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A growing body of research reveals that the psychosocial risks faced by lawyers working in the legal assistance sector are not being adequately managed by employers, which is taking its toll on the on the mental wellbeing of lawyers. In this qualitative study, 16 lawyers from the sector in Australia describe measures that could be taken to manage these risks. This includes managing work loads/type/clarity/control, supporting isolated staff, creating supportive teams, training, supervision and mentoring, effective and supported managers, rewards and recognition, a safe physical environment, recruitment and retention, risk assessment and management processes, reporting mechanisms and adequate policies and procedures. Participants recommended preventative measures, suggestions solutions need to be tailored to lawyers and their work setting; and be actioned and modelled from the top of the organisation. The rich detail provided by participants offers employers in the sector a much needed list of strategies to implement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By defining the nature of legal representation as a public service, this profession has distanced itself from the private initiative of individuals (lawyers and clients), and the role of a third party, namely the government, has become prominent with the aim of ensuring public benefit and protecting consumers of legal services. This research, through a library study and adopting an analytical-descriptive approach, aims to elucidate the components of the New Zealand government's intervention in regulating the legal services market, particularly the profession of law. It concludes that in this country, the government's efforts have focused on establishing a perspective that goes beyond private contracts and defining the profession as a public service. The most important law governing the profession of law in New Zealand is the Lawyers and Conveyancers Act 2006. This law grants the New Zealand government extensive authority over the supervision of lawyers; issues ranging from setting fees to overarching policy-making in this profession are under the government's oversight. The conditions for practicing this profession are also determined by government authorities. Despite some criticism regarding these extensive powers, the positive outcomes of regulating this profession, including increased public satisfaction, elimination of monopolies, enhancing competition in the legal profession, and easier access to legal services, have further highlighted the necessity of government intervention in the regulation of this profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the role and place of the institution of advocacy in a modem democratic state. The author analyzes the key aspects of the functioning of the legal profession as an integral component of the legal system and civil society, its importance in ensuring the right to protection, access to justice and the implementation of the principle of the rule of law. The evolution of the role of the legal profession from the simple provision of legal assistance to active participation in the formation of the legal policy of the state, improvement of legislation and improvement of the legal culture of society is considered. Special attention is paid to the double meaning of advocacy - individual and social. The author emphasizes the importance of advocacy as a mechanism of public control in the sphere of justice, its role in ensuring the justice of the judiciary and strengthening the rule of law. The relationship between the effectiveness of advocacy and the level of democracy, compliance with the rule of law and human rights in society is analyzed. The article considers the right to qualified legal assistance as a fundamental human right, which acts as a guarantee of the realization of the entire set of rights and legitimate interests of a person. The author emphasizes the need to create effective mechanisms for the protection of human and citizen rights and freedoms, emphasizing the role of advocacy in this process. The impact of European integration processes on the development of the legal profession in Ukraine, the need for adaptation to European standards and principles is studied. The author analyzes the modem challenges faced by the legal profession and the prospects for its development in the context of the development of the rule of law. The conclusions emphasize the key role of the legal profession in ensuring a balance between the interests of the individual, society and the state, its importance for the development of democracy and the establishment of the rule of law. The author emphasizes the need for further improvement of the institution of advocacy in order to effectively perform its functions in modem conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the gap in existing literature concerning Japan's engagement with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to foster an international rules-based, liberal order. While previous research has often overlooked the long-term perspective of Japanese engagement, this article offers a comprehensive analysis of Japan's legal and technical commitments to ASEAN, specifically focusing on the development of judicial systems and the institutionalization of judicial cooperation. Using the concept of "diplomatization", the article situates Southeast Asia as a key region in Japan's diplomatic strategy to advance a rules-based regional order. It presents two key arguments: Japan has gone from providing long-term legal technical assistance to establishing formalized institutional frameworks with ASEAN, and this has allowed Tokyo to utilize its judicial diplomacy to promote the rule of law internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Representation is a fundamental institution within civil law, playing a crucial role in the resolution of legal affairs. Subjects of law during the establishment of legal affairs or undertaking various procedural actions in civil litigation procedures may engage representatives who act on behalf and for the benefit of their interests. This paper explores the significance of representation as a legal mechanism including its impact on the efficacy of legal proceedings and the protection of parties' interests. The necessity to act through representation arises as a result of the intensification of social relations and finds wide application due to the lack of time and the impossibility of parties to personally carry out their actions every time. Additionally, it is due to the complexity of the legal affairs and the risks that may be encountered in the absence of professional knowledge, whether they are physical or legal persons. This paper aims to discuss difficulties faced by individuals who do not engage such representatives, like lawyers, to resolve their legal matters and examines the impact of such representation on court proceedings. It also addresses the challenges and limitations associated with representation, such as issues related to the quality and competence of representatives, and the potential disparities faced by those unable to afford legal services. This research employs various methods, including historical and theoretical analysis, examination of judicial practices, and comparative aspects. The historical method highlights the evolving nature of representation in civil law over time. While the comparative method is used to investigate how the right to representation is regulated across different jurisdictions, revealing similarities and differences in their legal frameworks. The findings underscore the importance of effective representation in ensuring fair and equitable outcomes in civil legal processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article in the Journal for Medical and Health Law (JMG) deals with the prevention of service by a civilian service obligation due to a health impairment as a result of civilian service. The legal regulations and obligations of the civilian service provider in the event of illness-related service prevention are outlined, as well as the requirements for early discharge from civilian service due to incapacity for service. It also discusses how the reporting of a health impairment as a result of civilian service affects the legal consequences according to the statutory provisions. [Extracted from the article]

This essay inquires whether a constitutional state, understood as one ruled not by natural persons but by laws and legal decisions that free persons can endorse, can accommodate the administrative state, understood as one wherein executive agencies exercise law-making, statute-interpreting, and sanction-levying powers. Drawing from Rousseau and Hegel, it distinguishes between two stringent models of the constitutional state – a democratic-republican model and one ordered to an autonomous concept of Law – and compares their abilities to accommodate an executive with a robust law-making and statute-interpreting authority. The essay concludes that, whereas the democratic-republican model is hostile to the administrative state, the Law-centred model is at ease with it and allows it to flourish within bounds. The Law-centred model is thus the only one to reconcile a stringent concept of the constitutional state with the executive power that state needs to fulfil its positive obligations to its citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses cause lawyering as a critical form of resistance to uneven European Union (EU) mobility regimes. Grounded in the proclamation of a migration crisis during 2020–21 in the Canary Islands, Spain, when newly arrived racialized migrants in irregular situations faced different types of (im)mobilization during their transits to continental Europe, the article shows that cause lawyering is a significant strategy for disputing exclusionary dimensions of law and policy, and/or (im)mobility regulations when rules are arbitrarily applied or violated. The case is illustrated ethnographically and follows various expert lawyers in migration working within formal or informal structures, as well as non-lawyer allies such as ombudsmen, activists, friends, or migrant families, who facilitate the navigation of migrant mobilities using human rights and national and international laws and regulations. The analysis focuses on their actions in practice and shows how they challenge specific mobility rules within the EU's mobility regimes, create procedures to deal with bureaucracies and problems regarding access to legal services, and strategically litigate individual cases in local, national and supranational jurisdictions. By drawing attention to the plurality of actors performing mobility-related cause lawyering to challenge uneven regimes of (im)mobility, the article contributes to the critical work that analyses practices of migrant resistance by going beyond the portrayals of unauthorized migrants battling alone against the odds as victims or heroes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Public Health Forum is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In a once strictly patriarchal society, now yearning to establish gender equity, female law students are caught in a firestorm between the old and the new. They are expected to contribute as much as men to their society. Their success rests not only on being competent connoisseurs of the law of their country but also on possessing professional skills that are key to the delivery of legal services. One of such skills is the ability to work with others. The present study examined the extent to which teamwork performance (holistically measured by course grades) is related to personal dispositions, such as self-efficacy and prosocialness. Participants were members of an understudied population of female law students of Saudi Arabian descent who had only recently been granted the opportunity to pursue law careers. The students completed self-efficacy and pro-socialness scales. Responses were linked to grades from a teamwork course. In this study, students' teamwork performance increased with self-efficacy and pro-socialness. Most importantly, the students could be differentiated into a low-functioning group characterized by poor selfefficacy, pro-socialness, and teamwork performance and a high-functioning group exhibiting the opposite pattern. These findings suggest that training devoted to teamwork skills may be more or less successful depending on the recipients' dispositions. They further suggest that additional, more intense training should be dedicated to students in the low-functioning group to optimize their future delivery of legal services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology has substantially transformed the way legal services operate in many different countries. With a large and complex collection of digitized legal documents, the judiciary system worldwide presents a promising scenario for the development of intelligent tools. In this work, we tackle the challenging task of organizing and summarizing the constantly growing collection of legal documents, uncovering hidden topics, or themes that later can support tasks such as legal case retrieval and legal judgment prediction. Our approach to this problem relies on topic discovery techniques combined with a variety of preprocessing techniques and learning-based vector representations of words, such as Doc2Vec and BERT-like models. The proposed method was validated using four different datasets composed of short and long legal documents in Brazilian Portuguese, from legal decisions to chapters in legal books. Analysis conducted by a team of legal specialists revealed the effectiveness of the proposed approach to uncover unique and relevant topics from large collections of legal documents, serving many purposes, such as giving support to legal case retrieval tools and also providing the team of legal specialists with a tool that can accelerate their work of labeling/tagging legal documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of representation by an advocate of the interests of the client in enforcement proceedings as a type of advocacy. The article analyzes the scientific provisions on the representation by an advocate of the interests of the client in enforcement proceedings. It is established that representation by a lawyer of the interests of the client in enforcement proceedings should be distinguished from other types of representation in enforcement proceedings. The issues of representation of the prosecutor in enforcement proceedings and the correlation of this representation with the representation of the lawyer are also investigated. It is concluded that the provisions of the legislation regulating the participation of the prosecutor in enforcement proceedings do not comply with the norms of the Constitution of Ukraine. When studying the range of persons who can have a lawyer-representative in enforcement proceedings, attention is drawn to the fact that this range is narrow. Only the claimant and the debtor have the right to have a lawyer represent their interests. It is concluded that the right of a participant of enforcement proceedings to have a lawyer as his representative should be recognized for any participant who enters into legal relations with the executor and needs legal assistance. It is necessary to give the right to the lawyer to always act next to the person he represents. The article also investigated the question of whether the executor has the right to have a representativeadvocate. It is determined that the legislation of Ukraine does not provide for the possibility of public and private executors to exercise their rights and obligations in enforcement proceedings through representatives, in particular, and lawyers. Thus, state and private executors are obliged to carry out activities on forced execution of decisions exclusively in person. However, in court, the executor has the right to exercise his rights and obligations through a lawyer. The list of documents that may confirm the powers of an advocate as a representative in enforcement proceedings is also defined. It has been established that there is a discrepancy between the lists of these documents provided for by the legislation on enforcement proceedings and the legislation on advocacy. A proposal has been made to provide in the legislation on enforcement proceedings for a legal assistance contract to be one of such documents [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposition that universal access to justice should be a guiding aim of any system of law is, today, commonly recognised. Less clear, however, is what the implementation of this principle should entail in practice if a party cannot afford legal assistance. This article explores the role European human rights law can play in narrowing the asymmetry of access to justice under Article 6(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights. The protective ambit of the civil limb of Article 6 currently encompasses a limited right to legal assistance once proceedings regarding the determination of civil rights or obligations are underway. It does not, however, protect an ex‐ante right to know whether a determination about civil rights or obligations falls due, ie it does not include a right to legal advice per se. Based on a re‐assessment of two key decisions, rule of law imperatives and insights from capability theory, I show how and why it should extend to include such a limited right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

a multi-stage interpretation of the relevant norms. The exercise of such a right should not depend on its enshrining in the terms of legal services supply agreements, i.e. its normative basis should be the relevant legal norms, which should increase the guarantee of protection of the rights and interests of the customers of such services as less protected participants of contractual relations. The author has proved that the application of legal services on protection by the customers in the form of terminating the agreement, first of all by filing the corresponding claim to the court, has no particular specificity, compared to similar protection within other contractual obligations. The analysis of court practice indicates the lack of acute problems requiring scientific description and resolution in this regard. There is a stable court practice in Ukraine regarding the protection of legal services’ customers through the termination of relevant agreements. Termination of the contract, as a terminating legal fact, protects rather the customer’s interests, but not the rights (for safeguard of assets; for concluding the same meritous contracts with other entities, etc.). The author of the work has specified that modification and termination of legal services supply agreements, which are carried out based on the understandings between the parties, as a general rule, are not applied in the context of the parties’ reaction to the offense committed by the counterparty, but due to other motives. In particular, a significant modification of circumstances can be mentioned among such motives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis quantitative study examined the effectiveness of the services provided by a legal advocacy agency for survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV), with a primary focus on Latino immigrants. Data was collected from 335 clients at multiple service points. Mixed Linear Models were used to model the growth of self-sufficiency in 13 life domains measured by the Arizona Self-Sufficiency Matrix. Findings revealed that clients improved the most in the areas of housing, family/social relation, and childcare. Clients struggled most with job readiness, employment, income, and food. Primary language and age were significant predictors for self-sufficiency. Older non-English-speaking clients were significantly less self-sufficient than younger English-speaking clients. The study underscores the effectiveness of an interdisciplinary approach to assisting IPV survivors that combines legal and social services for ethnic minority and undocumented immigrants. Further research should employ an experimental design to better understand the unique contributions of legal services in fostering self-sufficiency among IPV survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the disclosure of legal due diligence as a system of business risk management when creating a virtual enterprise. Determining the full picture regarding the counterparty of the virtual enterprise is necessary in view of the importance of compliance with the requirements imposed by the regulatory and legal acts of Ukraine, adopted in connection with the large-scale military invasion, as well as the requirements of the EU regarding countering terrorism, illegal drug trafficking. The conducted research made it possible to come to the conclusion that due diligence is a systematic check of a business entity or certain assets, real estate objects based on professional analysis and assessment of information in order to identify and determine the degree of potential risks in order to make a decision on the feasibility of concluding the relevant contract and definition of its essential conditions. One of the types of such verification is legal due diligence, which consists in a legal verification of the legality of the company’s activities or the right to a certain asset of the opposite party. It is especially important to conduct it when creating a virtual enterprise, as it allows you to establish the identity of the future counterparty-participant of the virtual enterprise and, in turn, avoid the risk of establishing contractual relations with an improper counterparty. The stages of conducting legal due diligence are as follows: a) drawing up a plan for conducting an inspection with the definition of the necessary information and the procedure for obtaining it; b) obtaining information necessary for legal analysis; c) legal analysis and verification of the received information with the formulation of conclusions about the possibility of creating a virtual enterprise; d) formalization of the obtained results in the form of a written report. The legal basis for conducting this type of inspection can be a contract for the provision of consulting or legal services, as well as a contract between the company in respect of which legal due diligence is performed and the company that orders it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legal confidentiality, an integral aspect of European legal culture and legal services, plays a pivotal role in safeguarding the trust and privacy of professional-client relationships. This study focuses on the multifaceted dimensions of legal secrecy, particularly within the context of commercial lawyers in the European legal services market, using Polish legal advisers as an exemplar. The research explores evolving attitudes, expectations, and perceptions of legal secrecy amidst dynamic legal changes and discrepancies in interpretations among lawyers, public authorities, and citizens. A comprehensive mixed-method approach was used, including surveys, structured in-depth interviews, content analysis, and desk research, to investigate the diverse facets of legal secrecy. Findings reveal that while legal secrecy remains highly esteemed, its interpretation varies significantly across national and EU laws and among stakeholders. There are a multitude of types of legal secrecy, creating confusion and opportunities for public authorities to breach confidentiality. The study underscores the critical need for standardisation and unification of legal secrecy across European countries to enhance cross-border legal services, streamline justice systems, and bolster citizen protection. It emphasises that despite legal and societal changes, the fundamental essence and importance of legal secrecy in upholding democracy, justice, and trust remain steadfast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The patent serves as a vital component of scientific text, and over time, escalating competition has generated a substantial demand for patent analysis encompassing areas such as company strategy and legal services, necessitating fast, accurate, and easily applicable similarity estimators. At present, conducting natural language processing(NLP) on patent content, including titles, abstracts, etc., can serve as an effective method for estimating similarity. However, the traditional NLP approach has some disadvantages, such as the requirement for a huge amount of labeled data and poor explanation of deep-learning-based model internals, exacerbated by the high compression of patent content. On the other hand, most knowledge-based deep learning models require a vast amount of additional analysis results as training variables in similarity estimation, which are limited due to human participation in the analysis part. Thus, in this research, addressing these challenges, we introduce a novel estimator to enhance the transparency of similarity estimation. This approach integrates a patent's content with international patent classification (IPC), leveraging bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT), and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF). By integrating these techniques, we aim to improve knowledge discovery transparency in NLP across various IPC dimensions and incorporate more background knowledge into context similarity estimation. The experimental results demonstrate that our model is reliable, explainable, highly accurate, and practically usable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article undertakes a critical examination of the United Kingdom's National Security and Investment Act (NSIA) 2021, with a particular focus on its extraterritorial jurisdiction. Analysing NSIA's evolution, it categorizes its provisions in terms of scope, normative strength, and potential for reshaping the UK's national security approach amid global economic interactions. It provides a comparative analysis of the Act's foundational elements, such as 'qualifying entities' and 'qualifying assets', and assesses their international reach, as well as the challenges of NSIA's extraterritorial application, including conflicts with other nations' sovereignty, enforcement complexities, and international cooperation dynamics. It explores the integration of protective and economic sovereignty principles within the Act, signifying a shift from a security-centric to a more economically integrated approach. It concludes by discussing how international investment treaties and legal assistance agreements can optimize NSIA's extraterritorial aspects, balancing national security with international legal standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of National Palace Museum Research Quarterly is the property of National Palace Museum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Business research has rarely explored service innovation for the traditionally conservative legal industry. Using a resource-based and practice-based view blend as its theoretical backbone we develop an understanding of the parameters underpinning law firm innovation as a facilitator of operations management enhancement and possible source of entrepreneurship. The paper presents a survey answered by 106 legal professionals from 19 countries exploring four thematic areas referring to human capital, social capital, knowledge and technology transfer that were hypothesised to define innovation. Ordered probit regression modelling was used. Evidence is presented that cybersecurity threats, inadequate and limited training on IT, excessive paperwork and lack of efficient teamwork, collaboration and communication are key challenges to innovation adoption, which is a pathway to sustainable, inclusive and resilient firm growth. Firm size and internationalisation are innovation-altering factors; SMEs differ from large global firms in their ability to operate 'outside-the-box'. Our results recommend that legal enterprises need to adopt innovation as a robust transformation-enabling toolkit that could facilitate a performance-enhancing business ethos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: 1.8 million Veterans are estimated to need legal services, such as for housing eviction prevention, discharge upgrades, and state and federal Veterans benefits. While having ones legal needs met is known to improve ones health and its social determinants, many Veterans legal needs remain unmet. Public Law 116-315 enacted in 2021 authorizes VA to fund legal services for Veterans (LSV) by awarding grants to legal service providers including nonprofit organizations and law schools legal assistance programs. This congressionally mandated LSV initiative will award grants to about 75 competitively selected entities providing legal services. This paper describes the protocol for evaluating the initiative. The evaluation will fulfill congressional reporting requirements, and inform continued implementation and sustainment of LSV over time. METHODS: Our protocol calls for a prospective, mixed-methods observational study with a repeated measures design, aligning to the Reach Effectiveness Adoption Implementation Maintenance (RE-AIM) and Integrated Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (i-PARIHS) frameworks. In 2023, competitively selected legal services-providing organizations will be awarded grants to implement LSV. The primary outcome will be the number of Veterans served by LSV in the 12 months after the awarding of the grant. The evaluation has three Aims. Aim 1 will focus on measuring primary and secondary LSV implementation outcomes aligned to RE-AIM. Aim 2 will apply the mixed quantitative-qualitative Matrixed Multiple Case Study method to identify patterns in implementation barriers, enablers, and other i-PARIHS-aligned factors that relate to observed outcomes. Aim 3 involves a mixed-methods economic evaluation to understand the costs and benefits of LSV implementation. DISCUSSION: The LSV initiative is a new program that VA is implementing to help Veterans who need legal assistance. To optimize ongoing and future implementation of this program, it is important to rigorously evaluate LSVs outcomes, barriers and enablers, and costs and benefits. We have outlined the protocol for such an evaluation, which will lead to recommending strategies and resource allocation for VAs LSV implementation.

The development of information technology, especially in data management, can have a significant impact on improving efficiency and effectiveness in legal metrology services. Technological transformation not only changes how information is obtained but also fundamentally alters service systems for the public. A centralized web-based Legal Metrology Service System is being developed to streamline administrative data management and enhance services for individuals applying for metrological calibration and reverification. Therefore, this system is designed using the waterfall method, ensuring each development stage, from needs analysis to implementation and maintenance, is conducted in a structured and systematic manner. The primary objective of this research is to improve the quality of calibration and re-verification services in Legal Metrology at the Office of Trade and Industry in Jombang Regency. With this system in place, it is expected that administrative processes and data management in legal metrology will operate more effectively and efficiently, thereby delivering better services to the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the role of preventive legal advocacy in promoting justice for families and redefining child welfare to focus on family and community‐based systems which prioritize community‐based support and to forego government oversight, regulation and punishment? Given the timeline for systemic reforms and the necessity of providing access to justice for families presently struggling to protect their family autonomy, preventive legal advocacy is a critical piece of reform efforts and scholarly attention. This article advocates for the expansion of existing preventive legal advocacy models and legislation codifying early access to counsel with the goal of disrupting the traditional pathways into the child welfare and family regulation system, enforcing the rights of parents and children to their family autonomy and meaningfully supporting families to thrive. Key points for the family court community: Preventive legal advocacy can interrupt the traditional path of a child neglect or maltreatment report and investigation by identifying legal issues and providing civil legal support.Programs such as medical‐legal partnerships and early family defense provide a model for addressing the unmet legal needs and underlying issues which traditionally bring families into contact with the child welfare system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Race-and-class-subjugated communities continue to experience disproportionate police violence despite increased attention to this longstanding problem. This study examines how residents make sense of the legal issues that arise from these encounters and turn to civil law for assistance. I do so by unifying scholarship on police encounters, legal consciousness, and access to justice to consider the obstacles everyday people encounter when they consider filing a civil legal claim in the aftermath of police violence. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork and interviews with 24 residents and two attorneys specializing in police brutality, I find that all residents, but especially those who sought civil legal justice, experienced what this study calls a legal mirage—which occurs when a knowable legal process exists to pursue one's rights, but a variety of barriers (e.g., structural, human, financial) make that process unreachable. Three obstacles reinforced this mirage: difficulties obtaining competent representation, unresponsiveness when securing evidence, and frustration navigating municipal indemnification. I conclude by outlining the practical implications of this research for advocates looking to increase access to civil legal services and reduce police violence. Without these interventions, civil legal justice may remain elusive and beyond the reach of everyday people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurist-Diction is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the last two decades, there have been several helpful and progressive reforms dedicated to changing the landscape of sexual violence. Yet, survivors of sexual assault lack a voice in the criminal justice process. The support offered by victim advocates and coordinators allows victims to be seen but not heard by the court. This Note contends that the progressive step the criminal justice system must take is an independent victim's counsel program similar to the United States military. This Note proposes model legislation establishing an Independent Victim's Counsel program in federal and state criminal justice systems. It is time for legislators to do more by enabling survivors to be heard through independent counsel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The institution of service by a court enforcement officer has had a significant impact on the regularity of the service of court letters. The provisions introduced put an end to the so-called fiction of service on individuals, which meant that after two attempts at service, the court could assume that the document had been effectively served. It was recognized that this too often led to prejudice to the rights of defendants, in particular those who had not lived at the addresses indicated by the plaintiffs for a long time - often, due to the correct (fictitious) service of payment orders, they were obliged to pay the amounts resulting from final court decisions. Unfortunately, under the previous legislation, there were cases of claimants giving unverified or even false information. The legislator obligatorily introduced into the Polish legal order, in Article 1391 of the Code of Civil Procedure, the service of letters through a court bailiff in the event that a statement of claim or any other writ of summons that gives rise to the need to defend the rights of the defendant has not been effectively served on the defendant in accordance with 131-139 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Thus, the legislator, contrary to the principle of routine service, imposed the resulting obligations not on the procedural authority, but on the initiator of the proceedings in the case. This study aims to present the institution of the bailiff in Polish civil proceedings and discuss its advantages and disadvantages. It is particularly relevant in light of the changes introduced by the amendment of the CPC of 9 March 2023, effective from 1 July 2023, which are designed to improve this type of service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Athenaeum: Polskie Studia Politologiczne is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Security Studies Nicolaus Copernicus University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on developing a framework for researching and evaluating lay legal assistance programs to enhance access to justice. Topics include the historical context of lay legal assistance, the importance of evaluation for new justice initiatives, and contemporary challenges in understanding the effectiveness and impact of legal services provided by nonlawyers.

The article focuses on the ongoing access to justice crisis in America and explores potential solutions presented during a symposium hosted by various legal organizations. Topics include the historical development of civil legal services, the impact of administrative policies on disability benefits, and the role of community advocacy in ensuring fair legal representation.

Based on Komnas Perempuan's annual records in 2023, from the types of personal violence reported to service institutions, the level of dating violence cases is in the first place with 3,528 cases. According to data obtained from Cahaya Perempuan NGO during 2018-2023, victims of dating violence cases totaled 29 cases. The research aims to describe Cahaya Perempuan's efforts in handling women victims of violence in dating relationships. This research also explores the causes of violence and the reasons why victims report their cases. The research method used is a qualitative method approach with descriptive analysis type. Data collection techniques are in-depth interviews with semi-structured types and documentation studies in the form of statistical data, as well as other supporting data. The selection of informants was carried out by purposive sampling with five informants, namely two active activists of Cahaya Perempuan NGO and three informants of victims of dating violence. Data analysis techniques were carried out with data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The results showed that the efforts made by Cahaya Perempuan NGO in handling victims of violence against women in dating, namely information services, counseling, and legal consultation through advocates. This form of handling is adjusted to the needs of victims to be legally processed or only counseling or consulting assistance. Cahaya Perempuan NGO provides more handling of dating violence cases in the form of counseling or consulting assistance and information services to victims. Meanwhile, legal consultation efforts through advocates are carried out when victims need legal assistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research presented here was to diagnose the personal and social identity of young Poles living in Ireland and attending Polish schools, and to analyse the relationship of this identity with selected elements of the legal order. The main research problems were formulated in the form of questions: (1) What characterises the personal identity of the adolescents surveyed? (2) What is the social identity of the respondents? (3) What is the relationship of the respondents' personal and social identity to selected elements of the legal order? A diagnostic survey method, a survey technique and a research tool in the form of a survey questionnaire were used to realise the aim of the research and to answer the questions posed. The research was conducted among young Poles living in Ireland and attending Polish weekend schools (n=104). The analysis of the survey results shows that the identity of Polish young people is multifaceted and combines a strong sense of Polishness with living in Ireland. Key elements of identity include a sense of belonging to the Polish nation, their families and the larger European community, while recognising themselves as Irish residents. Furthermore, identity traits are shaped by place of birth, educational context and key elements of the legal order, such as adherence to the law and respect for human rights, highlighting their willingness to engage in socio-political life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research problem and purpose are the importance of scientific theories in the scientific study (Haliti-Mustafa et al., 2023) of the system in the Western Balkans. In a modern legal system, in harmony with the criteria and directives of the European Union (EU), the faster provision of legal services and the expansion of the forms of protection of interest rights in the current conditions are almost impossible to realize without the existence of a segment new law -- Institute of the Notary Service in the Western Balkans. The methods used in the paper to achieve the objectives are alternative methods and analysis of results as well as comparative and inductive, and deductive methods. The main findings of the paper are notarial systems, which analyze and present an overview of the role of notaries and their impact on issues and changes in notarial acts, and an overview of high-impact research for young researchers in the field of notarial systems. As a conclusion, the research results show the effectiveness of notaries in dealing with legal issues (Sariyev, 2022). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study is to provide substantiation for proposals to clarify the definition of the concept and elements of economic legal personality of virtual assets service providers. In light of the findings presented in the study, the author concludes that economic legal personality of service providers related to the circulation of virtual assets is the ability of service providers related to the circulation of virtual assets to be parties to economic legal relations - to participate in legal relations arising in the field of business through the exercise of economic competence (rights and obligations determined by law) and economic legal capacity (rights and obligations acquired voluntarily due to the need to carry out economic activities and enshrined in the relevant documents). In terms of their economic legal personality, virtual assets service providers are characterized by two key elements: economic competence and economic legal capacity. The moment when the general legal personality of service providers related to the turnover of virtual assets arises is the state registration of a business entity as a legal entity. In contrast, special legal personality will arise only after obtaining a permit, since the activities of service providers related to the turnover of virtual assets are subject to specific regulatory requirements. The provision of services related to the turnover of virtual assets is permitted only if a specific permit has been obtained, in accordance with the stipulations set forth in the Law of Ukraine «On Virtual Assets» (part 2 of Article 18). It has been determined that virtual assets service providers possess exclusive economic legal personality, encompassing an exhaustive list of permissible activities. These entities may only engage in activities authorized by the Law of Ukraine «On Virtual Assets,» upon acquiring the relevant permits. It may be inferred that obtaining such a permit simultaneously entails the prohibition against engaging in alternative business endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is focused on the problem of compensation of payment of a penalty for improper performance (non-performance) of the duties by the parties to legal services supply agreement. The author has indicated that the protection of the rights and interests of the subjects of civil relations, in accordance with the requirements of paragraphs 8, 9 of Part 2 of the Art. 16, paragraphs 3, 4 of Part 1 of the Art. 611 of the Civil Code of Ukraine, can be carried out by means of compensation of damage and other methods of compensation for property damage, compensation for moral (nonproperty) harm and award of a penalty. The analysis of case-law shows that compensation of damage by customers of legal services, along with termination of contracts, is ranked first within the structure of judicial protection methods in obligations to provide legal services. Talking about the compensation for moral harm and award of a penalty, such methods of protection are applied extremely rarely. Accordingly, the author believes that the problem of the responsibility of a provider of legal services, in particular the matter of classification of the appropriateness (or, on the contrary, inappropriateness) of performing own duties by this party of the obligation, causes the most problematic issues both from the point of view of the doctrine of civil law and legal enforcement practice. The author of the article has noted the possibility of applying a penalty for such types of offenses as delay in fulfilling the main obligation (delay in providing a legal service per se) and delay in returning funds to a customer. The legislation of Ukraine does not provide the possibility to apply a penalty in relation to improper (low-quality) service provision. Therefore, if a provider began to provide legal services in time, but provided them improperly, then the application of a penalty (fine) to his illegal behavior will be possible only if the contract concluded between the provider and the customer of legal services specifically stipulates a relevant term. Taking into account the known advantages in the position of legal services' providers regarding certain dictates of contractual terms at the stage of concluding contracts, such a penalty clause is unlikely to appear in such contracts. The difficulty of applying this type of a penalty is also explained by the problem of determining the criteria for assessing the quality of legal services' provision. As we have noted, there are no such clear criteria. Therefore, the application of a penalty (fine) for the "lowquality" legal service fulfilled by the provider is also complicated by objective reasons. The author has substantiated the provisions that the composing elements of an offense are required in order to apply a penalty in legal relations on supplying legal services. In contrast to compensation of damage, lesser form of an offense is sufficient for awarding a penalty: wrongfulness of the performer's behavior and his guilt. In order to avoid unnecessary repetition, we step aside from studying these aspects, since they are sufficiently thoroughly researched in the material of this subsection on compensation of damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article discusses the evolution of legal professionals and the implications of their changing work and practices on society. It introduces a conceptual framework that explores professional trajectories and professional spaces, and how these interact with various contexts. The text discusses the impact of new regulations, economic changes, and technological advancements on the legal profession. It also examines the influence of political movements and societal polarization on the legal profession. The special issue includes papers that focus on various empirical cases, such as the use of artificial intelligence in legal work, the professional trajectories of women in the legal labor market, and the career paths of lawyers involved in autocratic movements. The given document is a list of references and sources related to the legal profession and its relationship with technology, globalization, and societal changes. [Extracted from the article]

The prosecutor's authority does not only focus on prosecution but also includes the civil and state administrative fields, where the prosecutor acts as a State Attorney (JPN). The method used is empirical juridical, which involves direct research in the field related to the duties and functions of the Cirebon City District Attorney's Office in handling land disputes, especially in Case Number: 27/Pdt.G/2023/PN.Cbn. This research aims to reveal the existence of JPNs and their efforts in providing legal assistance as defendants representing government agencies in court. The results show that JPNs play an important role in representing government agencies, especially in the recovery of state assets related to land disputes. The implication of this research is the strengthening of the role of JPNs in legal disputes, which can strengthen efforts to protect state assets by government agencies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades, developing countries have faced international pressure to adopt the techniques and tactics consistent with the drug war. These have had profound and adverse consequences. While cannabis prohibition and drug control generally are topics that lend themselves to established comparative studies, engaging cannabis as a substantive topic engages numerous aspects of criminal justice systems. In this paper, we link cannabis to concepts related to recent formulations of international criminology. Next, we outline how the history of cannabis prohibition requires adopting a more critical global lens and consider the role of legal technical assistance to support countries renegotiating cannabis control in the twenty-first century. Beyond the formal tools and informal techniques commonly used within legal technical assistance, we argue expanding tolerance can disrupt the tendency for reform to expand social control. While embracing tolerance may serve as an antidote to some penal modalities, this must be combined with policies that regulate the aversion many feel toward cannabis and people who use it. Harm reduction provides a useful frame to combine these concepts and orient critical models of international criminology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]