Search

Additional file 2: Supplementary Table S2. Search strategy used in PubMed/ Scopus/ Web of Science / the Cochrane library/ Embase online database. Supplementary Table S3. Important results on the swelling degree of joints and blood biochemical index from studies without meta-analyzed. Supplementary Fig. S1. Quality assessment of included studies using SYRCLE’s risk of bias tool. Supplementary Figure S2. Funnel plot for the association between nanoparticles and allopurinol. Supplementary Figure S3. Funnel plot for the association between nanoparticles and the model group.

Additional file 1: Supplementary Table S1. PRISMA 2020 Checklist.

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) can improve the quality of life of patients with kidney disease and prolong survival. However, peritoneal fibrosis can often occur and lead to PD withdrawal. Therefore, it is imperative to better understand how to inhibit and slow down progression of peritoneal fibrosis. This study aimed to investigate the regulatory effect of Saikosaponin d (SSD), a monomer extracted from the plant Bupleurum, on peritoneal fibrosis and the contribution of TGFβ1/BMP7/Gremlin1 pathway cross-talk in this process. To this aim, we used a model 5/6 nephrectomy and peritoneal fibrosis in rats. Rats were divided into four groups, namely a control group (saline administration); a model group (dialysate administration; group M); a SSD group (dialysate and SSD administration); and a positive drug group (dialysate and Benazepril Hydrochloride administration; group M + A). Histological analysis indicated that peritoneal fibrosis occurred in all groups. WB, ELISA, and PCR essays suggested that TGFβ1 and Gremlin1 levels in group M were significantly higher than those in group C, whereas BMP7 expression was significantly lower. TGFβ1, Gremlin1 and BMP7 levels were significantly lower in the group where SSD was administered than in the other groups. The expression of BMP7 in SSD group was significantly increased. In addition, levels of Smad1/5/8 as assessed by PCR, and levels of p-Smad1/5/8 expression as assessed by WB were also significantly higher in the SSD group than in the M group. Expression of vimentin and α-SMA, two important markers of fibrosis, was also significantly decreased. Our study suggests a role for the TGFβ1/BMP7/Gremlin1/Smad pathway in peritoneal fibrosis with potential therapeutic implications. Finally, our results also suggest that the monomer SSD may be able to reverse peritoneal fibrosis via regulation of the TGFβ1/BMP7/Gremlin1/Smad pathway.

Residual stress produced in wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is considerably complicated due to complex thermal process. Generally, the tensile residual stress often causes stress corrosion cracking and brittle fracture of fabricated components. It is necessary to investigate the thermal stress evolution and residual stress distribution of parts built in WAAM. In present work, a transient three-dimensional model is developed to research the thermal stress evolution and residual stress distributions of a circular thin-walled part. Meanwhile, the residual stresses generated in the substrate and deposited layers are measured by the hole-drilling method to verify the effectiveness of the model. The simulation result reveals that there exists a stress-releasing effect on the layers near the arc starting and ending points due to the special thermal characteristics of the circular component, and the features of residual stress distribution in different locations of the component are various. Along the fabrication path, the residual stresses of the component present larger fluctuations in the zones around the arc starting and ending points and exhibit smaller fluctuations in the areas nearby the midpoint. The residual stress distributions of the part from the simulation results offer a better understanding of the complex thermo-mechanical mechanisms in WAAM.

Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Hydrodynamic diameters and PDI of CNSD after storage in 1�� PBS buffer (pH = 7.4) during 10 days (n = 3). Fig. S2. NIR images of CNS0, CNSC, CNSJ, and CNSD ([CuS] = 100 ��g mL-1) under the NIR-II laser irradiation (1064 nm, 1.0 W cm���2) for 5 min. Fig. S3. The time constant for heat transfer from the system is determined by applying the linear time data from the cooling period of (a) versus the negative natural logarithm of driving force temperature. Fig. S4. Release of CpG from CNSD with or without laser irradiation (1064-nm, 1 W cm���2) for 5 min (the concentrations of CuS and CpG for CNSD were 100 and 2.3 ��g/mL, respectively). Fig. S5. Schematic illustration of the synthesis of ICG-loaded CNS nanoparticles (CNS0@ICG, CNSC@ICG, CNSJ@ICG, CNSD@ICG) for tracing the nanoparticle trajectory. Fig. S6. UV-vis absorption spectrums of CNS0@ICG, CNSC@ICG, CNSJ@ICG, and CNSD@ICG. Fig. S7. Fluorescence intensity of 4T1 cells treated with PBS (control) or various ICG-loaded CNS nanoparticles ([ICG] = 20 ��g mL���1) for 24 h via flow cytometry. Fig. S8. Relative mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CRT in Panc02 cells after different treatments. Fig. S9. The NIR fluorescence imaging of xenograft Panc02tumor-bearing C57BL/6 living mice at 0, 8, 24, and 36 h after systemic administration of CNS@ICG through tail-vein administration (0.2 mL, [ICG] = 2 mg kg-1). The fluorescence images were collected with excitation at 710 nm and emission at 790 nm, and the tumors were marked by white circles. (b) The fluorescence intensity of tumor regions of mice at different post-injection times of (n = 3). Fig. S10. (a) NIR thermal photos of 4T1 tumor-bearing mice under laser irradiation at 24 h post-injection of PBS, CNS0, CNSC, CNSJ, and CNSD through tail-vein injection (0.2 mL, the concentration of CuS = 300 ��g/mL for CNS0, CNSC, CNSJ, and CNSD); (b) Temperature elevation curves of tumors in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice after administration of Control (PBS), CNS0, CNSC, CNSJ and CNSD under NIR-II laser illumination (1064 nm, 1W cm-2, 5 min). Fig. S11. Gating strategies for flow cytometry assay of matured CD80+CD86+ DCs in tumor-draining lymph nodes of Panc02 tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice. Fig. S12. Western-blot analysis of JQ1-induced downregulation of PD-L1 in Panc02 cells (200 nM of JQ1 and 100 ng/ml of IFN-��). Fig. S13. Gating strategy for flow cytometry assay of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in distant tumors of Panc02 tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice. Fig. S14. A volcano plot showing the up-regulated or insignificantly expressed or down-regulated genes when comparing the CNSD-treated group with the Control (PBS) group. Fig. S15. Body weights of Panc02 tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice in different groups within 14 days of treatment (Control (PBS), CNS0, CNSC, CNSJ and CNSD, 0.2 mL, [CuS] = 300 ��g/mL, n = 5). Fig. S16. Body weights of 4T1 tumor-bearing Balb/c mice in different groups within 14 days of treatment (Control (PBS), CNS0, CNSC, CNSJ and CNSD, 0.2 mL, [CuS] = 300 ��g/mL, n = 5). Fig. S17. Representative histological H&E staining images of major organs (heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney) were collected from Panc02 tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice in different treatment groups at the end of treatment (Control (PBS), CNS0, CNSC, CNSJ and CNSD, 0.2 mL, [CuS] = 300 ��g/mL). The scale bar represents 50 ��m. Fig. S18. Representative histological H&E staining photos of major organs (heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney) in healthy C57BL/6 mice before treatment (Control) and after tail-intravenous injection of CNSD (0.2 mL, [CuS] = 00 ��g/mL) for 15 (Day 15) and 30 days (Day 30). The scale bar represents 50 ��m. Fig. S19. The levels of (a) alanine aminotransferase (ALT), (b) aspartate aminotransferase (AST), (c) ��-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), (d) urea, (e) creatinine (CREA), (f) red blood cells (RBC), (g) hemoglobin (HGB), (h) mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), (i) hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), (j) red cell distribution width (RDW-SD), (k) red cell volume distribution width (RDW-CV), (l) platelet (PLT), (m) plateletcrit (PCT), (n) mean platelet volume (MPV), and (o) platelet distribution width (PDW) in the blood of healthy C57BL/6 mice before treatment (D0) and after tail-intravenous administration of CNSD (0.2 mL, [CuS] = 300 ��g/mL) for 15 (D15), and 30 days (D30) (n = 3).

A finite element model is developed to calculate the heat propagation of a circular thin-walled component fabricated in gas metal arc welding based additive manufacturing. The heat evolution, thermal cycle feature, and temperature gradient in molten pool and deposited layers are revealed. The temperature simulations at some locations are in agreement with measured values from thermocouples. As the deposition process proceeds, the high-temperature regions of the substrate and molten pool increase. The temperature gradient in the molten pool decreases with the increasing deposition height. The heat dissipation condition in the molten pool of current layer tightly depends on the deposition direction of fore layer. At the deposition ending moment, the heat conduction in the axial direction is the predominant heat dissipation orientation, whereas the circumferential orientation becomes the main heat dissipation direction in the top layers.

Reducing thermal stress and preventing cracking of fabricated parts have been key issues in wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). It is believed that complex thermal behavior in WAAM is a significant cause for thermal stress and cracking of components. Substrate preheating is an efficient approach to treat these issues. A 3D transient heat transfer model of a circular ten-layer single-pass part was built to investigate the thermal behavior in gas metal arc welding (GMAW) based additive manufacturing. Meanwhile, the validation experiment was carried out to check the effectiveness of the finite element model through thermal cycle tests. The simulated thermal cycle curves matched the experimental results well. The effect of substrate preheating on thermal behavior was studied by the verified model. The modeling results show that substrate preheating can make the thermal cycles much smoother and decrease the cooling rate of the molten pool. The maximum temperature gradient in the molten pool decreases with the increasing substrate preheating temperature. At the deposition ending moment, preheating can increase the temperatures of deposited layers, whereas it has little effect on the temperature gradient distribution of the layers.

Fabricating geometrical-feature parts using gas metal arc welding (GMAW) additive manufacturing with flat position deposition free from a turn table are proposed through deposition of inclined thin-walled components. During the fabrication process, the torch direction was always maintained perpendicular to the substrate. The definition of inclination angle was presented. Forces of a force model for a pending molten pool were analyzed. Influences of offset distance, wire feed rate, and travel speed on the inclination angle were revealed and discussed. The maximum inclination angle increases along with the travel speed and decreases along with the wire feed rate. A 104-layered cylindrical thin-walled part with geometrical features was fabricated by the proposed approach. Possible sources of fabrication error were presented.