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We investigate the empirical relationship between macroeconomic risk, bank liquidity, and bank risk surrounding the 1999 Financial Services Modernization Act. We propose that bank risk and liquidity are positively related as macroeconomic risk increases, and that this effect is particularly strong after the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act (GLBA). We test our hypotheses by collecting data from 1994 to 2006 for banks in the United States. The results show that banks flush with liquid assets in a high macroeconomic risk environment conducted more lending activities following the enactment of the GLBA, leading to higher bank risk. Our study complements the understanding of bank liquidity management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crystal structures of acetato-[meso-tetra(p-chlorophenyl)porphyrinato]thallium(III) Tl[(p-Cl)4tpp](OAc) (1), acetato-[meso-tetra(p-chlorophenyl)porphyrinato]indium(III) In[(p-Cl)4tpp](OAc) (2) and acetato-[meso-tetra(p-bromophenyl)porphyrinato]indium(III) In[(p-Br)4tpp](OAc) (3) were determined. The coordination sphere around the Tl3+ ion in 1 is described as six-coordinate distorted square-based pyramid in which the apical site is occupied by a chelating bidentate OAc− group, whereas for the In3+ ion in 2 and 3, it is a five-coordinate regular square-based pyramid in which the unidentate OAc− ligand occupies the axial site. The plane of the four pyrrole nitrogen atoms [i.e. N(1)&z.sbnd;N(4)] strongly bonded to Tl3+ (or In3+) is adopted as a reference plane 4N. The Tl3+ is moderately out of the 4N plane; its displacement of 0.69 A˚ is in the same direction as that of the acetate oxygen for 1. The In3+ are located at 0.57 A˚ from its 4N plane for 2 and 3. The free energy of activation at the coalescence temperature Tc for the intermolecular acetate exchange for 1 in CD2Cl2 is found to be ΔG≠200=42.54 kJ mol−1 whereas the intermolecular OAc− exchange for acetato-[meso-tetra(p-bromophenyl)porphyrinato]thallium(III) Tl[(p-Br)4tpp](OAc) (4) in CD2Cl2 is determined to be ΔG≠200=42.46 kJ mol−1 through 1H NMR temperature-dependent measurements. Moreover, the two oxygen atoms of the acetato group for 2 and 3 are asymmetrically and chelating bidentately bound to the indium atom in CD2Cl2 (or CDCl3) solvent. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The crystal structures of trifluoroacetato-[meso-tetra(p-chlorophenyl)porphyrinato]thallium(III), Tl[(p-Cl)4tpp](O2CCF3) (1), and pentafluoropropionato-[meso-tetra(p-chlorophenyl)porphyrinato]thallium(III) Tl[(p-Cl)4tpp](O2CCF2CF3) (2), were determined. The coordination sphere around the Tl3+ ion is described as five-coordinate regular square-based pyramid (RSBP) in which the apical site is occupied by an unidentate CF3CO2− ligand for 1 whereas the unidentate CF3CF2CO2− ligand occupies the axial site for 2. The plane of the four pyrrole nitrogen atoms [i.e., N(1)–N(4)] strongly bonded to Tl3+ is adopted as a reference plane 4N. The Tl3+ is moderately out of the 4N plane; its displacement of 0.58 A˚ (or 0.59 A˚) for 1 (or 2) is in the same direction as that of the trifluoroacetate oxygen for 1 (or pentafluoropropionate oxygen for 2). The free energy of activation at the coalescence temperature Tc for the intermolecular trifluoroacetate exchange for 1 in CD2Cl2 is found to be ΔG≠178=36.6 kJ/mol whereas the intermolecular pentafluoropropionate exchange for 2 in CD2Cl2 is determined to be ΔG≠213=41.5 kJ/mol through 19F and 13C NMR temperature-dependent measurements. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]