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Traditional coal gangue image detection methods require manual extraction of image features. The methods have low accuracy and practicality. The existing coal gangue target detection methods based on improved YOLO have improved in speed and precision, but they still cannot meet the real-time intelligent coal gangue sorting needs of belt conveyors in coal preparation plants. In order to solve the above problems, an improvement is made to the YOLOv5s model, and a YOLOv5s-SDE model was constructed. A method for coal gangue target detection of belt conveyors based on YOLOv5s-SDE is proposed. The YOLOv5s-SDE model enhances useful features, suppresses useless features, and improves the detection effect of small target coal gangue by adding squeeze-and-excitation (SE) module to the backbone network. The model replaces ordinary convolutions with depthwise separable convolutions to reduce parameter and computational complexity. The loss function of the bounding box regression CIoU is replaced by the EIoU. This improves the convergence speed and detection precision of the model. The results of the ablation experiment show that the YOLOv5s-SDE model has a detection accuracy of 87.9% for coal gangue images, a mean average precision (mAP) of 92.5%, and a detection speed of 59.9 frames/s. It can effectively detect coal and gangue, meeting real-time detection requirements. Compared with the YOLOv5s model, the accuracy of the YOLOv5s-SDE model decreases by 2.3%, the mAP increases by 1.3%, the number of parameters decreases by 22.2%, the calculation amount decreases by 24.1%, and the detection speed increases by 6.4%. The comparative experimental results of similar improved models show that the detection precision of YOLOv5s-STA model and YOLOv5s-Ghost model is significantly lower. The detection performance of the YOLOv5s-SDE model, YOLOv5s model and YOLOv5s-CBAM model is generally similar. But in the case of motion blur and low lightning, the overall detection performance of the YOLOv5s-SDE model is better.