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Background: There is no practical consensus on managing cholesterol in patients with rotator cuff repair despite hyperlipidemia and statin therapy being well-known factors in rotator cuff healing. The 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk score is a commonly used guideline to determine statin administration for hyperlipidemia. Purpose: To identify the relationship between retear and preoperative factors, including 10-year ASCVD risk score and statin administration status, and to compare clinical outcomes and retear rates between patients who are taking and not taking statins. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: This study enrolled 182 patients with a symptomatic full-thickness rotator cuff tear who underwent arthroscopic repair. Serum lipid profile, 10-year ASCVD risk score, statin eligibility, and statin administration status were assessed. Patients were categorized into 2 groups based on magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate cuff integrity at postoperative 6 months: a healed group and a retear group. Radiographic and intraoperative factors related to retear were analyzed. Multiple regression analysis was performed to evaluate factors related to rotator cuff retear. For the subgroup analysis, patients eligible for statin therapy were divided into 2 subgroups according to administration status. Results: There were 149 (81.9%) patients in the healed group and 33 (18.1%) in the retear group. In the multiple regression analysis, missed statin therapy, 10-year ASCVD risk score, and fatty infiltration of the infraspinatus muscle were the independent factors related to retear. The cutoff value for 10-year ASCVD risk score was 11.85%, with a sensitivity of 0.75 and a specificity of 0.62. In the subgroup analysis of 104 patients eligible for statin therapy, 66 (63.5%; group 1) received statin therapy and 38 (36.5%; group 2) missed it. Group 2 showed a significantly higher retear rate than group 1 (36.8% vs 13.6%; P =.006). Conclusion: Missed statin therapy, 10-year ASCVD risk score, and fatty infiltration of the infraspinatus were the independent factors associated with rotator cuff retear. Patients who missed statin therapy showed a higher retear rate than patients receiving statin therapy. Optimal statin therapy for patients who undergo arthroscopic rotator cuff repair might improve repair integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiber‐based electronics are essential components for human‐friendly wearable devices due to their flexibility, stretchability, and wearing comfort. Many thermoelectric (TE) fabrics are investigated with diverse materials and manufacturing methods to meet these potential demands. Despite such advancements, applying inorganic TE materials to stretchable platforms remains challenging, constraining their broad adoption in wearable electronics. Herein, a multi‐functional and stretchable bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) TE fabric is fabricated by in situ reduction to optimize the formation of Bi2Te3 nanoparticles (NPs) inside and outside of cotton fabric. Due to the high durability of Bi2Te3 NP networks, the Bi2Te3 TE fabric exhibits excellent electrical reliability under 10,000 cycles of both stretching and compression. Interestingly, intrinsic negative piezoresistance of Bi2Te3 NPs under lateral strain is found, which is caused by the band gap change. Furthermore, the TE unit achieves a power factor of 25.77 µWm−1K−2 with electrical conductivity of 36.7 Scm−1 and a Seebeck coefficient of −83.79 µVK−1 at room temperature. The Bi2Te3 TE fabric is applied to a system that can detect both normal pressure and temperature difference. Balance weight and a finger put on top of the 3 × 3 Bi2Te3 fabric assembly are differentiated through the sensing system in real time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Large retracted anterior L-shaped tear characterized by a retracted supraspinatus tendon to the glenoid level combined with a relatively preserved infraspinatus tendon is one of the challenging tear patterns in achieving complete repair to the anatomic footprint. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes and tendon integrity of rotator cuff repair combined with anterior cable reconstruction using the proximal biceps tendon in patients with large retracted anterior L-shaped rotator cuff tear. Methods: This study prospectively enrolled patients who underwent arthroscopic anterior cable reconstruction using the proximal biceps tendon for large retracted anterior L-shaped rotator cuff tears between 2018 and 2020 with a minimum 2-year follow-up. The anterior portion of the rotator cable was reconstructed using tenotomized proximal biceps tendon fixed with two suture anchors at the footprint. The retracted supraspinatus tendon was repaired on the biceps tendon without undue tension. The proximal portion of the infraspinatus tendon was repaired with the biceps tendon-supraspinatus tendon complex. Clinical outcomes was assessed during the follow-up period. Tendon integrity and retear size were evaluated by postoperative MRI. Results: A total of 32 consecutive patients were included. The ASES score was significantly improved from 66.6 ± 16.6 preoperatively to 94.1 ± 6.1 postoperatively (P < 0.001), and the VAS for pain was significantly relieved from 2.8 ± 1.9 preoperatively to 0.5 ± 0.4 postoperatively (P < 0.001). All patients were satisfied postoperatively regardless of tendon integrity (P = 0.015). Postoperative ROM was increased continuously during the follow-up period (P < 0.001). The Popeye sign was found in 4 patients (12.5%). Six patients (18.7%) had rotator cuff retears. However, the ASES score of patients with retear was significantly improved from 72.8 ± 13.3 preoperatively to 91.1 ± 6.7 postoperatively (P < 0.001). Relative changes in the retear size compared with the primary tear size were -56.8 ± 14.4% for the anteroposterior diameter and – 70.6 ± 6.1% for the mediolateral diameter. Conclusions: Rotator cuff repair combined with anterior cable reconstruction using the proximal biceps tendon provided satisfactory clinical and radiological outcomes for large retracted anterior L-shaped tears. Anterior cable reconstruction using the proximal biceps tendon is a sound surgical option for the patients with large retracted anterior rotator cuff tear. Level of evidence: IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A circular active noise barrier using a theoretically calculated control filter without real-time adaptation was proposed for noise reduction in a specific outdoor space. A compact circular barrier is used for the movable system to cope with changes in the location of the workspace, and noise in a wide frequency band can be reduced by conducting active noise control through control speakers arranged around a barrier. However, there was a significant performance gap compared with the maximum performance achieved by using the experimental fixed filter due to an extremely simplified theoretical model which ignores the interaction between the control speakers and the barrier. Therefore, this study tried to minimize the performance degradation when applying the theoretically calculated control filter. Another theoretical model is introduced to improve the noise reduction performance by considering the interaction between the control speaker and the barrier. Through experiment, it is confirmed that noise reduction performance is improved by about 2.6 dB in the frequency of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Lee and Oh (Preprint, arXiv:1809.10995, 2018), we provided an algebraic proof of Zinger's comparison formula (Geom. Topol. 12 (2008), no. 2, 1203–1241; J. Differential Geom. 83 (2009), no. 2, 407–460) between genus one Gromov–Witten invariants and reduced invariants when the target space is a complete intersection of dimension 2 or 3 in a projective space. In this paper, we extend the proof in Lee and Oh (Preprint, arXiv:1809.10995, 2018) to all dimensions and to descendant invariants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the problem of real-time model predictive control (MPC) in the integrated guidance and control (IGC) of missile systems. When the primal-dual interior point method (PD-IPM), which is a convex optimization method, is used as an optimization solution for the MPC, the real-time performance of PD-IPM degenerates due to the elevated computation time in checking the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions in PD-IPM. This paper proposes a graphics processing unit (GPU)-based method to parallelize and accelerate PD-IPM for real-time MPC. The real-time performance of the proposed method was tested and analyzed on a widely-used embedded system. The comparison results with the conventional PD-IPM and other methods showed that the proposed method improved the real-time performance by reducing the computation time significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compute Gromov-Witten (GW) and Donaldson-Thomas (DT) invariants (and also descendant invariants) for local CY 4-folds over Fano 3-folds, V 5 and V 22 up to degree 3. We use torus localization for GW invariants computation, and use classical results for Hilbert schemes on V 5 and V 22 for DT invariants computation. From these computations, one can check correspondence between DT and Gopakumar-Vafa (GV) invariants conjectured by Cao-Maulik-Toda in genus 0. Also we can compute genus 1 GV invariants via the conjecture of Cao-Toda, which turned out to be 0. These fit into the fact that there are no smooth elliptic curves in V 5 and V 22 up to degree 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D cross–point memory, with its cost efficiency and simple structure, has gained attention and commercial success. In this memory architecture, chalcogenide–based ovonic threshold (OTS) selectors are promising due to their fast, volatile, and reliable transition without altering their amorphous structure. GeS–based OTs selectors have recently emerged as potential candidates due to their thermal stability and high I on. However, Ge 1−x S x selectors suffer from slow switching times (t on of 10 – 15 ns and t off of 20 – 100 ns), hindering fast data processing. To address this, synthesizing Ge 1−x Se x into Ge 1−x S x is proposed as an effective method, as it reduces the activation energy (E a) of Ge 0.33 Se x S y , resulting in shorter t on. This study presents a thermally stable and ultrafast OTS selector based on Ge 0.33 Se x S y (0.22 ≤ x ≤ 0.55) films. There films remain amorphous after annealing at 600 °C. the device with the highest Se composition (x = 0.55) exhibits a short t on of 6 ns and t off of 13 ns. Ge 0.33 Se x S y devices show varying V th (3.6 to 2.8 V) as the Se/S ratio increases, along with low I off (up to 1.2 nA). Further analysis using a modified Pool–Frenekl model reveals crucial parameters, and optical properties changes as the Se/S ratio increases. This ultrafast and thermally stable OTS selector promises outstanding performance for X–point memory architecture. • Easy fabrication process with tunable V th and low I off. • Excellent thermal stability of all 5 different compositions. • Ultrafast switching speeds up to t on of 6 ns and t off of 13 ns.) • Excellent endurance of > 107 pulses. • Optical studies of Ge 0.33 Se x S y films for film science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Time ranges of revision rotator cuff surgeries after arthroscopic repair are highly variable. However, the cause and clinical relevance of the different timings of revision surgeries have not been analyzed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical manifestations of patients who required revision surgeries at early and late periods after failed arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, and to identify clinical and radiological differences related to the timing of revision surgery. Methods: Sixty patients who underwent revision surgery due to symptomatic failed rotator cuff repair after arthroscopic repair were included. Patients were divided into two groups: patients who underwent revision surgeries within 1 year postoperatively (21 patients, group I) and patients who underwent revision surgeries more than 1 year postoperatively (39 patients, group II). Clinical and radiological characteristics were compared between the two groups before primary and revision surgery. Results: VAS for pain (5.9 ± 1.9 in group I, 3.9 ± 1.4 in group II, P < 0.001) and Constant score (50.7 ± 9.9 in group I, 60.4 ± 8.9 in group II, P < 0.001) at the time of revision surgery were significantly different between the two groups. In group II, isometric muscle strength of forward flexion (74.1 ± 21.1 to 63.9 ± 15.1, P = 0.020) and external rotation (73.0 ± 23.5 to 61.2 ± 15.0, P = 0.032) were significantly deteriorated after primary surgery, even with significant improvement of pain and shoulder function (VAS: 5.7 ± 1.9 to 3.9 ± 1.4, P < 0.001; Constant score: 50.3 ± 11.0 to 60.4 ± 8.9, P < 0.001). On postoperative MRI, re-tear at the tendon–bone interface on the greater tuberosity occurred significantly more in group I (81.0%) than group II (51.3%, P = 0.024). Incidence of full-thickness tear of the subscapularis tendon was significantly different between the two groups (42.9% in group I, 12.8% in group II, P = 0.012). Conclusion: Patients who had early revision surgeries had significantly worse clinical outcomes after primary surgery than patients who had late revision surgeries. Healing failure at the tendon–bone interface on the greater tuberosity and re-tear combined with full-thickness tear of subscapularis tendon were related to early revision. Conversely, patients of the late revision group had muscle weakness that considerably impacted daily activities, even with improved pain and shoulder function. Level of evidence: III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In [ 17 , 18 ], Zinger defined reduced Gromov–Witten (GW) invariants and proved a comparison theorem of standard and reduced genus one GW invariants for every symplectic manifold (with all dimension). In [ 3 ], Chang and Li provided a proof of the comparison theorem for quintic Calabi–Yau three-folds in algebraic geometry by taking a definition of reduced invariants as an Euler number of certain vector bundle. In [ 5 ], Coates and Manolache have defined reduced GW invariants in algebraic geometry following the idea by Vakil and Zinger in [ 14 ] and proved the comparison theorem for every Calabi–Yau threefold. In this paper, we prove the comparison theorem for every (not necessarily Calabi–Yau) complete intersection of Dimension 2 or 3 in projective spaces by taking a definition of reduced GW invariants in [ 5 ]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient total synthesis of ceratopicanol was achieved through successive Pd catalyzed reductive cycloaddition and cyclization reactions. The Pd mediated cyclization reaction to form a triquinane structure demonstrated that a small structural difference changed the reaction pathway either to form different structures or reduced non‐cyclized product depending on the reaction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presented here is a concise synthesis of secu′amamine A, and fluvirosaones A and B from readily available allosecurinine and viroallosecurinine. The key C2‐enamine derivative of (viro)allosecurinine, the presumed biosynthetic precursors of these natural products, was accessed, for the first time, by a VO(acac)2‐mediated regioselective Polonovski reaction. Formal hydration and 1,2‐amine shift of this pluripotent enamine compound afforded secu′amamine A. Formal oxidative [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between this enamine and TMS‐substituted methallyl iodide reagent paved the way to the precursors of fluvirosaones A and B. The relative stereochemistry at the C2 position of these advanced intermediates governs the fate of 1,2‐amine shift leading to fluvirosaones A and B. The syntheses of potential biosynthetic precursors and investigations of their chemical reactivities have provided insights regarding the biogenesis of these natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presented here is a concise synthesis of secu′amamine A, and fluvirosaones A and B from readily available allosecurinine and viroallosecurinine. The key C2‐enamine derivative of (viro)allosecurinine, the presumed biosynthetic precursors of these natural products, was accessed, for the first time, by a VO(acac)2‐mediated regioselective Polonovski reaction. Formal hydration and 1,2‐amine shift of this pluripotent enamine compound afforded secu′amamine A. Formal oxidative [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between this enamine and TMS‐substituted methallyl iodide reagent paved the way to the precursors of fluvirosaones A and B. The relative stereochemistry at the C2 position of these advanced intermediates governs the fate of 1,2‐amine shift leading to fluvirosaones A and B. The syntheses of potential biosynthetic precursors and investigations of their chemical reactivities have provided insights regarding the biogenesis of these natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the course of a study toward a total synthesis of conidiogenone B through TMM diyl‐mediated tandem cycloaddition reaction, unexpected regioselectivity for a bridged isomer was observed. The synthetic and computational studies with model compounds revealed that regioselectivity can be rendered by changing substitution patterns on the TMM diyl moiety and the olefin moiety by altering the activation energy of cycloaddition reaction through a singlet TMM diyl pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the fracture morphology of distal radius fractures (DRFs) with the status of triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) foveal insertion in patients with or without osteoporosis and to identify the relationship between osteoporosis and foveal tear. Seventy-five patients who underwent surgery for DRF from January 2021 to September 2023 were included. All patients were evaluated by standard radiography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and underwent a 3.0 T magnetic-resonance imaging examination of the involved wrist to identify TFCC foveal tear. Patients were allocated into two groups according to the presence of osteoporosis: patients with osteoporosis (group I) and those without osteoporosis (group II). Group I showed a significantly larger displacement of fractures compared to group II (radial inclination; 13.7 ± 5.4 vs. 17.9 ± 4.2; p < 0.001, dorsal angulation; 22.2 ± 12.1 vs. 16.5 ± 9.4; p = 0.024, ulnar variance; 4.15 ± 2.1 vs. 2.2 ± 1.9; p < 0.001). Dorsal angulation and ulnar variance were found to be independent prognostic factors for TFCC foveal tear in logistic regression analysis. Displacement of fractures was related to osteoporosis, and dorsal angulation and ulnar variance were independent prognostic factors for TFCC foveal tear. However, osteoporosis was not identified as a factor associated with TFCC foveal tears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Let (S , L S) be a polarized abelian surface, and let M = c ⋅ π ⁎ L S − α ⋅ ∑ i = 1 r E i be a line bundle on Bl r (S) , where π : Bl r (S) → S is the blow-up of S at r general points with exceptional divisors E 1 , ... , E r. In this paper, we provide a criterion for k -very ampleness of M. Also, we deal with the case when S is an arbitrary surface of Picard number one with a numerically trivial canonical divisor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bi SB 2 sb Te SB 3 sb nanoparticles, are formed inside the fabric, if there is a temperature difference, the fabric generates an output voltage. Keywords: bismuth telluride(Bi 2Te 3); negative gauge factor; pressure sensors; strain sensors; temperature sensors; thermoelectric fabrics; wearable electronics EN bismuth telluride(Bi 2Te 3) negative gauge factor pressure sensors strain sensors temperature sensors thermoelectric fabrics wearable electronics 1 1 1 06/30/23 20230626 NES 230626 B Thermoelectric Fabrics b In article number 2300092, Taeyoon Lee and co-workers depict, a bismuth telluride (Bi SB 2 sb Te SB 3 sb ) thermoelectric fabric that detects a finger touch by generating an output voltage from temperature differences. Bismuth telluride(Bi 2Te 3), negative gauge factor, pressure sensors, strain sensors, temperature sensors, thermoelectric fabrics, wearable electronics. [Extracted from the article]

Let be a smooth projective curve with genus . Let be the moduli space of stable rank two vector bundles on with a fixed determinant for . In this paper, as a generalization of Kiem and Castravet's works, we study the stable maps in with genus and degree . Let be a natural closed subvariety of which parametrizes stable vector bundles with a fixed subbundle for a line bundle on . We describe the stable map space . It turns out that the space consists of two irreducible components. One of them parameterizes smooth rational cubic curves and the other parameterizes the union of line and smooth conics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D cross (X)–point memory arrays have attracted attention for future memory architecture due to their cost efficiency and high density. Chalcogenide–based materials are suitable candidates for 3D X–point memory because they can be stacked to form both memory and selector with a simple process. Conventional binary chalcogenide ovonic threshold switching (OTS) selectors such as Ge X Se 1−x or GeTe suffer from thermal instability. Furthermore, ternary OTS selectors are being investigated by doping various materials to overcome thermal instability. Here, we introduce a wide range of Ge 1−x S x films to analyze and confirm the selector behavior for future applications. S–rich region (0.5 ≤ x ≤ 0.67) devices behaved as OTS selector with low leakage current (1.3 nA) and high thermal stability (amorphous up to 600 °C). To study the mechanism of devices with different compositions, the modified PF–model was used to calculate trap density, activation energy, subthreshold swing, and distance between traps. Additionally, extracted optical bandgap (1.65 – 3.45 eV) and urbach energy (166 – 103 meV) had good accordance with electrical characteristics of each device. This innovative research has potential to enable 3D X–point memory by combining conformal OTS selector and chalcogenide–based phase change memory. [Display omitted] ● Easy fabrication of binary OTS selector using earth-friendly and thermally stable materials. ● Analyses of wide ranges of Ge 1−x S x films for future applications. ● Excellent thermal stability (∼600 °C) and high electrical performances (up to off current of 1.3 nA). ● Fast switching on/off speeds (15/20 ns) along with the admirable endurance (∼ 109 cycles). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nickel-tungsten (Ni-W) alloys with tailored composition were electrodeposited by controlling the pH of electrolytes and the applied current density. The current efficiency for the electrodeposition of Ni-W alloys was dependent on the pH of the employed electrolytes. The surface morphology and crystallinity of the electrodeposited Ni-W with controlled compositions were characterized. Based on the electrochemical studies of Ni-W alloys, Ni-W thin films with alternate W-rich and W-poor multilayers were produced by applying alternate current densities. The number and dimensions of the deposited layers were well controlled by the programmed frequency of the applied current and period time, respectively, in the electrochemical cell. In addition, the mechanical properties, such as hardness and internal stress of the Ni-W electrodeposits, were investigated as a function of the composition and number of deposited layers. Compared to the single layer Ni-W films showing the increase of cracks and interal stress with increasing the hardness, the modulated Ni-W multilayers without surface cracks demonstrated the enhanced hardness without an increase in the internal stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes and investigates the feasibility of a compact noise control system for a wide frequency band, which can be easily installed and calibrated. Noise reduction over the workspace can be achieved by noise barriers, but becomes ineffective in low-frequency. Active noise control (ANC) is effective noise control method in low-frequency, so hybrid noise control systems combining a barrier and ANC were proposed. However, previous researches aimed at global noise control behind a large barrier for a stationary environment, which is very costly and difficult to reinstall. Despite its advantages in terms of space, cost, and mobility, a compact hybrid noise control system which is ANC system equipped with a compact size barrier for a specific space has been rarely studied due to the complex scattering effects and microphone arrangements in the control space. The present study aimed to investigate the feasibility of a compact hybrid noise control system using a theoretically calculated control filter, without microphones arrangement. Thus, can be various shapes of barrier and speaker arrangements, in this study, an axisymmetric structure is dealt with, since the theoretical equations had already been established and the computational amounts are reduced by simplifying it to two-dimensional problems. Theoretical noise reduction performance of a barrier, ANC, and the proposed noise control system are compared. Performance of ANC decreases with increasing frequency, and barrier is only effective in high-frequency bands. In contrast, the proposed noise control system achieved satisfactory noise reduction throughout the entire frequency range of interest. Following that, applying the theoretically calculated control filter was validated through experiments. The results showed that the proposed noise control system achieved a noise reduction of about 8 dB for a band-limited white noise in which the frequency range is 200–2000 Hz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: After six decades of device size reduction and its efficient use through hierarchical design, semiconductor electronics and its use in integrated digital processing encounters two major conflicting constraints. From size reduction and their small collective behavior, i.e., from the bottom, these constraints include quantum effects, stochastic effects arising from discreteness and noise, and other probabilistic effects. From the large scale integration and their large ensemble behavior, i.e., from the top, these include thermodynamic consequences in the inefficiencies of the data engine as a large numbers of devices are assembled together hierarchically. These conflicting currents are the central intellectual challenge when discussing the future of nanostructure devices and their use in data processing machines. We discuss the conceptual fundamentals of the small and the large that ties these scale changes that exist in time, size, energy, and other dimensions of the machinery. From this, we derive ideas for devices, robustness, data manipulation efficiency, and performance under practical constraints so that the next six decades are as fruitful and useful for the society as the past six have been. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Implantable neural probes are a crucial part of brain–machine interfaces that serve as direct interacting routes between neural tissues and machines. The neural probes require both mechanical and electrical properties to acquire high‐quality signals from individual neurons with minimal tissue damage. However, overcoming the trade‐off between flexibility and electrical property is still challenging. Herein, a fiber neural probe, composed of core polymer and Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the outer shell, is fabricated by absorbing Au precursor following in situ chemical reduction with a variation of percolating and leaching time. The proposed fiber exhibits excellent electrical properties, with an electrical conductivity of 7.68 × 104 S m−1 and an impedance of 2.88 × 103 Ω at 1 kHz, as well as a Young's modulus of 170 kPa, which is comparable to that of brain tissue (≈100 kPa). Additionally, the AuNPs fiber neural probe demonstrates extremely stable in vivo electrophysiological signal recordings for four months with reduced foreign body responses at the tissue–probe interface. Furthermore, this innovative approach encourages a new paradigm of long‐term recording in the fields of neuroscience and engineering to better understand brain circuits, develop bioelectronic devices, and treat chronic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical water splitting has been considered one of the most promising methods of hydrogen production, which does not cause environmental pollution or greenhouse gas emissions. Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a significant step for highly efficient water splitting because OER involves the four electron transfer, overcoming the associated energy barrier that demands a potential greater than that required by hydrogen evolution reaction. Therefore, an OER electrocatalyst with large surface area and high conductivity is needed to increase the OER activity. In this work, we demonstrated an effective strategy to produce a highly active three-dimensional (3D)-printed NiFe-layered double hydroxide (LDH) pyramid electrode for OER using a three-step method, which involves direct-ink-writing of a graphene pyramid array and electrodeposition of a copper conducive layer and NiFe-LDH electrocatalyst layer on printed pyramids. The 3D pyramid structures with NiFe-LDH electrocatalyst layers increased the surface area and the active sites of the electrode and improved the OER activity. The overpotential (η) and exchange current density (i0) of the NiFe-LDH pyramid electrode were further improved compared to that of the NiFe-LDH deposited Cu (NiFe-LDH/Cu) foil electrode with the same base area. The 3D-printed NiFe-LDH electrode also exhibited excellent durability without potential decay for 60 h. Our 3D printing strategy provides an effective approach for the fabrication of highly active, stable, and low-cost OER electrocatalyst electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let C$C$ be an algebraic curve of genus g$g$ and L$L$ a line bundle over C$C$. Let MSC(n,L)$\mathcal {M}S_C(n,L)$ and MOC(n,L)$\mathcal {M}O_C(n,L)$ be the moduli spaces of L$L$‐valued symplectic and orthogonal bundles, respectively, over C$C$ of rank n$n$. We construct rational curves of Hecke type on these moduli spaces which generalize the Hecke curves on the moduli space of vector bundles. As a main result, we show that these curves have the minimal degree among the rational curves passing through a general point of the moduli spaces. As its by‐products, we show the non‐abelian Torelli theorem and compute the automorphism group of the moduli spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neddylation is a cellular process in which the neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down‐regulated 8 (NEDD8) is conjugated to the lysine residue of target proteins via serial enzymatic cascades. Recently, it has been demonstrated that neddylation is required for synaptic clustering of metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGlu7) and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD‐95), and the inhibition of neddylation impairs neurite outgrowth and excitatory synaptic maturation. Similar to the balanced role of deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) in the ubiquitination process, we hypothesized that deneddylating enzymes can regulate neuronal development by counteracting the process of neddylation. We find that the SUMO peptidase family member, NEDD8 specific (SENP8) acts as a key neuronal deneddylase targeting the global neuronal substrates in primary rat cultured neurons. We demonstrate that SENP8 expression levels are developmentally regulated, peaking around the first postnatal week and gradually diminishing in mature brain and neurons. We find that SENP8 negatively regulates neurite outgrowth through multiple pathways, including actin dynamics, Wnt/β‐catenin signaling, and autophagic processes. Alterations in neurite outgrowth by SENP8 subsequently result in the impairment of excitatory synapse maturation. Our data indicate that SENP8 plays an essential role in neuronal development and is a promising therapeutic target for neurodevelopmental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prove that the moduli spaces of rational curves of degree at most 3 in linear sections of the Grassmannian G r ( 2 , 5 ) are all rational varieties. We also study their compactifications and birational geometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the importance of multiple county-level features in the trajectory of COVID-19. We examined feature importance across 2787 counties in the United States using data-driven machine learning models. Existing mathematical models of disease spread usually focused on the case prediction with different infection rates without incorporating multiple heterogeneous features that could impact the spatial and temporal trajectory of COVID-19. Recognizing this, we trained a data-driven model using 23 features representing six key influencing factors affecting the pandemic spread: social demographics of counties, population activities, mobility within the counties, movement across counties, disease attributes, and social network structure. Also, we categorized counties into multiple groups according to their population densities, and we divided the trajectory of COVID-19 into three stages: the outbreak stage, the social distancing stage, and the reopening stage. The study aimed to answer two research questions: (1) The extent to which the importance of heterogeneous features evolved at different stages; (2) The extent to which the importance of heterogeneous features varied across counties with different characteristics. We fitted a set of random forest models to determine weekly feature importance. The results showed that: (1) Social demographic features, such as gross domestic product, population density, and minority status maintained high-importance features throughout stages of COVID-19 across 2787 studied counties; (2) Within-county mobility features had the highest importance in counties with higher population densities; (3) The feature reflecting the social network structure (Facebook, social connectedness index), had higher importance for counties with higher population densities. The results showed that the data-driven machine learning models could provide important insights to inform policymakers regarding feature importance for counties with various population densities and at different stages of a pandemic life cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High selectivity and fast response in the detection of NO 2 are key factors in protecting human health in life-threatening environments. The p-n SnO/SnO 2 heterostructure is a promising material as a metal oxide for effective chemical reactions with a target gas. It has a synergistic effect on the intrinsic semiconducting properties and the formation of an interfacial electric field in the heterojunction. The extrinsic oxygen vacancies in the SnO/SnO 2 structure enhance the chemical reaction in the sensing property. In this study, we developed a defect-SnO/SnO 2 heterostructure-based NO 2 gas sensor. It shows excellent sensing performances with a high response of 100.86, fast response time of 5.83 s, and superior selectivity (approximately 23 times higher than those of other target gases) in the detection of 50 ppm NO 2 at 150 °C. Raman and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) results supported the presence of oxygen vacancies in the defect-rich SnO/SnO 2 crystal and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) analyses described the role of SnO/SnO 2 heterostructure with oxygen defects as an effective electron donor for the adsorbed oxygen molecules and NO 2 target gas. We believe that the direct formation of oxygen vacancies in the SnO/SnO 2 heterostructures is a significant reference for the development of high-performance NO 2 gas sensors. [Display omitted] • A SnO/SnO 2 heterostructure with extrinsic oxygen defects was designed. • The defect-SnO/SnO 2 crystal allows a reduction of the band gap and easier electron transition. • It enables effective chemical interaction with NO 2 molecules by the adsorbed oxygen species. • The sensor device shows superior NO 2 sensing performances with a fast response and high selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGlu7) regulates neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic active zone in the mammalian brain. The regulation of mGlu7 trafficking into and out of the plasma membrane by binding proteins within the C‐terminal region of mGlu7 governs the bidirectional synaptic plasticity. However, the functional importance of the extracellular domain of mGlu7 has not yet been characterized. N‐glycosylation is an abundant posttranslational modification that plays crucial roles in protein folding and forward trafficking, but the role of N‐glycosylation in mGlu7 function remains unknown. In this study, we find that mGlu7 is N‐glycosylated at four asparagine residues in heterologous cells and rat cultured neurons. We demonstrate that N‐glycosylation is essential for forward transport and surface expression of mGlu7. Deglycosylated mGlu7 is retained in the ER, obstructing expression on the cell surface, and is degraded through the autophagolysosomal degradation pathway. In addition, we identify the binding domain of mGlu7 to Elfn1, a transsynaptic adhesion protein. We find that N‐glycosylation of mGlu7 promotes its interaction with Elfn1, thereby enabling proper localization and stable surface expression of mGlu7 at the presynaptic active zone. These findings provide evidence that N‐glycans act to modulate the surface expression, stability, and function of mGlu7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic graphene composite comprising graphene sheets decorated with magnetite nanoparticles (NPs) is an important material with numerous successful and potential applications in electronics, chemistry, physics, and bio-medicine. The further use of this material relies on the development of an appropriate patterning method for the production of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) magnetic graphene composite objects. This study presents a simple and effective strategy to fabricate 2D and 3D micropatterns of Fe 3 O 4 functionalized graphene-polymer (FGP) nanocomposite using extrusion-based 3D printing with a highly loaded FGP nanocomposite ink. The ink consisted of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles (NPs), graphene microflakes (GMFs), and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), and was stable and suitable for 3D printing of FGP objects. Various FGP 3D microarchitectures, including a grid, honeycomb, pyramid, and square, were successfully printed using the layer-by-layer (LbL) printing approach. The printed objects exhibited a conductivity of ∼580 S m−1 and magnetic property of 15.8 emu g−1. Successful demonstrations of electronic devices such as a magnet-guided car, a magnetic switch, and a 3D grid for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding are also described herein. This 3D printing approach was effective for the 2D and 3D patterning of functional nanocomposites and shows promise for advanced printed electronic applications. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many emerging applications in microscale engineering rely on the fabrication of 3D architectures in inorganic materials. Small‐scale additive manufacturing (AM) aspires to provide flexible and facile access to these geometries. Yet, the synthesis of device‐grade inorganic materials is still a key challenge toward the implementation of AM in microfabrication. Here, a comprehensive overview of the microstructural and mechanical properties of metals fabricated by most state‐of‐the‐art AM methods that offer a spatial resolution ≤10 μm is presented. Standardized sets of samples are studied by cross‐sectional electron microscopy, nanoindentation, and microcompression. It is shown that current microscale AM techniques synthesize metals with a wide range of microstructures and elastic and plastic properties, including materials of dense and crystalline microstructure with excellent mechanical properties that compare well to those of thin‐film nanocrystalline materials. The large variation in materials' performance can be related to the individual microstructure, which in turn is coupled to the various physico‐chemical principles exploited by the different printing methods. The study provides practical guidelines for users of small‐scale additive methods and establishes a baseline for the future optimization of the properties of printed metallic objects—a significant step toward the potential establishment of AM techniques in microfabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Interscalene brachial plexus block (ISB) is one of the most commonly used regional blocks in relieving postoperative pain after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is an alpha 2 agonist that can enhance the effect of regional blocks. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of DEX combined with ISB with ISB alone on postoperative pain, satisfaction, and pain-related cytokines within the first 48 h after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.Methods: Fifty patients with rotator cuff tears who had undergone arthroscopic rotator cuff repair were enrolled in this single center, double-blinded randomized controlled trial study. Twenty-five patients were randomly allocated to group 1 and received ultrasound-guided ISB using a mixture of 1 ml (100 μg) of DEX and 8 ml of 0.75% ropivacaine preemptively. The other 25 patients were allocated to group 2 and underwent ultrasound-guided ISB alone using a mixture of 1 ml of normal saline and 8 ml of ropivacaine. The visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and patient satisfaction (SAT) scores were checked within 48 h postoperatively. The plasma interleukin (IL)-6, -8, -1β, cortisol, and substance P levels were also measured within 48 h, postoperatively.Results: Group 1 showed a significantly lower mean VAS score and a significantly higher mean SAT score than group 2 at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 18 h postoperatively. Compared with group 2, group 1 showed a significantly lower mean plasma IL-6 level at 1, 6, 12, and 48 h postoperatively and a significantly lower mean IL-8 level at 1, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h postoperatively. The mean timing of rebound pain in group 1 was significantly later than that in group 2 (12.7 h > 9.4 h, p = 0.006).Conclusions: Ultrasound-guided ISB with DEX in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair led to a significantly lower mean VAS score and a significantly higher mean SAT score within 48 h postoperatively than ISB alone. In addition, ISB with DEX showed lower mean plasma IL-6 and IL-8 levels than ISB alone within 48 h postoperatively, with delayed rebound pain.Level Of Evidence: I.Trial Registration: 2013-112, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02766556. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An effective approach is required to improve the spatial resolution and electrical conductivity of printed graphene patterns for advanced graphene-based printed electronics. Here, we describe a simple and effective strategy to fabricate few-micrometer-wide graphene patterns by meniscus-guided printing, using a highly concentrated graphene oxide (GO, 2 wt%) ink. Our approach exploits the rapid solidification of an ink meniscus formed by horizontal pulling of a micronozzle. To achieve uniform printing with continuous flow of the highly concentrated GO ink through the nozzle, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), which acts as a gelation inhibitor and rheology modifier, was added to the aqueous GO solution. GO reduction and PVP removal from the printed patterns was achieved simultaneously, by thermal treatment. Electrical conductivities and widths of the reduced GO (rGO) patterns could be easily modulated by adjusting the nozzle-pulling rate and changing the nozzle-opening size, respectively. Toward applications in electronics, successful fabrication of a field-effect transistor based on a printed rGO channel is also described. This approach can be effective for high-resolution printing of graphene patterns for electronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary GABAergic signaling in the amygdala controls learned fear, and its dysfunction potentially contributes to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We find that sub-threshold fear conditioning leads to dopamine receptor D4-dependent long-term depression (LTD) of glutamatergic excitatory synapses by increasing inhibitory inputs onto neurons of the dorsal intercalated cell mass (ITC) in the amygdala. Pharmacological, genetic, and optogenetic manipulations of the amygdala regions centered on the dorsal ITC reveal that this LTD limits less salient experiences from forming persistent memories. In further support of the idea that LTD has preventive and discriminative roles, we find that LTD at the dorsal ITC is impaired in mice exhibiting PTSD-like behaviors. These findings reveal a novel role of inhibitory circuits in the amygdala, which serves to dampen and restrict the level of fear expression. This mechanism is interfered with by stimuli that give rise to PTSD and may also be recruited for fear-related psychiatric diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The posterior malleolar fragment (PMF) of an ankle fracture can have various shapes depending on the injury mechanism. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the morphological characteristics of the PMF according to the ankle fracture pattern described in the Lauge-Hansen classification by using computed tomography (CT) images.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed CT data of 107 patients (107 ankles) who underwent surgery for trimalleolar fracture from January 2012 to December 2014. The patients were divided into two groups: 76 ankles in the supination-external rotation (SER) stage IV group and 31 ankles in the pronation-external rotation (PER) stage IV group. The PMF type of the two groups was assessed using the Haraguchi and Jan Bartonicek classification. The cross angle (α), fragment length ratio (FLR), fragment area ratio (FAR), sagittal angle (θ), and fragment height (FH) were measured to assess the morphological characteristics of the PMF.Results: The PMF in the SER group mainly had a posterolateral shape, whereas that in the PER group mainly had a posteromedial two-part shape or a large posterolateral triangular shape (P = 0.02). The average cross angle was not significantly different between the two groups (SER group = 19.4°, PER group = 17.6°). The mean FLR and FH were significantly larger in the PER group than in the SER group (P = 0.024, P = 0.006). The mean fragment sagittal angle in the PER group was significantly smaller than that in the SER group (P = 0.017).Conclusions: With regard to the articular involvement, volume, and vertical nature, the SER-type fracture tends to have a smaller fragment due to the rotational force, whereas the PER-type fracture tends to have a larger fragment due to the combination of rotational and axial forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]