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Background: It is necessary to enhance understanding and attitudes towards puberty and reproductive health within the framework of the culture and beliefs of the community. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of school-based education compared with family-based education on puberty health behaviors in teenage girls.Methods: In 2018, an experimental field study was conducted on 272 high school girl students who were selected through multi-stage sampling method. A questionnaire was used for collecting the data. Face and content validity of the questionnaire was determined by nine health and fertility education experts. Content validity ratio and index were calculated by Lawshe and Walts and Basel methods. The test-retest method and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were used for checking the reliability of the questionnaire. The Cronbach’s alpha for knowledge, attitude and behavior was 0.81, 0.92, and 0.73, respectively; also, ICC for all questions was 0.81. The students completed the questionnaire in two stages. Interventions were conducted for mothers, teachers and students through lecture and group discussion. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Chi-Square, Paired T-test, ANOVA and ANCOVA were used for data analysis.Results: The results showed that after the intervention, knowledge, attitude and behavior scores were significantly higher, and the increase in the school-centered group was more than the family-centered group. Also, there was no significant difference in the mean scores in the control group.Conclusions: School engagement allows for the implementation of effective interventions to enhance menstrual management, ultimately leading to a decrease in negative psychosocial outcomes through improved interactions in the classroom.

Objective(s): Gene therapy is a hopeful approach for treatment of a wide range of life threatening disease from infectious and inherited diseases to cancer. Multifunctional Envelope-type Nano Device (MEND) is a new carrier as non-viral genetic vector. Moreover, associating peptide structures with the nuclear localization signals (NLSs), which contains various functional groups enables them to condense DNA and specifically transfer genetic material to the nucleus.Materials and Methods: In this study, two forms of low molecular weight protamine (LMWP) were used for preparation of MEND carrier. The MEND carriers were then targeted with GE11 ligand to obtain T-MEND structure. The size distribution of the resulting nanoparticles, as well as their transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity, were investigated on the A549 cell line.Results: Results demonstrated that the size of polyplex carrier’s formulation by both peptides (VV45 and VV32) was below 200 nm and MEND formulations were between 200-300 nm. T-MEND formulations contained VV32 and VV45 peptides showed slightly higher transfection than similar MEND formulations. Also, MEND formulation showed increased transfection efficiency compared to similar PD complexes. The result of metabolic activity test showed that MEND lipopolyplex did not represent any remarkable cytotoxicity.Conclusion: It can be concluded that multifunctional carriers designed based on LMWP are considered as the safe carrier for gene delivery. Presence of protamine and targeted ligand in the nanoparticulate structure did not increase the risk of cytotoxicity of carriers. So, MEND and T-MEND lipoplexes showed low cytotoxicity and acceptable transfection efficiency at the level of PEI 25 kDa.

Objective(s): Zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) nanostructures, due to their capability of easy surface modification, are considered interesting structures for delivery. In the present study, the surfaces of UIO-66 and NH2-UIO-66 MOFs were modified by polyethyleneimine (PEI) 10000 Da, and their efficiency for plasmid delivery was evaluated. Materials and Methods: Two different approaches, were employed to prepare surface-modified nanoparticles. The physicochemical characteristics of the resulting nanoparticles, as well as their transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity, were investigated on the A549 cell line. Results: The sizes of DNA/nanocarriers for PEI-modified UIO-66 (PEI-UIO-66) were between 212–291 nm and 267–321 nm for PEI 6-bromohexanoic acid linked UIO-66 (PEI-HEX-UIO-66). The zeta potential of all was positive with the ranges of +16 to +20 mV and +23 to +26 mV for PEI-UIO-66 and PEI-HEX-UIO-66, respectively. Cellular assay results showed that the PEI linking method had a higher rate of gene transfection efficiency with minimal cytotoxicity than the wet impregnation method. The difference between transfection of modified nanoparticles compared to the PEI 10 kDa was not significant but the PEI-HEX-UIO-66 showed less cytotoxicity. Conclusion: The present study suggested that the post-synthetic modification of MOFs with PEI 10000 Da through EDC/NHS+6-bromohexanoic acid reaction can be considered as an effective approach for modifying MOFs’ structure in order to obtain nanoparticles with better biological function in the gene delivery process.

Abstract Objective This study aimed to evaluate the impact of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from propolis on the formation of Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms. Material and Methods AgNPs were synthesized from propolis, and their inhibitory effect on P. gingivalis biofilm formation was assessed. Different concentrations of AgNPs (0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5%) were tested to determine the dose‐dependent antibacterial activity. Results The results of this study indicated that AgNPs exhibited an inhibitory effect on P. gingivalis biofilm formation. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs was dose‐dependent, with concentrations of 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% showing effectiveness. Notably, the concentration of 0.5% demonstrated the most significant anti‐biofilm formation activity. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that AgNPs synthesized from propolis have potential as an effective option for enhancing periodontal treatment outcomes. The inhibitory effect of AgNPs on P. gingivalis biofilm formation highlights their potential as alternative antimicrobial agents in the management of periodontal diseases.

Since the last decades, soil erosion and wildfires are significant threats to most societies and results in the loss of fertile layers and, consequently, in productivity. Changes in soil moisture and stability of soil grains, both in the short- and long-terms after a wildfire occurs, should be also considered as a parameter because they play a key role in plant growth and nutrition too. Adding conditioners to soil also helps to reduce runoff and nutrient losses, which is necessary for the sustainable use of water and ecosystem services. Therefore, the current research was conducted to assess the impacts of zeolite (microporous, crystalline aluminosilicate material commonly applied as commercial adsorbent and catalysts) conservation treatment with diverse amounts (0, 250, 500 and 750 g m−2; Z0 Z1, Z2 and Z3, respectively) on changes of runoff and sediment yield in burned soils with different amounts (250, 500, 750 and 1000 g m−2; F1, F2, F3 and F4, respectively) under laboratory conditions. The experiments were conducted using rainfall simulations with an intensity of 50 mm h−1. The results showed that the highest changes percent of time to runoff (s), runoff volume (l), and soil loss (g) variables after zeolite application at different rates of fire was observed in F4Z3 treatment with 114.94, 76.61 and 82.60%, respectively. We conclude that these results can be useful for a better understanding of the relationships between the fire effects on runoff and sediment considering innovative application of control measures nin-tested to date.

Objective(s): BCG vaccine has no longer been appreciated to immunize against tuberculosis, worldwide, so novel appropriate adjuvants have been dedicated to improve immune responses. This study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of ISCOMATRIX as an adjuvant to stimulate potent humoral and cellular immune responses of the PPE17 loaded alginate coated nanoparticles through subcutaneous and intranasal vaccination. Materials and Methods: Size, polydispersity index, and morphology of the resulting colloidal particles were explored by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The cellular and/or humoral immune stimulation properties of ISCOMATRIX adjuvant were measured by measuring the level of IFNγ, IL-4, IL-17, and TGFβ in spleen cell cultures and IgG1 and IgG2a in serum and sIgA in nasal lavage of immunized mice, respectively. Results: The spherical cage-like particles of ISCOMATRIX adjuvant have optimal size of 59±6 nm appropriate for an immune adjuvant vaccine. ISCOMATRIX induced robust Th1 (IFN-γ) and IL-17 cytokine response also significant IgG2a and IgG1antibodies in both subcutaneous and intranasal routes and elicited mucosal sIgA response when administered intranasally. As a booster for BCG, ISCOMATRIX induced immune responses only in subcutaneous route. Conclusion: These findings indicate that ISCOMATRIX is a promising adjuvant with the potential for increasing cellular and humoral immunity both after subcutaneous and intranasal administration.

Breast cancer is the most common cause of death from cancer among women. The triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most invasive subtype, and chemotherapy is the only therapy option. Cancer cells preferably utilize the glycolysis pathway even with proper oxygen availability, and this activation plays a great role in tumorigenesis. Therefore, glycolysis targeting can be an effective strategy for cancer treatment. Here, the apoptotic effect of a glycolysis inhibitor named dichloroacetate (DCA) on TNBC cells MDA-MB-231 was assessed, and the expression of anti-apoptotic genes and oncogenic miRNAs was evaluated. MTT assay showed that DCA reduces cell viability in a dose-dependent manner with the IC50 concentration of 50 mM. Annexin/PI assay demonstrated that DCA due to DCA treatment. Finally, the expression of anti-apoptotic genes Bcl2l1 and Mcl1 and oncogenic miRNAs miR21 and miR27a decreased due to DCA treatment. Our results confirmed that DCA, as a glycolysis inhibitor, leads to apoptosis induction in TNBC cells because of reducing expression of viability genes and miRNAs.

Identification of sediment resources and their associated pollutants and contribution separation of land uses / land cover in sediment production is a valuable tool in spatial prioritization of soil conservation practices at watersheds. The present study was conducted with aim of bed sediment Fingerprinting using the geochemical method in Vaz watershed in Mazandaran Province. Thirty soil samples from different land covers were collected as sediment sources, and a sample of bed sediment at the basin outlet was measured. The geochemical characteristics including 59 elements were measured using ICP-OES. Then, using the combination of range tests, Kruskal-Valis and DFA test in FingerPro package at R software, 15 elements including K, Li, P, V, Cr, Fe, Cu, Ga, Ge, Rb, Sb, Ba, Nd, Ta, and W were selected as the optimal tracers. The results with a goodness index of fit of 78.31 showed that the contributions of agricultural, rangeland, forest, and stream bank lands in the bed sediment yield were with rates of 2.77, 3.61, 12.14, and 73.84 %, respectively. Finally, the relative contribution of each source in sediment yield for each hectare was calculated and the results showed that stream bank and rangeland with the relative contribution of 0.43 and 0.0008 percent for each hectare have the highest and lowest participation in sediment yield, respectively.

Abstract Suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) family comprises a group of proteins that impede JAK/STAT signalling, thus being involved in the pathogenesis of immune-related conditions. In the present work, we aimed at identification of the role of SOCS genes in the pathogenesis of periodontitis through evaluation of their expression levels both in the circulation and in the affected tissues of patients. Thus, we measured expression levels of SOCS1-3 and SOCS5 transcripts in the blood and gingival samples of patients with periodontitis in comparison with control samples obtained during dental crown lengthening. Expressions of SOCS1, SOCS2, SOCS3 and SOCS5 genes were similar between gingival tissues of patients and controls. However, our results demonstrated under-expression of SOCS1 in blood samples of patients compared with controls (Ratio of mean expression (RME) = 0.47, P value = 0.04). The same pattern was observed among female subjects (RME = 0.38, P value = 0.04). SOCS2 was down-regulated in blood samples of female patients compared with female controls (RME = 0.22, P value = 0.04). SOCS3 was also under-expressed in the circulation of total cases versus total controls (RME = 0.29, P value = 0.02) and in female patients compared with female controls (RME = 0.19, P value = 0.04). Expression of SOCS5 was not different between blood samples two study groups. SOCS2 had the best function in separation of affected tissues from unaffected ones (AUC = 0.66, sensitivity = 0.39, specificity = 0.83). SOCS3 was superior to other transcripts in differentiation of blood samples of patients from normal blood samples (AUC = 0.69, sensitivity = 0.81, specificity = 0.68). Combination of transcript levels of SOCS1, SOCS2, SOCS3 and SOCS5 genes enhanced the AUC values to 0.64 and 0.67 in tissue and blood specimens, respectively. Taken together, certain SOCS genes have been found to be dysregulated in the circulation of patients with periodontitis.

Objectives: The periodontal disease during pregnancy is considered to be significant because not only does it affect the tissues supporting the teeth, but also it is connected with systemic conditions such as adverse pregnancy outcomes. The present study aimed at assessing periodontal disease in pregnant women and other relevant demographic factors. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study that was conducted among 275 pregnant women visiting the health centers in Arak, Iran, in 2021. Cluster random sampling method was used to select the samples. The demographic information was gathered and periodontal statues was examined using the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). The data were analyzed by SPSS18 software, using logistic regression. Results: According to the results, 55.4% of the pregnant women had periodontal disease (CPI>0). Bleeding on probing (BOP), dental calculus, and periodontal pocket depth (PPD) between 4 and 5 mm were observed of 17.5%, 36.4%, 5.1% of women, respectively. No periodontal pocket deeper than 6mm was observed. Brushing frequency was the main predictor for gingival health, and the women with under diploma education (OR: 2.26, 95% CI: 1.14-4.48) and having one or more children were (OR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.02-1.94) more likely to have periodontal disease than women with academic education or having no children. Conclusion: According to the findings, pregnant women were not in good health condition in terms of periodontal disease. Considering the demographic and behavioral differences, designing the health promotion programs during pregnancy is recommended.

Abstract Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory respiratory disease. Psychiatric disorders, including anxiety are associated with poorer treatment response and disease control in asthmatic patients. To date, there is no experimental evidence describing the role of peripheral inflammation on the oscillatory activities in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA), two major brain structures modulating anxiety. In the present work we evaluated lung and brain inflammatory responses, anxiety-like behavior, in association with oscillatory features of the ACC-BLA circuit in an animal model of allergic inflammation. Our data showed that allergic inflammation induced anxiety-like behavior and reactivation of microglia and astrocytes in ACC and BLA. Allergic inflammation also enhanced neuronal activities and functional connectivity of the ACC-BLA circuit which were correlated with the level of anxiety. Together, we suggest that disruption in the dynamic oscillatory activities of the ACC-BLA circuit, maybe due to regional inflammation, is an underlying mechanism of allergic asthma-induced anxiety-like behavior. Our findings could pave the way for better understanding the neuro-pathophysiology of the psychiatric disorders observed in asthmatic patients, possibly leading to develop novel treatment strategies.

Given the emergence of resistant bacterial strains and novel microorganisms that globally threaten human life, moving toward new treatment modalities for microbial infections has become a priority more than ever. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been introduced as a promising and non-invasive local and adjuvant treatment in several oral infectious diseases. Its efficacy for elimination of bacterial, fungal, and viral infections and key pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Candida albicans, and Enterococcus faecalis have been investigated by many invitro and clinical studies. Researchers have also investigated methods of increasing the efficacy of such treatment modalities by amazing developments in the production of natural, nano based, and targeted photosensitizers. As clinical studies have an important role in paving the way towards evidence-based applications in oral infection treatment by this method, the current review aimed to provide an overall view of potential clinical applications in this field and summarize the data of available randomized controlled clinical studies conducted on the applications of aPDT in dentistry and investigate its future horizons in the dental practice. Four databases including PubMed (Medline), Web of Science, Scopus and Embase were searched up to September 2022 to retrieve related clinical studies. There are several clinical studies reporting aPDT as an effective adjunctive treatment modality capable of reducing pathogenic bacterial loads in periodontal and peri-implant, and persistent endodontic infections. Clinical evidence also reveals a therapeutic potential for aPDT in prevention and reduction of cariogenic organisms and treatment of infections with fungal or viral origins, however, the number of randomized clinical studies in these groups are much less. Altogether, various photosensitizers have been used and it is still not possible to recommend specific irradiation parameters due to heterogenicity among studies. Reaching effective clinical protocols and parameters of this treatment is difficult and requires further high quality randomized controlled trials focusing on specific PS and irradiation parameters that have shown to have clinical efficacy and are able to reduce pathogenic bacterial loads with sufficient follow-up periods.

Abstract Background Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder with a complex etiology. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to affect pathoetiology of periodontitis. We aimed at identification of expression of five lncRNAs, namely Linc0116, Linc00667, CDK6-AS1, FENDRR and DIRC3 in the circulation and gingival tissues of these patients compared with healthy controls. Methods In a pilot case–control study, we compared expressions of Linc0116, Linc00667, CDK6-AS1, FENDRR and DIRC3 lncRNAs between blood and tissue samples of patients with periodontitis and healthy controls using real time quantitative PCR technique. The present work was performed on samples got from 26 patients with periodontitis and 28 controls. Female/male ratio was 16/10 and 12/16 in cases and controls, respectively. Results There was no significant difference in the expressions of Linc0116, Linc00667, CDK6-AS1, FENDRR and DIRC3 genes between affected and unaffected tissues. However, expressions of Linc0116, Linc00667, CDK6-AS1, FENDRR and DIRC3 genes were significantly lower in the blood samples of patients when compared with control samples (Ratio of mean expression = 0.16, 0.14, 0.13, 0.10 and 0.14, respectively). Subsequently, we compared expressions of these lncRNAs between patients and controls in a sex-based manner. Expressions of Linc00667, FENDRR and DIRC3 genes were significantly lower in female patients compared with female controls (RME = 0.09, 0.07 and 0.10, respectively). Yet, there was no significant difference in expression of any of mentioned lncRNAs among male subgroups. Consistent with the similar levels of Linc0116, Linc00667, CDK6-AS1, FENDRR and DIRC3 in tissue samples of patients and controls, none of them could separate these two sets of samples. However, AUC values for of Linc0116, Linc00667, CDK6-AS1, FENDRR and DIRC3 expression levels in blood samples were 0.66, 0.72, 0.70, 0.72, 0.70 and 0.68, respectively with FENDRR having the best sensitivity value. Conclusion Taken together, lncRNAs might be involved in the pathologic events in the circulation of patients with periodontitis.

Periodontitis is a common oral disorder leading to tooth loss in both developed and developing regions of the world. This multifactorial condition is related to the abnormal activity of several molecular pathways, among them are oxytocin-related pathways. In this study, we enrolled 26 patients and 28 controls and assessed the expression of four oxytocin-related genes, namely, FOS, ITPR, RCAN1, and RGS2, in circulation and affected tissues of enrolled individuals using real-time PCR. Expression of FOS was downregulated in total periodontitis tissues compared with total control tissues [ratio of mean expression (RME) = 0.23, P-value = 0.03]. Expression of FOS was also lower in total blood samples of patients compared with total controls. Expression of ITPR was downregulated in total periodontitis tissues compared with total control tissues (RME = 0.16, P-value = 0.01). Moreover, the expression of ITPR was reduced in total blood samples of patients compared with controls (RME = 0.25, P-value = 0.03). Expression of RCAN1 was downregulated in total periodontitis tissues compared with total control tissues (RME = 0.17, P-value = 0.01). However, the expression of RCAN1 was not different in blood samples of affected vs. unaffected individuals. Finally, the expression of RGS2 was lower in total periodontitis tissues compared with total control tissues (RME = 0.24, P-value = 0.01) and in total blood samples of affected individuals compared with controls (RME = 0.42, P-value = 0.05). This study provides data about the association between expressions of oxytocin-related genes and the presence of periodontitis. Future studies are needed to unravel the mechanistic links and find the correlation between expressions of these genes and the pathological stage of periodontitis.

Background. This systematic review aimed to determine the effectiveness and outcomes of immediate loading methods for short dental implants. Methods. The authors independently conducted an electronic search in the PubMed, Embase, EBSCO, ProQuest, and Cochrane databases for relevant articles published until November 15, 2020. The references of the included studies were assessed, and a manual search was conducted in Google Scholar and PubMed to find additional relevant studies. Results. Finally, three studies were selected and included in this systematic review. Significant heterogeneity existed in the design of the included studies, and due to the low number of the included studies, the authors could not perform a meta-analysis. The studies showed that the survival rate of immediate-loaded short implants is comparable to conventional loading methods. However, more marginal bone loss is expected. Overall, the immediate loading of short dental implants might be clinically successful. Conclusion. Based on the results, immediate loading protocols might be safely used for short implants. However, caution should be exercised in interpreting these results. Future welldesigned randomized clinical trials with more participants and study power are necessary to support the findings of this systematic review.

Abstract Background Photobiomodulation is widely being used to improve the wound healing process in dentistry and a vast majority of studies have proven its benefits. But there are plenty of knowledge gaps according to the optimal laser characteristics which should be used to maximize the healing effects of lasers. The goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) as an adjunctive treatment to periodontal therapies to evaluate secondary intention gingival wound healing and post-operative pain. Methods Five databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, ProQuest, and Web of Sciences) were searched up to November 30, 2020, for clinical trials that reported the result of the application of PBM on secondary gingival healing wounds and post-operative pain and discomfort after periodontal surgeries. Two independent reviewers selected the eligible studies and the outcomes of interest were extracted. The quality of eligible studies was assessed using the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Results Ultimately, twelve studies were included in this review. The application of PBM as an adjunct to periodontal surgeries resulted in a significant improvement in wound healing indices. The Landry wound healing index at the 7th post-operative day was significantly improved (SMD = 1.044 [95% CI 0.62–1.46]; p

Objectives: The current study aimed to perform an in vivo examination using a critical-size periodontal canine model to investigate the capability of a 3D-printed soft membrane for guided tissue regeneration (GTR). This membrane is made of a specific composition of gelatin, elastin, and sodium hyaluronate that was fine-tuned and fully characterized in vitro in our previous study. The value of this composition is its potential to be employed as a suitable replacement for collagen, which is the main component of conventional GTR membranes, to overcome the cost issue with collagen. Methods: Critical-size dehiscence defects were surgically created on the buccal surface of the roots of canine bilateral mandibular teeth. GTR treatment was performed with the 3D-printed membrane and two commercially available collagen membranes (Botiss Jason® and Smartbrane-Regedent membranes) and a group without any membrane placement was considered as the control group. The defects were submerged with tension-free closure of the gingival flaps. Histologic and histometric analyses were employed to assess the periodontal healing over an 8-week experimental period. Results: Histometric evaluations confirmed higher levels of new bone formation in the 3D-printed membrane group. Moreover, in all defects treated with the membranes, the formation of periodontal tissues, bone, periodontal ligaments, and cementum was observed after 8 weeks, while in the control group, only connective tissue was found in the defect sites. There was no clinical sign of inflammation or recession of gingiva in any of the groups. Significance: The 3D-printed gelatin/elastin/sodium hyaluronate membrane can be safe and effective for use in GTR for periodontal tissue regeneration therapies, with better or comparable results to the commercial collagen membranes.

Abstract Oral mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their secretomes are considered important factors in the field of medical tissue engineering and cell free biotherapy due to their ease of access, differentiation potential, and successful therapeutic outcomes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and the conditioned medium (CM) from MSCs are gaining more attraction as an alternative to cell-based therapies due to the less ethical issues involved, and their easier acquisition, preservation, long term storage, sterilization, and packaging. Bone and periodontal regenerative ability of EVs and CM have been the focus of some recent studies. In this review, we looked through currently available literature regarding MSCs’ EVs or conditioned medium and their general characteristics, function, and regenerative potentials. We will also review the novel applications in regenerating bone and periodontal defects.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have crucial roles in lncRNAs in periodontal development and disorders of this tissue. A number of lncRNAs especially those regulating immune responses contribute in the pathophysiology of periodontitis. In the current case-control study, we assessed expression levels of two immune response-related lncRNAs namely the antisense non-coding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL) and metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) in gingival tissues and blood samples of patients with periodontitis and healthy subjects. Expression of ANRIL was significantly lower in peripheral blood of patients compared with controls (Posterior Beta RE = -1.734, P value = 0.035). However, when diving study participants based on their gender, no significant difference was found between patients and sex-matched controls. Expression of this lncRNA was not different between periodontitis tissues and normal tissues. Expression of MALAT1 was not different between samples obtained from cases and controls. Tissue or blood expressions of ANRIL or MALAT1 were not correlated with age of either patients or controls. There were significant correlations between expression levels of ANRIL and MALAT1 in gingival tissues both in cases (r = 0.62, P

Background and Objective: Extraction of impacted lower third molars is one of the most frequent surgeries of the oral cavity. This operation might be accompanied by inevitable complications, such as pain, swelling, and trismus after surgery. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of low-intensity/power laser therapy on swelling and trismus after impacted mandibular third molar surgery. Materials and Methods: This randomized double-blind clinical trial was performed on 40 patients who required similar unilateral impacted third molars. These patients were randomly divided into two groups of 20, including the control group with no laser application and the test group receiving laser irradiation. In the intervention group, 1 cm2 of the tissue was irradiated immediately post-operation by 12 j/cm2 energy using a 980-nm laser setting with continuous wave mode at the output power of 200 MW for 60 s. Radiations were carried out at three regions, including two intraoral sites on the buccal and lingual sides of the operated area and an extraoral area on the joining point of the masseter muscle to the mandible. Inflammation and trismus were assessed by measuring the size of the face and maximum mouth opening on the second and seventh days after surgery. Results: Our findings demonstrated that in the laser group, on the second day post-operation the maximum mouth opening (trismus) was 28±6 and facial swelling was 217.8±12.8. The two groups were not significantly different on this day regarding the two evaluated variables (P>0.05). On the seventh day, trismus and facial swelling were reported as 39.85±6.97 and 209.2±13.45, respectively. Moreover, improvements were observed in the irradiated group at this time point. However, no statistically significant difference was found between the test and control group concerning these factors (P>0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, laser application with the parameters set in this study had no significant positive effects on reducing the post-operation complications.

Objective(s): Aluminum phosphide (AlP) is commonly used pesticide which could cause poisoning mainly through the induction of oxidative stress. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of nano-curcumin and curcumin on the oxidant and antioxidant system in the liver mitochondria using AIP-induced toxicity model.Materials and Methods: In this study, 36 male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=6). The control subjects and animals poisoned with AlP (2 mg/kg) received treatment with and without nano-curcumin (100 mg/kg) and curcumin (100 mg/kg) for seven days. Mitochondria were isolated from the liver and analyzed in terms of lipid peroxidation (LPO), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total thiol groups (TTGs), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase activity. In addition, mitochondrial viability was assessed. Results: AlP caused a significant increase in the LPO levels, while significantly decreasing TAC, TTG, SOD, catalase activity, and mitochondrial viability compared to the controls (PConclusion: According to the results, nano-curcumin exerted protective effects against AlP-induced experimental toxicity, and the effect was attributed to the antioxidant properties of this compound.

Given that, a lot of soil lost from watershed area by erosion factors. The application of management methods is necessary for soil loss control. Therefore, the use of the available, economical and environmentally friendly conditioners can be the suitable approach in soil loss and runoff control. On the other hand, the soil and water conservation need to the suitable amount determination of soil conditioners to be in addition to reducing costs, from water contaminants prevented with application of chemical fertilizers. However, the optimum amount determination of soil various conditioners with quantifying aim of this effect less attended on runoff and soil loss components. Accordingly, in this study, the effect of various amounts of manure compost with rates of 2.25, 4.5, 9.0 and 18.0 t ha-1 on amount of runoff and soil loss from experimental plot with area of 0.5 m2, slope of 20 percent, was conducted using rainfall intensity of 50 mm h-1 for duration of 10 min in agricultural soil that it collected from Sari province in year 2018. The results of statistical analysis indicated on the significant effect of various amounts of manure compost on changes of increasing time to runoff and decreasing runoff volume and coefficient, soil loss and sediment concentration in level of 99 percent. Also, the study of conservation effect and grouping various amount of manure compost showed that the compost with rate of 9.0 t ha-1 for the same effect with amount of 18.0 t ha-1 on changing runoff coefficient and sediment concentration can suggest as the optimum and practical amount in natural conditions.

An extensive number of corrective feedback (CF) studies have examined learners' errors with grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and spelling (non-formulaic forms) and established an association between learners' uptake of CF and their second language development. However, learners' errors with formulaic sequences (FSs) comprising idioms, collocations, lexical bundles, and compounds (formulaic forms) have received scant attention in CF research. This study investigated any associations among formulaic vs. non-formulaic errors, CF types, uptake, and successful uptake rate by drawing on the audio-recordings of 36 hours of primarily meaning-oriented teacher-learner interactions in three advanced English as a foreign language classes. The findings demonstrated that learners made more errors with FSs, whereas CF was provided significantly more often for their non-formulaic errors. Learners' non-formulaic and formulaic errors were treated significantly more frequently through recasts and elicitations, respectively. Uptake and successful uptake rate was significantly higher when CF was provided for learners' formulaic errors than non-formulaic ones, which could be explained by relatively greater saliency, significance, and noticeability of FSs. The findings of log-linear analyses indicated that uptake and successful uptake rate varied depending on formulaic vs. non-formulaic foci of errors and CF types.

One of the most important problems in the world nowadays is the soil erosion, which reduces soil fertility, increases sediment concentration in rivers and dam’s reservoirs. For this purpose, the present study was conducted to investigate soil surface resistance changes using a polyvinyl acetate polymer with rates of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ml and application concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 percent in laboratory conditions and plot scale. The polymer application with a concentration of 25 percent and a rate of 25 ml in the level of 0.79 m2 had the most soil surface resistance with a rate of 3.3 kg cm-2. According to the obtained results and the economic cost (each litre of polyvinyl acetate of 100000 Rials) can state that the level of 15 percent can be selected as an optimum level for increasing soil surface resistance. With regard to the results it can be concluded that the used polymer in addition to the increasing soil surface resistance can have an effect on the soil conservation and control of water erosion.

Periodontitis is a bacteria-related chronic immune-associated condition that destructs bone and connective tissues around teeth. With a high incidence rate, it is regarded as a condition that impose substantial health burden. About half of the variance in the severity of periodontitis is attributed to genetic factors. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have crucial roles in the development of several disorders such as periodontitis. A number of studies have reported dysregulation of lncRNAs such as UCA1, ANRIL, FGD5-AS1, NEAT1, FAS-AS1, Linc-RAM and NKILA in gingival tissues or blood samples of patients with periodontitis in comparison with healthy subjects. Moreover, several single nucleotide polymorphisms within lncRNAs have been associated with the susceptibility to this disorder. In the current review, we discuss the most recent articles about the role of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.

A number of recent studies have shown dysregulation of some long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in affected tissues or peripheral blood of patients with periodontitis. In the current study, we investigated the role of TNF and HNRNPL related immunoregulatory (THRIL) and p50-associated COX-2 extragenic RNA (PACER) lncRNAs in periodontitis. We assessed expression of these lncRNAs in 30 affected tissue, 30 control tissue samples, 23 blood samples from patients and 18 blood samples from healthy controls. Expression of PACER was higher in total blood samples of patients compared with controls (Posterior beta of RE = 5.143, P value = 0.001). However, when assessing its expression in a gender-based manner, the difference in the expression of this lncRNA was significant only among male subgroups (Posterior beta of RE = 7.16, P value < 0.0001). Moreover, expression of PACER was significantly higher in female subjects compared with male subjects (Posterior beta of RE = 3.098, P value < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in tissue expression of PACER between study subgroups. Expression of THRIL was not significantly different between blood/tissue samples of cases and controls. However, expression of this lncRNA was higher in blood of female subjects compared with male subjects (Posterior beta of RE = 4.353, P value = 0.002). Tissue expression of THRIL was correlated with blood levels of this lncRNA (r = 0.33, P < 0.0001) and with the tissue levels of PACER (r = 0.3, P < 0.0001). Moreover, blood levels of these lncRNAs were correlated with each other (r = 0.34, P < 0.0001). However, there was no significant correlation between blood and tissue levels of PACER. Expression of these lncRNAs were not correlated with age either in males or in females. Taken together, we demonstrated a sex-based up-regulation of PACER in blood samples of patients with periodontitis which implies possible participation of this lncRNA in the pathobiology of periodontitis.

Objectives:Auraptene, a natural citrus coumarin, found in plants of Rutaceae and Apiaceae families. In this study, we investigated the effects of auraptene on tumor migration, invasion and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 enzymes activity.Methods:The effects of auraptene on the viability of A2780 and Hela cell lines was evaluated by MTT assay. Wound healing migration assay and Boyden chamber assay were determined the effect of auraptene on migration and cell invasion, respectively. MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities were analyzed by gelatin zymography assay.Results:Auraptene reduced A2780 cell viability. The results showed that auraptene inhibited in vitro migration and invasion of both cells. Furthermore, cell invasion ability suppressed at 100µM auraptene in Hela cells and at 25, 50µM in A2780 cell line. Gelatin zymography showed that for Hela cell line, auraptene suppressed MMP-2 enzymatic activity in all concentrations and for MMP-9 at a concentration between 12.5 to 100µM in A2780 cell line.Conclusion:Auraptene inhibited migration and invasion of human cervical and ovarian cancer cells in vitro by possibly inhibitory effects on MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity.

Monitoring the sediment transport behavior induced by different interventions, particularly sand mining from rivers, is needed to adaptively manage the watersheds. The particle size distribution of the suspended sediment in up and downstream of rivers is one of the main indicators to know about fate of sediments, which may be varied in different conditions. We investigated the effect of some types of sand and gravel (i.e., manual and low, semi-heavy, and heavy machinery) mining on particle size distribution of suspended sediment in the Vaz-e-Owlya, Vaz-e-Sofla and Alesh-Roud riverine mines located in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. The study was conducted on a monthly basis from February, 2012 to January, 2013. Laser granulometry was used to analyze the particle size distribution of suspended sediment samples taken from up and downstream sections of the study mines. The results revealed that the level and intensity of mining activity affected particle size distribution of suspended sediments. Further statistical assessments in up and downstream sections of the mines proved that sorting, D50, mean, D90, kurtosis, skewness and D10 of the suspended sediment were not significantly influenced by mining activities at levels of 0.09, 0.11, 0.12, 0.15 to 0.69, 0.15–0.69, 0.77, 0.87, 0.97, respectively. While it was not statistically significant, we found that the type of mine and the level of the exploitation changed the particle size distribution of the suspended sediment. Keywords: Mine exploitation, Particle size distribution, Sediment granulometry, Sediment temporal variations

Soil erosion is a global problem that seriously threatens soil and water resources. This research was conducted to study the effect of protection of colza straw on runoff and sediment yield from the laboratory plots using the rainfall simulator. Three coverage of 25, 50 and 75% of colza straw mulches and a control treatment (without coverage) were considered with three moisture levels of 15, 20 and 30% in three replications. The results showed that colza straw had a significant effect on runoff and sediment reduction. All moisture levels in three protective coverage levels decreased runoff volume by13.14, 26.29 and 31.52%, respectively, and sediment yield by 41.21, 72.4 and 78.78%, respectively. With increasing of protection coverages from no cover to the higher coverages, the trend of runoff and sediment yield decreased, so that the lowest amount of runoff (1821 ml) and sediment yield (58 g) were measured in the protective coverage of 75% with the moisture of 15%. The highest amount of runoff (5501 ml) and sediment yield (522 g) were observed in the control treatment at a moisture level of 30%. With increasing the moisture levels from the amount of runoff and sediment yield increased. Moreover, by applying the protective cover, runoff and sediment yield decreased at the same moisture levels.

Context: Polypropylenimine (PPI), a cationic dendrimer with defined structure and positive surface charge, is a potent non-viral vector. Dexamethasone (Dexa) conveys to the nucleus through interaction with its intracellular receptor. Objective: This study develops efficient and non-toxic gene carriers through conjugation of Dexa at various percentages (5, 10 and 20%) to the fourth and the fifth generation PPIs (PPIG4s and PPIG5s). Materials and methods: The 21-OH group of Dexa (0.536 mmol) was modified with methanesulfonyl chloride (0.644 mmol) to activate it (Dexa-mesylate), and then it was conjugated to PPIs using Traut's reagent. After dialysis (48 h) and lyophilization, the physicochemical characteristics of products (PPI-Dexa) including zeta potential, size, buffering capacity and DNA condensing capability were investigated and compared with unmodified PPIs. Moreover, the cytotoxicity and transfection activity of the Dexa-modified PPIs were assessed using Neuro2A cells. Results: Transfection of PPIG4 was close to PEI 25 kDa. Although the addition of Dexa to PPIG4s did not improve their transfection, their cytotoxicity was improved; especially in the carrier to DNA weight ratios (C/P) of one and two. The Dexa conjugation to PPIG5s enhanced their transfection at C/P ratio of one in both 5% (1.3-fold) and 10% (1.6-fold) Dexa grafting, of which the best result was observed in PPIG5-Dexa 10% at C/P ratio of one. Discussion and conclusions: The modification of PPIs with Dexa is a promising approach to improve their cytotoxicity and transfection. The higher optimization of physicochemical characteristics, the better cell transfection and toxicity will be achieved.

Background. Stem cells have contributed to the development of tissue-engineered-based regenerative periodontal therapies. In order to find the best stem cell sources for such therapies, the biologic properties of stem cells isolated from periodontal ligaments (PDL) of deciduous (DePDLSC) and permanent (PePDLSC) teeth were comparatively evaluated. Methods. PDL stem cells were isolated from six sound fully erupted premolars and six deciduous canines of healthy subjects. In vitro biologic characteristics such as colony formation, viability, stem cell marker identification and osteogenic differentiation (using alkaline phosphatase analysis and Alizarin red staining) were comparatively assessed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests using SPSS 13.0. Results. Stem cell populations isolated from both groups were CD105+ and CD90+ and CD45‒. No statistically significant differences were found in stem cell markers, colony formation and viability. Both groups were capable of osteogenic differentiation. However, alkaline phosphatase activity test showed a statistically significant difference, with PePDLSC exhibiting higher alkaline phosphatase activity (P=0.000). No statistically significant difference was seen in quantitative alizarine red staining (P=0.559). Conclusion. Mesenchymal stem cells of PDL could successfully be isolated from permanent and deciduous teeth. A minor difference was observed in the osteogenic properties of the two cell types, which might affect their future clinical applications.

Introduction: Cationic polymers have the potential to be modified to achieve an ideal gene vector lacking viral vector defects. The aim of the present study was to improve polyallylamine (PAA) transfection efficiency and to reduce cytotoxicity by incorporating of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). Methods: To prepare the peptide-based polyplexes, PAA (15 kDa) was modified with 2 peptides (TAT and CyLoP-1) by covering the 0.5% and 1% of amines. Buffer capacity and DNA condensation ability of modified polymer, particle size and zeta potential of nanoparticles, cell viability, and transfection activity of vectors were evaluated. Results: In low carrier to plasmid (C/P) weight ratios such as 0.5 and 1, the unmodified polymer was more capable to condense the DNA compared to the synthesized vectors. In C/P ratio of 2, the plasmid was fully condensed in all vectors. The size of polyplexes ranged from 195 to 240 nm. The zeta potential was almost as the same as PAA and varied from 25 to 27 mV. All polyplexes increased the buffer capacity compared to PAA. The transfection efficiency was improved compared to unmodified polymer especially in the vectors modified with 1% of TAT or CyLoP-1 peptides in C/P ratio of 2. The cytotoxicity of prepared vectors was less than PAA. In most ratios, the cytotoxicity of the CyLoP-1 modified samples was less than the TAT modified ones. Conclusion: Modification of PAA with CPPs improved the transfection activity of vector.

Primary extra gonadal germ cell tumors are rare. In case of the diagnosis of a midline retroperitoneal mass in a male, germ cell tumors should be taken into consideration. It is commonly accepted to consider retroperitoneal germ cell tumors as the metastasis of a viable or burned out testicular tumor. In such casesorchiectomy should be performed since the burned out site in the testis could continue to harbor malignancy despite systemic chemotherapy. A 45-year-old man presented as an outpatient with complaints of back pain. He was diagnosed with a retroperitoneal mass and a palpable testis mass. Due to increased serum tumor markers and the testicular mass,he underwent radical orchiectomy. Pathological study revealed a burned out tumor. Followingchemotherapy, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection(RPLND)was performed and despite the residual and enhanced retroperitoneal lymph nodes in his CT scan, none of the resected lymph nodes showed a viable tumor. However and despite the rising number of reports onthis disease, our case had adifferent presentation both at initial diagnosis and during follow up after chemotherapy. This is the first reported case of a palpable and hypoechoic burned out testicular tumor.

Purpose: Cationic polymers and cationic liposomes have shown to be effective non-viral gene delivery vectors. In this study, we tried to improve the transfection efficiency by employing the advantages of both. Methods: For this purpose, modified polyallylamines (PAAs) were synthesized. These modifications were done through the reaction of PAA (15 KDa) with acrylate and 6-bromoalkanoic acid derivatives. Liposomes comprising of these cationic polymers and cationic lipid were prepared and extruded through polycarbonate filters to obtain desired size. Liposome-DNA nanocomplexes were prepared in three carrier to plasmid (C/P) ratios. Size, zeta potential and DNA condensation ability of each complex were characterized separately and finally transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity of prepared vectors were evaluated in Neuro2A cell line. Results: The results showed that mean particle size of all these nanocomplexes was lower than 266 nm with surface charge of 22.0 to 33.9 mV. Almost the same condensation pattern was observed in all vectors and complete condensation was occurred at C/P ratio of 1.5. The lipoplexes containing modified PAA 15 kDa with 10% hexyl acrylate showed the highest transfection efficacy and lowest cytotoxicity in C/P ratio of 0.5. Conclusion: In some cases nanocomplexes consisting of cationic liposome and modified PAA showed better transfection activity and lower cytotoxicity compared to PAA.

مقدمه: مطالعات نشان داده‌اند که بقای پیوند کلیه از اهدا کننده‌ی زنده نسبت به اهدا کننده‌ی جسد بهتر است؛ در حالی که مطالعات دیگر، عملکرد خوب کلیه‌ی پیوندی و بقای مناسب آن را در اهدا کنندگان جسد ثابت کرده‌اند. این مطالعه، با هدف بررسی مقایسه‌ای بقای کلیه‌ی پیوندی و عوارض جراحی در دو گروه بیماران دریافت کننده از انسان زنده و جسد انجام شد. روش‌ها: در این مطالعه‌ی هم‌گروهی تاریخی، دو گروه بیمار بررسی شدند. گروه یک، شامل 69 بیمار که کلیه‌ی پیوندی را از جسد دریافت کرده بودند و گروه دو، شامل 143 بیمار که از دهنده‌ی زنده کلیه دریافت کرده بودند. یافته‌ها: اختلاف معنی‌داری در عوارض جراحی بین دو گروه مشاهده نشد. بقای کلیه‌ی پیوندی در گروه یک در پی‌گیری 1، 3 و 4 ساله 99 درصد، 85 درصد و 85 درصد بود و در گروه دو، 99 درصد، 96 درصد و 78 درصد بود. اختلاف معنی‌داری در میزان بقای کلیه‌ی پیوندی در دو گروه مشاهده نشد. نتیجه‌گیری: دریافت کلیه از دهنده‌ی جسد با بقای خوبی همراه است و عوارض جراحی کمی دارد. همچنین، این مزیت وجود دارد که دیگر اندام‌های جسد برای پیوند استفاده شود. بنا بر این، طبق یافته‌های این مطالعه، دهنده‌ی جسد یک انتخاب بسیار مناسب برای پیوند کلیه می‌باشد.

Straw mulch cover is one of the most important soil erosion control measures applied to reduce runoff and soil loss in cultivated areas. However, in developing countries such as Iran, without a clear tradition or knowledge about soil erosion control measures, the use of straw mulch is rare, and its impact in the most extended crops is not well understood. We investigated the separate and combined effects of colza (Brassica napus L.) and corn (Zea mays L.), to mitigate the activation of soil loss and runoff in sandy-loam soils, under different antecedent soil moisture conditions, in a rainfed plot in Northern Iran. Under laboratory conditions, we used a rainfall simulator device. The experiments were performed by using a rainfall intensity of 50 mm h−1, with a duration of 10 min and an inclination of 30%, with three replications. These conditions were used to evaluate the soils under extreme meteorological and topographical conditions. Two types of straw mulch, colza and corn, separated and combined with three different cover levels (25, 50 and 75%) and four distinct antecedent soil moisture conditions (0, 15, 20 and 30%), were used. The results showed that the applied straw mulches had significant effects on the reduction of soil loss and sediment concentration, by almost 99%. The maximum reduction of soil loss and sediment concentration was observed for the treatments with 0% moisture and 75% of corn, colza + corn and colza, with a reduction of 93.8, 92.2 and 84.9% for soil loss, respectively, and 91.1, 85.7 and, 60.7% for sediment concentration, respectively. The maximum reduction of runoff was also obtained with 0% soil moisture and a cover of 75%, reducing 62.5, 48.5 and 34.8% for colza, colza + corn and corn, respectively. The corn straw mulch showed the highest effectivity on reducing soil loss and sediment concentration toward colza treatment. But the colza straw mulch showed the best results on reducing runoff toward corn treatment. We conclude that the application of straw mulch is affordable and useful in reducing soil loss and runoff, instead of bare soils.

Objectives: Finding predictable approaches for root surface biomodification is an important challenge in the treatment of gingival recession. This study sought to assess the root coverage percentage by subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) following root surface conditioning with erbium, chromium: yttrium scandium gallium garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser. Materials and Methods: In this split-mouth, randomized clinical trial, 30 teeth with Miller’s Class I and II gingival recession were treated with SCTG (the Langer and Langer technique) with (case group) or without (control group) root surface conditioning with Er,Cr:YSGG laser (wavelength=2780 nm, power=0.75 W, H mode, repetition rate=20 Hz). Recession depth (RD), recession width (RW), clinical attachment level (CAL), and probing depth (PD) were assessed at the baseline (one week before surgery) and at 2 and 6 months postoperatively. The amount of root coverage was quantified in the two groups. Data were analyzed using Friedman test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: No significant difference was noted between the case and control groups in any parameter (P>0.05). Significant improvement occurred in all the measured parameters in the two groups after surgery (P

Objective(s): Although viral vectors are considered efficient gene transfer agents, their board application has been limited by toxicity, immunogenicity, mutagenicity and small gene carrying capacity. Non-viral vectors are safe but they suffer from low transfection efficiency. In the present study, polyallylamine (PAA) in two molecular weights (15 and 65 kDa) was modified by alkane derivatives in order to increase transfection activity and to decrease cytotoxicity. Materials and Methods: Modified PAA was synthesized using three alkane derivatives (1-bromobutane, 1-bromohexane and 1-bromodecane) in different grafting percentages (10, 30 and 50). The condensation ability of modified PAA was determined by ethidium bromide test. The prepared polyplexes, complexes of modified PAA and DNA, were characterized by size and zeta potential. Transfection activity of polyplexes was checked in Neuro2A cells. The cytotoxicity of vector was examined in the same cell line. Results: DNA condensation ability of PAA was decreased after modification but modified polymer could still condense DNA at moderate and high carrier to plasmid (C/P) ratios. Most of polyplexes composed of modified polymer had mean size less than 350 nm. They showed a positive zeta potential, but some vectors with high percentage of grafting had negative surface charge. Transfection efficiency was increased by modification of PAA by 1-bromodecane in grafting percentages of 30 and 50%. Modification of polymer reduced polymer cytotoxicity especially in C/P ratio of 2. Conclusion: Results of the present study indicated that modification of PAA with alkane derivatives can help to prepare gene carriers with better transfection activity and less cytotoxicity.

ABSTRACT Cationic polymers such as polyallylamine (PAA) having primary amino groups are poor transfection agents and possess a high cytotoxicity index when used without any chemical modification. In this study, PAA was modified with cholesterol in order to improve transfection efficiency and to reduce cytotoxicity. PAA polymers with molecular weights of 15 and 65 kDa were selected and grafted with cholesterol at percentages of 5, 10, 15, 30, and 50. After purification, the efficacy of the synthetic vectors was evaluated in terms of DNA condensation using the ethidium bromide test, buffering capacity, particle size, zeta potential, transfection efficiency, and cytotoxicity assay in Neuro2A cell lines. According to the ethidium bromide test, these vectors can condense DNA at moderate and high carrier to plasmid (C/P) ratios. The buffering capacity of the prepared vector in both molecular weights was less than unmodified PAA. Particle size measurements demonstrated that modified PAAs were able to form nanoparticles ranging in size from 125 to 530 nm. The vectors based on PAA 15 kDa demonstrated a better transfection efficiency than the vectors made of PAA 65 kDa. Cytotoxicity studies showed that toxicity of all vectors was less than PAA. Some cholesterol modified polymers composed of PAA (15 kDa) were suitable vectors for gene delivery with low cytotoxicity.

The convergence hypothesis is a result of the neoclassical growth model. By definition, the concept of convergence is the faster growth of regions (economies) with lower per capita income compared to the regions (economies) with higher per capita income. This paper deals with convergence clubs among provinces of Iran during 2000-2009. For this purpose, the Panel unit root tests have been used to examine the convergence hypothesis after classifying the provinces with cross-sectional methods. The research results show that Iran’s provinces can be classified into two groups of provinces: (1) ones with low per capita income (18 provinces) and (2) ones with high per capita income (12 provinces). According to the panel unit root tests, the existence of absolute convergence (tendency to a certain standard) between two mentioned groups is confirmed. So, the convergence clubs hypothesis is verified among the Iran’s provinces.

Background: Various surgical procedures were described for the correction of the external genitalia in male-to-female transsexualism. In all these methods complications such as vaginal stenosis, unpleasant appearance of external genitalia and lack of consent are seen. This paper describes a method of surgery for repair of these complications and success rate of this surgery.Methods: Reconstructive surgery was performed by one surgeon in 16 patients from 2009 to 2011 in Imam Reza Hospital of Mashhad. Mean age 25.75 years of age from 21 to 31 years. Due to the condition of each patient appropriate reconstructive surgery was performed. These surgeries include: clitoroplasty, inverted U flap, labioplasty, urethroplasty, removal of excess skin and increasing depth of vagina. After the surgery, the patients admitted for complete bed rest up to 5 days. They received postoperative prophylaxis medication for anti-thromboembolic events.Results: Only 3 complications were seen in all 16 patients. One hematoma of surgery site, one infection of surgery site and a blood transfusion. Eleven patients had history of vaginoplasty using small intestine and 10 patients with penile and perineal skin. From 3 to 24 months follow up after discharge were done, no patient had a major complication in long-term follow up and were generally satisfied with their sexual intercourse.Conclusion: This study has some limitations. Follow-up of the patients was performed for about one year that longer follow-up for these patients is favorable. Also, evaluation of patients' satisfaction from their intercourse was not performed as systematically with using an standard questionnaire and by a person who is blind to the study. Using this method of restoring external genitalia in the hands of expert surgeon, aesthetic and functional result would be expected very well.

This research surveyed the effects of land use changes on flow nitrate pollution in the Talar River (northern Iran), using Landsat images of 1991 and 2013 and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The results indicated that forest areas decreased by 14.9% and irrigated crops, dry land farming areas, range lands and residential areas increased by 46.8%, 31.1%, 4.7% and 17.5%, respectively. To calibrate and validate the studied period, the Nash Sutcliffe model efficiency (NSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) were applied, ranging from 0.57 to 0.75 and from 0.62 to 0.76 for flow simulation and 0.84 and 0.63 and 0.75 and 0.83 for nitrate simulation, respectively. The results of land use scenarios indicated that respective water flow and nitrate loads increased by 34.4% and 42.2% in 1991–2013 and may even increase by 42.3% and 55.9% in the simulated period of 2013–2050 in all sub-basins. It is likely that the main reason for these results was due to the increase in agricultural activities and the decrease in forestry areas. Our findings showed the useful combination of modelling techniques (land cover changes and SWAT) to develop valuable maps able to design correct land management plans and nature-based solutions for water quality of runoff water harvesting systems in the future.

Objectives: Bond strength of composite resin to enamel and dentin of primary teeth is lower than that to permanent teeth; therefore, it may compromise the ad- hesive bonding. New methods, such as laser application have been recently intro- duced for tooth preparation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of tooth preparation with bur and Er:YAG laser on shear bond strength of com- posite to enamel and dentin of primary teeth. Materials and Methods: Seventy-five primary molar teeth were collected and 150 specimens were obtained by mesiodistal sectioning of each tooth. In each of the enamel and dentin groups, the teeth were randomly assigned to 3 subgroups with the following preparations: bur preparation + etching (37% H3PO4), laser preparation + etching, and laser preparation without etching. Single Bond adhe- sive and Z250 composite were applied to all samples. After thermocycling, the shear bond strength testing was preformed using the Instron Testing Machine. Data were analysed using SPSS-17 and two-way ANOVA. Results: The bond strength of enamel specimens was significantly higher than that of dentin specimens, except for the laser-non-etched groups. The enamel and dentin laser-non-etched groups had no significant difference in bond strength. In both enamel and dentin groups, bur preparation + etching yielded the highest bond strength, followed by laser preparation + etching, and the laser preparation with- out etching yielded the lowest bond strength (P < 0.001). Conclusion: In both enamel and dentin groups, laser preparation caused lower shear bond strength compared to bur preparation.

Epididymal cyst is a benign mass in the scrotum that is relatively common in adults but it is rare in children. In routine experience the treatment of such cysts is conservative. Torsion of these cysts is extremely rare and the diagnosis is made by exploration of the scrotum. Our patient was a 14-year-old boy who has been referred to hospital with scrotal pain followed by a minor trauma 3 days ago. Exploration of the scrotum to rule out testicular rupture was performed and a large black cyst connected to the head of the epididymis with 720-degree rotation was found. The cyst was resected and pathologic examination revealed an acquired epididymal cyst (spermatocele). The patient has normal physical exam after 3 months’ follow-up.

The present study was conducted to investigate and confirm the efficacy of educational technologies that could facilitate reading and writing development (affordances). It also investigates and reports on problems with these educational technologies that could limit reading and writing development (challenges) in a technology-assisted language learning (TALL) environment. One hundred sixty-five Web of Science and Scopus indexed journal articles published between 2015 and 2021 on reading and writing development in TALL contexts were included in the study based on predetermined exclusion-inclusion criteria. Pedagogically, the findings inform language teachers who seek a better understanding of available tools, strategies and activities in TALL to facilitate reading and writing development. In addition, the findings shed light on future research trends and highlight the theoretical and pedagogical challenges that need to be addressed in future studies to overcome the reported limitations and problems.

Abstract Background: Stress is defined as a complicated state that related to homeostasis disturbances, over-activity of the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis responses. Cardiac preconditioning reduces myocardial damages. Objective: This study was designed to assess the cardioprotective effects of acute physical stress against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury through the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into four groups; (1) IR (n = 8): rats underwent I/R, (2) Acute stress (St+IR) (n = 8): physical stress induced 1-hour before I/R, (3) Sympathectomy (Symp+IR) (n = 8): chemical sympathectomy was done 24-hours before I/R and (4) Sympathectomy- physical stress (Symp+St+IR) (n = 8): chemical sympathectomy induced before physical stress and I/R. Chemical sympathectomy was performed using 6-hydroxydopamine (100 mg/kg, sc). Then, the hearts isolated and located in the Langendorff apparatus to induce 30 minutes ischemia followed by 120 minutes reperfusion. The coronary flows, hemodynamic parameters, infarct size, corticosterone level in serum were investigated. P < 0.05 demonstrated significance. Results: Physical stress prior to I/R could improve left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and rate product pressure (RPP) of the heart respectively, (63 ± 2 versus 42 ± 1.2, p < 0.05, 70 ± 2 versus 43 ± 2.6, p < 0.05) and reduces infarct size (22.16 ± 1.3 versus 32 ± 1.4, p < 0.05) when compared with the I/R alone. Chemical sympathectomy before physical stress eliminated the protective effect of physical stress on I/R-induced cardiac damages (RPP: 21 ± 6.6 versus 63 ± 2, p < 0.01) (LVDP: 38 ± 4.5 versus 43 ± 2.6, p < 0.01) (infarct size: 35 ± 3.1 versus 22.16 ± 1.3, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Findings indicate that acute physical stress can act as a preconditional stimulator and probably, the presence of sympathetic nervous system is necessary.