Standing achieves a high level of stability by permitting justified punishment and also by disregarding irrelevant information in assessing cooperation. This observation suggests which factors affect the stability of a social norm when reputation can be perturbed by noise., Comment: 21 pages, 2 figures

CEvNS detectors could provide new opportunities in nuclear physics applications if they can improve existing parameters such as neutrino detector size, portability, their sensitivity to a large range of reactor antineutrino energies, and resources required for operation. Thus, modelling the antineutrino spectrum is a crucial step to study the reactor antineutrino spectra and the CEvNS detector response. The first objective of this paper is to study the importance of fission product libraries in the construction of antineutrino spectrum using the summation method and with various corrections. We have used ENDF/B-VIII and JEFF3.3 as our base data to model the spectrum. We have also included the TAGS data (pandemonium free) when such data is available. The isomeric transitions correction has the highest impact on the antineutrino spectra increasing the values 29% to 37% on an average in the energy range of 0.5 MeV to 2 MeV. This correction also shows an increase of 4.71% to 7.13% in the range of 0 to 2 MeV, with improving isomeric transitions using the TAGS data. Next, the spectra including the isomeric transition correction using the Gross Theory causes reduction by 11.56 % to 69.46 % in the range of 6 to 8 MeV. The finite size, radiative, and weak magnetism corrections cause no more than 3.27% difference between the corrected and uncorrected spectra. Our second objective is to calculate pulse height distributions of Ge and Si based CEvNS sensors assuming a 20eV nuclear recoil threshold. In our study, we have assumed a 100kg detector placed 10m away from the 1MW TRIGA reactor. Our results show that the detector response with corrected spectra for a natural Ge and Si detector are 44.25events/day and 7.99events/day. The biggest impact on the detector response is due to the isomeric transition correction; with 37% difference between the corrected and uncorrected detector response is observed., Comment: 41 pages, 8 tables, 17 figures

The purpose of this paper is to extend the mean curvature comparison and volume comparison estimates by Petersen, Sprouse, and Wei to integral generalized quasi-Einstein tensor. Moreover, we use our comparison results to get global diameter estimate.

Reputation is a powerful mechanism to enforce cooperation among unrelated individuals through indirect reciprocity, but it suffers from disagreement originating from private assessment, noise, and incomplete information. In this work, we investigate stability of cooperation in the donation game by regarding each player's reputation and behaviour as continuous variables. Through perturbative calculation, we derive a condition that a social norm should satisfy to give penalties to its close variants, provided that everyone initially cooperates with a good reputation, and this result is supported by numerical simulation. A crucial factor of the condition is whether a well-reputed player's donation to an ill-reputed co-player is appreciated by other members of the society, and the condition can be reduced to a threshold for the benefit-cost ratio of cooperation which depends on the reputational sensitivity to a donor's behaviour as well as on the behavioural sensitivity to a recipient's reputation. Our continuum formulation suggests how indirect reciprocity can work beyond the dichotomy between good and bad even in the presence of inhomogeneity, noise, and incomplete information., Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures

Rapid design space exploration in early design stage is critical to algorithm-architecture co-design for accelerators. In this work, a pre-RTL cycle-accurate accelerator simulator based on SystemC transaction-level modeling (TLM), AccTLMSim, is proposed for convolutional neural network (CNN) accelerators. The accelerator simulator keeps track of each bus transaction between accelerator and DRAM, taking into account the communication bandwidth. The simulation results are validated against the implementation results on the Xilinx Zynq. Using the proposed simulator, it is shown that the communication bandwidth is severely affected by DRAM latency and bus protocol overhead. In addition, the loop tiling is optimized to maximize the performance under the constraint of on-chip SRAM size. Furthermore, a new performance estimation model is proposed to speed up the design space exploration. Thanks to the proposed simulator and performance estimation model, it is possible to explore a design space of millions of architectural options within a few tens of minutes.

In this paper, we prove some compactness theorems of Myers, Ambrose, and Galloway for complete Riemannian manifold in the concept of $h$-almost Ricci tensors and generalized quasi-Einstein tensors. Also, we extend the previous theorems when $h$ has at most linear growth in the distance function., Comment: 14 pages

For Riemannian manifolds with a smooth measure $(M, g, e^{-f}dv_{g})$, we prove a generalized Myers compactness theorem when Bakry--Emery Ricci tensor is bounded from below and $f$ is bounded., Comment: 9 pages

In this paper, we first prove the $f$-mean curvature comparison in a smooth metric measure space when the Bakry-Emery Ricci tensor is bounded from below and $|f|$ is bounded. Based on this, we define a Myers-type compactness theorem by generalizing the results of Cheeger, Gromov, and Taylor and of Wan for the Bakry-Emery Ricci tensor. Moreover, we improve a result from Soylu by using a weaker condition on a derivative $f'(t)$., Comment: 13 pages