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Background: COVID-19 severity and its late complications continue to be poorly understood. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) form in acute COVID-19, likely contributing to morbidity and mortality., Objectives: This study evaluated immunothrombosis markers in a comprehensive cohort of acute and recovered COVID-19 patients, including the association of NETs with long COVID., Methods: One-hundred-seventy-seven patients were recruited from clinical cohorts at 2 Israeli centers: acute COVID-19 (mild/moderate, severe/critical), convalescent COVID-19 (recovered and long COVID), along with 54 non-COVID controls. Plasma was examined for markers of platelet activation, coagulation, and NETs. Ex vivo NETosis induction capability was evaluated after neutrophil incubation with patient plasma., Results: Soluble P-selectin, factor VIII, von Willebrand factor, and platelet factor 4 were significantly elevated in patients with COVID-19 versus controls. Myeloperoxidase (MPO)-DNA complex levels were increased only in severe COVID-19 and did not differentiate between COVID-19 severities or correlate with thrombotic markers. NETosis induction levels strongly correlated with illness severity/duration, platelet activation markers, and coagulation factors, and were significantly reduced upon dexamethasone treatment and recovery. Patients with long COVID maintained higher NETosis induction, but not NET fragments, compared to recovered convalescent patients., Conclusions: Increased NETosis induction can be detected in patients with long COVID. NETosis induction appears to be a more sensitive NET measurement than MPO-DNA levels in COVID-19, differentiating between disease severity and patients with long COVID. Ongoing NETosis induction capability in long COVID may provide insights into pathogenesis and serve as a surrogate marker for persistent pathology. This study emphasizes the need to explore neutrophil-targeted therapies in acute and chronic COVID-19., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interests N.K., S.S., S.N., A.D., A.S., H.P., E.P., A.F.C., J.D.S., and M.G. are current or former employees of Peel Therapeutics and hold share options in the company. K.M. and A.S. received consulting fees for scientific advice to Peel Therapeutics and hold stock options in the company. C.C.Y. authors a US patent (patent no. 10,232,023 B2) held by the University of Utah for the use of NET-inhibitory peptides for the "treatment of and prophylaxis against inflammatory disorders," for which Peel Therapeutics, Inc. holds the exclusive license. C.C.Y. and J.D.S. are co-inventors on patent application WO2021226111A1 for NET-inhibitory peptides to treat and prevent immunothrombosis in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome. S.P., A.R.P, I.L., S.I.C.M., R.A., N.C., R.K., A.J., A.R. and E.B. have no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In-depth analysis of SARS-CoV-2 quasispecies is pivotal for a thorough understating of its evolution during infection. The recent deployment of COVID-19 vaccines, which elicit protective anti-spike neutralizing antibodies, has stressed the importance of uncovering and characterizing SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutated spike proteins. Sequencing databases have allowed to follow the spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants that are circulating in the human population, and several experimental platforms were developed to study these variants. However, less is known about the SARS-CoV-2 variants that are developed in the respiratory system of the infected individual. To gain further insight on SARS-CoV-2 mutagenesis during natural infection, we preformed single-genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 isolated from nose-throat swabs of infected individuals. Interestingly, intra-host SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutated S genes or N genes were detected in all individuals who were analyzed. These intra-host variants were present in low frequencies in the swab samples and were rarely documented in current sequencing databases. Further examination of representative spike variants identified by our analysis showed that these variants have impaired infectivity capacity and that the mutated variants showed varied sensitivity to neutralization by convalescent plasma and to plasma from vaccinated individuals. Notably, analysis of the plasma neutralization activity against these variants showed that the L1197I mutation at the S2 subunit of the spike can affect the plasma neutralization activity. Together, these results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 intra-host variants should be further analyzed for a more thorough characterization of potential circulating variants., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic neurological disease affecting young adults. MS diagnosis is based on clinical characteristics and confirmed by examination of the cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) or by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain or spinal cord or both. However, neither of the current diagnostic procedures are adequate as a routine tool to determine disease state. Thus, diagnostic biomarkers are needed. In the current study, a novel approach that could meet these expectations is presented. The approach is based on noninvasive analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath. Exhaled breath was collected from 204 participants, 146 MS and 58 healthy control individuals. Analysis was performed by gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) and nanomaterial-based sensor array. Predictive models were derived from the sensors, using artificial neural networks (ANNs). GC-MS analysis revealed significant differences in VOC abundance between MS patients and controls. Sensor data analysis on training sets was able to discriminate in binary comparisons between MS patients and controls with accuracies up to 90%. Blinded sets showed 95% positive predictive value (PPV) between MS-remission and control, 100% sensitivity with 100% negative predictive value (NPV) between MS not-treated (NT) and control, and 86% NPV between relapse and control. Possible links between VOC biomarkers and the MS pathogenesis were established. Preliminary results suggest the applicability of a new nanotechnology-based method for MS diagnostics.

We report on an artificially intelligent nanoarray based on molecularly modified gold nanoparticles and a random network of single-walled carbon nanotubes for noninvasive diagnosis and classification of a number of diseases from exhaled breath. The performance of this artificially intelligent nanoarray was clinically assessed on breath samples collected from 1404 subjects having one of 17 different disease conditions included in the study or having no evidence of any disease (healthy controls). Blind experiments showed that 86% accuracy could be achieved with the artificially intelligent nanoarray, allowing both detection and discrimination between the different disease conditions examined. Analysis of the artificially intelligent nanoarray also showed that each disease has its own unique breathprint, and that the presence of one disease would not screen out others. Cluster analysis showed a reasonable classification power of diseases from the same categories. The effect of confounding clinical and environmental factors on the performance of the nanoarray did not significantly alter the obtained results. The diagnosis and classification power of the nanoarray was also validated by an independent analytical technique, i.e., gas chromatography linked with mass spectrometry. This analysis found that 13 exhaled chemical species, called volatile organic compounds, are associated with certain diseases, and the composition of this assembly of volatile organic compounds differs from one disease to another. Overall, these findings could contribute to one of the most important criteria for successful health intervention in the modern era, viz. easy-to-use, inexpensive (affordable), and miniaturized tools that could also be used for personalized screening, diagnosis, and follow-up of a number of diseases, which can clearly be extended by further development., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Background: Persons with MS (PwMS) commonly present ambulatory and manual dysfunctions. While ambulation is recognized as important to PwMS, manual dysfunction is only lately gaining attention. Fampridine-PR was approved for MS ambulatory impairments. Anecdotal evidences indicate possible therapeutic effects on manual function., Objective: To comprehensively assess the effect of Fampridine-PR on manual functions of PwMS., Methods: Twenty six PwMS with ambulatory and manual dysfunction assessed before, 1 and 3months after treatment with Fampridine-PR, applying Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25FW) for ambulation while manual functions were evaluated by several tools addressing the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) concepts. This includes hand grip and pinch strength, 9 Hole Peg Test (9HPT), Arthritis Hand Function Test (AHFT), activities of daily life (ADL) tests, ABILHAND questionnaire and Computerized Penmanship Evaluation Tool (ComPET)., Results: Fampridine-PR increased dominant hand grip and pinch strength 1month following treatment initiation by 12% and 10% (p<0.05), respectively. 9HPT improved by 11.3% after 3months of treatment (p<0.05%) and ABILHAND improved by 16% and 31% (p<0.05%) after 1 and 3months of treatment. Mean stroke duration in air of the name writing task improved by 21% (p<0.05) following 3months of treatment. T25FW results were similar to previous reports., Conclusion: The results of this pilot study suggest that Fampridine-PR improves manual function of PwMS. Methods herein indicate that an integrative approach may be useful for evaluation of manual function in MS and in additional neurological diseases., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The effects of interferon-beta (IFN-β), one of the key immunotherapies used in multiple sclerosis (MS), on peripheral blood leukocytes and T cells have been extensively studied. B cells are a less abundant leukocyte type, and accordingly less is known about the B cell-specific response to IFN-β. To identify gene expression changes and pathways induced by IFN-β in B cells, we studied the in vitro response of human Epstein Barr-transformed B cells (lymphoblast cell lines-LCLs), and validated our results in primary B cells. LCLs were derived from an MS patient repository. Whole genome expression analysis identified 115 genes that were more than two-fold differentially up-regulated following IFN-β exposure, with over 50 previously unrecognized as IFN-β response genes. Pathways analysis demonstrated that IFN-β affected LCLs in a similar manner to other cell types by activating known IFN-β canonical pathways. Additionally, IFN-β increased the expression of innate immune response genes, while down-regulating many B cell receptor pathway genes and genes involved in adaptive immune responses. Novel response genes identified herein, NEXN, DDX60L, IGFBP4, and HAPLN3, B cell receptor pathway genes, CD79B and SYK, and lymphocyte activation genes, LAG3 and IL27RA, were validated as IFN-β response genes in primary B cells. In this study new IFN-β response genes were identified in B cells, with possible implications to B cell-specific functions. The study's results emphasize the applicability of LCLs for studies of human B cell drug response. The usage of LCLs from patient-based repositories may facilitate future studies of drug response in MS and other immune-mediated disorders with a B cell component.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) prevalence and genetic susceptibility varies among the different ethnic groups of Jews and Arabs in Israel., Objective: Characterization of MS disease course in Christian, Muslim and Druze Arabs in Israel., Methods: Historical cohort and three-year follow-up cohort analyses based on interviews and clinical charts of 149 Arab MS patients (78 Muslims, 49 Christians and 22 Druze) from three MS centers in Israel. Significant findings were adjusted for use of disease modifying therapy., Results: Age of onset (means between 30 and 31 years) and incomplete recovery rates after the first relapse (~50%) were similar for Christian, Muslim and Druze patients. Low rates of primary progressive MS (≤1%) were observed. Differences between the ethnicities in the time from onset to the second neurological episode were observed among females, but not males. Druze and Muslim women were more likely to have a second event within two years from the first event compared with Christians (odds ratios =8.8, p= 0.02; odds ratio=6.6, p=0.007 respectively). Trends for higher annual relapse rates, annual disability progression rates and MS Severity Scores were observed among the Druze., Conclusions: Among the Israeli Arab female MS patients, Druze and Muslims exhibit a more rapid disease course in comparison with Christians. Further elucidation of population-specific MS phenotypes may contribute to improved disease management.

Background: Telemedicine carries the potential of improving accessibility to health services, especially for disabled people., Objective: To assess the health-related outcomes of short-term implementation of telemedicine (telemed) for MS patients., Methods: A prospective study of 40 MS patients divided into a control group and a telemed group was conducted, in two stages: A. Six months' follow-up for measurement of baseline health-related variables; B. Implementation stage, adding home telecare to the telemed group. A Health Value Compass was applied to assess the outcomes of home telecare implementation. Clinical status, cost data, patients' self-assessment of Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) and satisfaction with telecare were studied., Results: Patients in the telemed group demonstrated improved clinical outcome measured by symptoms severity. There was a decrease of at least 35% in the medical costs for 67% of the telemed group patients. Satisfaction with telecare was high and most patients would recommend this service to others., Conclusions: The present pilot study, applying Health Value Compass-based analysis, suggests that telecare is a powerful tool for monitoring MS patients at home, carries the potential to improve health care while reducing costs, and should be considered for implementation as part of the management of chronic neurological diseases.

The current understanding that the key for successful healthcare is an integrated approach, involving predictive, preventive, personalized and participatory medicine, is leading major changes. These are: a shift from medical decisions based on 'trial and error' to informed therapeutics based on diagnostics (theranostics); a shift from a 'disease-centered' to a 'patient-centered' approach; and a shift from a 'reactive' to 'proactive' medical approach. It is essential that not only the physician, but also the patient, becomes proactive. Therefore, beyond the integration of genomic medicine and predictive biomarkers into practice, patient empowerment and participatory medicine are gaining increasing attention. This requires, besides appropriate sharing of information between patients and healthcare providers, new insights in patient involvement, such as patient-reported outcomes, both at the clinical trial stage of drug development and during post-marketing follow-up assessments. Patient empowerment and participatory medicine, as part of predictive, preventive, personalized and participatory medicine, are especially crucial in paving the way towards optimized healthcare in complex and chronic neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis.

A cross-reactive array of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and single wall carbon nanotube bilayers was designed for the detection of volatile organic compounds (tentatively, hexanal and 5-methyl-undecane) that identify the presence of disease in the exhaled breath of patients with multiple sclerosis. The sensors showed excellent discrimination between hexanal, 5-methyl-undecane, and other confounding volatile organic compounds. Results obtained from a clinical study consisting of 51 volunteers showed that the sensors could discriminate between multiple sclerosis and healthy states from exhaled breath samples with 85.3% sensitivity, 70.6% specificity, and 80.4% accuracy. These results open new frontiers in the development of a fast, noninvasive, and inexpensive medical diagnostic tool for the detection and identification of multiple sclerosis. The results could serve also as a launching pad for the discrimination between different subphases or stages of multiple sclerosis as well as for the identification of multiple sclerosis patients who would respond well to immunotherapy.

Background: Previous studies provide increasing support for the impact of environmental factors on disease incidence and activity in multiple sclerosis (MS)., Objectives: The purpose of this research was to assess the relationship between the incidence of MS relapses and weather conditions in Israel., Methods: Clinical data, including occurrence of relapses in 235 patients, during 3 consecutive years (2001-2003) were assessed against the general daily meteorological variables. Initially, the relationship between the relapses and their mode of distribution was evaluated. Second, the relationship between the number of relapses on a specific date and the meteorological variables was assessed. Third, the tendency to seasonality in the occurrence of relapses was examined., Results: No significant correlation was found between the number of relapses and a specific season, month or day. Moreover, no clear relationship was found between certain meteorological variables or a combination of variables and the frequency of the relapses., Conclusion: The meteorological parameters studied were not found to have a significant impact on the occurrence of relapses in this group of patients. These findings raise questions regarding the clinical significance of the impact of weather conditions, at least in the context of the Mediterranean climate, on the disease course of patients with MS., (Copyright 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Online health information and services for patients were suggested to improve symptom management and treatment adherence, thereby contributing to healthcare optimization. This paper aimed to characterize multiple sclerosis (MS) patients Internet usage. Information regarding browsing habits, Internet reliability, and the medical team's attitude to information collected online was obtained by questionnaires from MS patients. Data was compared between nonbrowsers, browsers on MS topics, and browsers on non-MS topics only. From the 96 patients recruited, 61 (63.5%) performed MS-related searches. The most viewed topics were "understanding the disease" and "treatments". Patients reported that the information helped coping with MS and assured them of the appropriateness of their therapy. Shorter disease duration was correlated with higher Internet activity. Disabled patients were more interested in online interaction with specialists and support groups. This paper suggests that MS patients benefit from online information, and it emphasizes the importance of resources tailored to patients needs.

In recent years the realization that the concept 'one drug fits all' - does not work, created the need to shift gears from 'treating the disease' to 'treating the patient', and implementation of 'Personalized Medicine' where treatment is tailored to the individual. In chronic and progressive diseases, such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS), the need for tailored therapeutics is especially imperative, as the consequences of an ineffective medication might be irreversible dysfunction. In recent years accumulating evidence indicates that MS is not a single disease and that patients with different disease subtypes respond differently to a medication. Environment and genetics are among the factors that determine disease subtype and activity, and the patient's response to medication. Additional factors include demographic characteristics such as gender and age, as well as chrono-biological indicators. During the last few years, advances and availability of new technologies have brought genome-wide gene expression profiling studies to many medical fields, including MS. Genomic technologies have also stimulated pharmacogenetics studies, that aim to identify genetic factors that affect response to treatment. However, pharmacogenetics information is still immature to allow its translation to clinical practice in MS. Notably, one of the major limitations in obtaining reproducible data across MS pharmacogenetics studies has been the lack of a consensus as to the appropriate method for determining clinical response. In light of the rapid advances in technology and progress in applying individualized treatment strategies in other diseases, 'Personalized Medicine' for MS seems feasible within the coming years.

Background: Various medical centers in Israel have recently incorporated electronic medical record systems. Knowing the EMR systems' features and pattern of use is an essential step for developing locally and nationally integrated systems., Objectives: To evaluate the status of EMR systems in all major general hospitals in Israel in terms of the applications used and the patterns of use., Methods: Structured questionnaires were sent to hospital directors and directors of medical informatics units of 26 general and pediatric hospitals serving the vast majority of the population in Israel. The questionnaire included questions pertaining to the EMR systems, their usage, and the attitude of the participants to data security issues., Results: Of the 26 general hospitals 23 (88.4%) returned the questionnaires. Of these, 21 (91.3%) use EMR systems. Twenty-seven different types of systems are in use in Israeli hospitals, and generally more than one type is used in a hospital. Physicians work with EMR systems in over 98% of the departments. Also, the EMR systems are used for clinical admission and discharge in over 90% of the departments and for medical daily follow-up in about 45%., Conclusions: Most of the hospitals in Israel use EMR systems but there is no standard data model. Physicians are the main users but the amount of data entered is still limited. Adoption of standards is essential for the integration of electronic patient records across Israeli healthcare organizations.