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The problem of differences between national legal systems in the global context necessitates the creation of new methods of harmonisation and unification of legislation, especially in light of the accelerating globalisation processes. In the context of global and European integration, it is becoming increasingly important to promote the diversity of jurisdictions and provide answers to the main questions regarding the development of uniform contract law to preserve the role of law as a regulator of social relations at the supranational level. The following methods were used in the study: legal modelling, inductive, deductive, dialectical, formal-logical, and synergistic, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. The purpose of the article is to analyse the process of harmonisation of contract law in the European Union and to determine its impact on the legal system of the Member States.

The article argues that civil law is a branch of law which regulates property and personal non-property relations between individuals and/or legal entities based on the principles of equality, free expression of will and protection of rights and legitimate interests of participants to civil legal relations. Civil law includes rules that establish the basis for the creation, modification and termination of civil relations, as well as determine the procedure for the protection of violated civil rights. It has been stated that a civil contract as an institution of civil law is a voluntary agreement in which the parties to the contract express a single will aimed at establishing, changing or terminating civil rights and obligations and achieving certain civil law consequences in the appropriate form. The author identifies the following key features of a civil law contract (agreement): like any contract, it is concluded on a voluntary basis, however, its parties are equal and bear mutual responsibility for non-performance and/or improper performance of their obligations; the contract is personalised; stability of the contract (agreement) terms which remain in force until they are changed by agreement of the parties or until the contract expires in accordance with the stipulated terms; flexibility of terms and conditions, since the parties have the right to determine their own terms and conditions of the contract, in particular, price, terms, scope, etc.; the scope of a civil law contract is broad, and may include issues related to the sale and purchase of goods, services, loans, lease of property, etc.; a civil law contract is an important source of civil law.

The author proves that today it is advisable to develop a separate Law which would define the organizational and legal framework for the establishment and functioning of accreditation agencies. It has been noted that this law should not fully regulate all aspects of such agencies formation, organization and implementation of their control activities, but only define the general, most fundamental aspects of the legal status and work of these institutions. It has been noted that a necessary step to improve the organizational framework for exercising control over the quality of education is interaction and coordination in the system of subjects of such control, since today these aspects of the organization and functioning of the mechanism for controlling the quality of higher education are rather superficially regulated and do not provide a clear understanding of how this interaction takes place, what is the place of coordination in it, and who it is carried out by. It has been proven that it is necessary to define the conceptual foundations of interaction and coordination of subjects of control over the quality of education and to develop an appropriate procedure on their basis, which should provide for the principles and objectives of interaction and coordination, forms and directions of its implementation, and subject composition. It is emphasized that the current approach to training experts, which involves two-day trainings, is unlikely to guarantee the provision of high-quality personnel (experts) to the subjects of the control under study. The low level of experts’ training results in the fact that their conclusions are often of poor quality. It has been noted that the problems in the work of experts are due to the fact that they do not always correctly understand their mission in this area, and are not formal in their approach to fulfilling their tasks and goals. This, in turn, is the result of insufficient training of experts. It is necessary to develop a conceptual framework for training experts in quality control of higher education, especially given the prospects for the introduction of independent accreditation agencies. It is important to train experts that the assessment is based on qualitative criteria and cannot be quantified. Therefore, it is impossible to ensure a truly objective assessment by checking only the availability of the necessary documents and the clarity of their provisions.

The paper aims to illustrate how, between the 19th and 20th centuries, the practice of archival inventory was established even in Italian municipalities, in relation to the calls of the Ministry of the Interior, the indications of a developing discipline and professional manuals exemplifying practices and models. Through the use of diagrams, we trace the development of the inventory in the local context, which initially has a patrimonial connotation, but gradually takes on a cultural function.

The article is devoted to the study of the pandemic as a legal prerequisite for the introduction of certain mechanisms for the observance of human rights in the conditions of emergency legal regimes and to the identification of certain features of the observance and guarantee of these rights. A number of domestic and foreign legal acts regulating the introduction of the state of emergency have been analyzed. The main purpose of introducing a state of emergency has been determined. The list of reasons for restricting human rights has been analyzed and attention has been drawn to international experience in preventing this negative phenomenon. It has been noted that each state operates with a sufficient amount of information in order to determine the level of public danger and thereby answer the question: if it is appropriate to limit human rights. State authorities within their competence are authorized to make decisions regarding the scope and nature of human rights restriction. The state, assessing a certain emergency situation, must do it correctly from the danger of the situation point of view and taking into account the relevant factors (whether there is public danger that threatens the life of the nation), if necessary, declare a state of emergency to combat it. A classification of legal regimes has been carried out, which include extraordinary and hybrid ones. It has been noted that the main difference between them lies in the constitutionalization of the first ones, which provide for a rather significant retreat of the state from ensuring a number of human and citizen rights and freedoms. Attention has been focused on the fact that, since a state of emergency can lead to the restriction of human rights, it is necessary to turn to the international experience of preventing this negative phenomenon. There are three main tools that human rights law uses to deal with emergencies: human rights exceptions; restriction of human rights; derogation of rights. Taking into account the peculiarities of the emergency situation, it is possible to limit the scope of human rights necessary to overcome the emergency situation, however, at the regulatory level, the list of constitutional rights and freedoms that may be limited and on what grounds should be clearly established.

The EU seeks to affirm itself as a major actor within the realm of international relations, trying to promote key democratic values throughout its network of diplomatic missions. Thus, EU’s foreign and internal policies are constructed as to commonly represent member states in global issues as a well-defined political entity of its own. It is through these lenses that we can observe the ways in which EU’s efforts, to remain a major global actor, are diminished because the entity lacks the force (self-reliant army) through which it could efficiently represent its military interests. The only military might, at EU’s disposal, being member state’s own troops, which can be deployed in emergency-related situations through the common security policy. As such, there are some foreign and defence ministers from the community block which are demanding, after the Afghanistan chaotic developments, an increased military independence for both the EU and its intervention forces. On a similar tone, Josep Borrell Fontelles, the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, believes that it is the right time for EU to form its own military corps. Furthermore, overseeing the emerging security contexts, to which NATO responded by engaging into an ample transformation and adaptation process, we can underline some key developments, which showcase the need to revaluate EU’s military efforts, especially in terms of using its capabilities and capacities as a primordial source of credibility. As citizens’ security remains one of Brussels’ main objectives, and one of the primordial European institutions’ responsibilities, they have put forward and accepted, almost two decades ago, the European Security Strategy, which has established, for the first time, tangible goals, and objectives when it comes to protecting EU’s interests in terms of security and defence. It is this document which transforms the current approach across the continent, and its analysis can prove a starting ground for punctual optimizations to take place, to gain resilience in the face of alternative or emerging threats and risks.

To clarify the essence and content of the concept “certification” a number of general theoretical approaches to the interpretation of this scientific category has been revealed. It has been proposed to understand the certification of employees of the National Police of Ukraine in different meanings: broad and narrow. The key features of attestation have been highlighted, which, in turn, include the fact that it is: 1) a legal procedure that is regulated and carried out primarily on the basis of the legislation, in particular general labor; 2) the procedure for assessing not only the qualifications, but also the business, political, psychological, moral and other qualities of the employee, which one must have to perform the duties; 3) a procedure that entails certain legal consequences in the form of a change or termination of labor relations between the employee and the employer. Based on the analysis of the current legislation, the shortcomings of the certification of police officers include the following. Firstly, the current attestation procedure is mostly disciplinary, as for most reasons it is used to decide on the future career of a police officer who has been the subject to a disciplinary sanction in the form of misconduct. Secondly, the attestation procedure does not provide for the obligatory involvement of representatives of the personnel support units of the police bodies in the attestation commissions, although in general attestation it is an important part of staffing. Thirdly, the legal framework governing the attestation procedure does not impose on attestation commissions the obligation to investigate the identity of the police officer being attested in the decision-making process, but only declares the need to take such information into account. Fourthly, the legislation on the police does not establish the principles and requirements for the procedure of attestation of NPU employees and does not include in its content the principles of general labor regulation of labor relations, therefore, this procedure could potentially violate the labor rights and responsibilities of police officers. The directions of the above-stated problems decision have been offered, which provides for changes and additions to both general and special labor legislation.

This work aims to carry out a survey on municipal legislation and other legal management instruments, related to the control and mitigation of urban floods and inundations in medium-sized municipalities in the state of Rio de Janeiro. In this context, 22 municipalities in the range between 100 and 500 thousand inhabitants were surveyed. Among the results obtained, it was found that only 13 municipalities had specific municipal legislation to mitigate the effects of inundations and urban floods. Approximately 59% of the analyzed municipalities had municipal legislation oriented to the local reality. There is a need to increase public policies and government incentives for the expansion of legal provisions in the municipalities analyzed.

The author in the article examined the impact of foreign direct investment on the development of the oil and gas industry in Kazakhstan from the time it gained independence to the present, because attraction of foreign inves-tors contributed to the restoration of oil and gas fields and led to the improvement of technological equipment and social infrastructure. The adoption of relevant regulations and the development of investment policies to determine the further development of oil and gas area is an urgent issue. The object of study has not lost its significance, on the contrary, in the current conditions of the crisis experienced by the world economy and the suspension of economic activity, questions of the development of the oil and gas industry not only in our country, but also in the entire world economy have become more acute and require theoretical rethinking. As a result, it is necessary to continue the study of the problems of directions and volumes of foreign direct investment in this industry.Scientific publications that analyze and predict the further development of the oil industry in modern conditions are becoming extremely necessary and in demand. The development of the industry determines, and in turn, depends on the revitalization of the entire world economy (as a stage of the world economic cycle), and the way out of the world economy from quarantine in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. World oil prices will depend on this, and hence the prospects for the analyzed scientific problem.The study showed that foreign direct investment contributed to geological exploration, improvement of oil and gas fields, construction of infrastructure in Kazakhstan and solved the problem of oil and gas export to foreign countries. However, the unequal position of national and foreign investors was observed in the oil and gas industry of Kazakhstan, as a result of which the most favorable position for the foreign investors was changed. Also, more than 62% of export earnings were oil and gas condensate. In the event of an outflow of capital from foreign investors, there is a danger to the stability of the economy of Kazakhstan. The results of the study should be taken into account in the development of the state investment plan.

Electronic commerce has established itself in recent years as one of the best marketing strategies globally for its efficiency and ability to bring producers and consumers closer together. However, the increase in the use of digital channels has generated a recent discussion in the legal community regarding the implications that this fact has on Competition Law. This note then aims to analyse the challenges facing free competition law in the scenario of new technologies and digital commerce. Moreover, this research note states that there are great difficulties for Competition Law since the consolidation of Big Tech also since these dilemmas are related to Ecuador as a consequence of its current regulations and the little technical expertise.

It has been emphasized that one of the means of overcoming the financial crisis is a properly functioning institution of bankruptcy. It has been found out that the efficiency of bankruptcy proceedings in Ukraine is low, due to the long duration of such a procedure and its high cost. The national legislation regulating bankruptcy procedures in Ukraine has been analyzed. Comparative and legal analysis of the Bankruptcy Procedure Code of Ukraine and other normative and legal acts regulating the scope of restoring the solvency of the debtor or his recognition as a bankrupt has been carried out. The contradictory and sometimes radically conflicting provisions of the Bankruptcy Procedure Code of Ukraine have been determined. It has been established that, although the Bankruptcy Procedure Code of Ukraine was adopted not so long ago, and it came into force almost a year ago, it was amended several times. It is evidence of improper normative and legal regulation of bankruptcy procedures, which, in particular, finds its manifestation in the absence of stability in the functioning of this sphere of public relations. It has been noted that the name of the Bankruptcy Procedure Code of Ukraine requires adjustment in regard its change into the Code of Ukraine on Procedures for Restoring the Debtor’s Solvency or Declaring Him Bankrupt, which will fully comply with the subject matter of its normative and legal regulation. Particular attention has been paid to the provisions of the Bankruptcy Procedure Code of Ukraine, which determine the features of its entry into force. It turns out that the Bankruptcy Procedure Code of Ukraine was in force for six months, but not enacted, which is a complete disregard for legal techniques. The instructions of the Bankruptcy Procedure Code of Ukraine on determining the features of normative and legal regulation of legal relations in the field of bankruptcy procedures have been analyzed. The author has suggested the following wording of Part 1 of the Art. 2 of the Bankruptcy Procedure Code of Ukraine: “Bankruptcy proceedings are regulated by the Constitution of Ukraine, International Treaties of Ukraine, the binding nature of which is approved by Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, this Code, the Commercial Procedural Code of Ukraine and other laws of Ukraine”.

This study aimed to obtain information about the knowledge and attitudes of veterinarians in the state of Paraíba, Brazil, regarding the care of abused animals, the profile of possible aggressors, and their perceptions of the relationship between animal maltreatment and interpersonal violence. For this purpose, an online survey containing 21 questions was made available to veterinarians registered in the Regional Veterinary Medicine Council of Paraíba (CRMV - PB). The chi-square test with a 5% significance level (p < 0.05) was used for statistical analysis. According to the interviewees, 70.7% (53/75) of the abuse victims were small animals. Negligence (68% [51/75]) and the absence of medical care (68% [51/75]) were the most evident forms of abuse. Furthermore, 82.7% (62/75) of them believed in the relationship between animal maltreatment and interpersonal violence. In addition, 90.7% (68/75) of the interviewees responded that they have not experienced technical difficulty in identifying maltreatment. However, 48% (36/75) stated to not know the animal abuse law, 90.7% (68/75) did not report the aggressors, and 81.3% (61/75) stated that the absence of measures by the competent public bodies makes it harder to report the abuse. This study concluded that these professionals will, at some point in their clinical routine, encounter situations of animal maltreatment and human violence, as they are in a privileged position to identify such acts. However, they need more normative knowledge about animal abuse crimes.