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Vitamin D and calcium supplementation have been posited to improve body composition and different formulations of calcium may impact bioavailability. However, data are lacking regarding the combinatorial effects of exercise, diet, and calcium and/or vitamin D supplementation on body composition changes in post-menopausal women. Herein, 128 post-menopausal women (51.3 &plusmn, 4.5 years, 36.4 &plusmn, 5.7 kg/m2, 46.2 &plusmn, 4.5% fat) were assigned to diet and supplement groups while participating in a supervised circuit-style resistance-training program (3 d/week) over a 14-week period. Diet groups included: (1) normal diet (CTL), (2) a low-calorie, higher protein diet (LCHP, 1600 kcal/day, 15% carbohydrates, 55% protein, 30% fat), and (3) a low-calorie, higher carbohydrate diet (LCHC, 1600 kcal/day, 55% carbohydrates, 15% protein, 30% fat). Supplement groups consisted of: (1) maltodextrin (PLA), (2) 800 mg/day of calcium carbonate (Ca), and (3) 800 mg/day of calcium citrate and malate and 400 IU/day of vitamin D (Ca+D). Fasting blood samples, body composition, resting energy expenditure, aerobic capacity, muscular strength and endurance measures were assessed. Data were analyzed by mixed factorial ANOVA with repeated measures and presented as mean change from baseline [95% CI]. Exercise training promoted significant improvements in strength, peak aerobic capacity, and blood lipids. Dieting resulted in greater losses of body mass (CTL &minus, 0.4 &plusmn, 2.4, LCHC &minus, 5.1 &plusmn, 4.2, LCHP &minus, 3.8 &plusmn, 4.2 kg) and fat mass (CTL &minus, 1.4 &plusmn, 1.8, 3.7 &plusmn, 3.7, 3.4 &plusmn, 3.4 kg). When compared to LCHC-PLA, the LCHC + Ca combination led to greater losses in body mass (PLA &minus, 4.1 [&minus, 6.1, &minus, 2.1], Ca &minus, 6.4 [&minus, 8.1, &minus, 4.7], Ca+D &minus, 4.4 [&minus, 6.4, &minus, 2.5] kg). In comparison to LCHC-Ca, the LCHC-Ca+D led to an improved maintenance of fat-free mass (PLA &minus, 0.3 [&minus, 1.4, 0.7], Ca &minus, 1.4 [&minus, 2.3, &minus, 0.5], Ca+D 0.4 [&minus, 0.6, 1.5] kg) and a greater loss of body fat (PLA &minus, 2.3 [&minus, 3.4, &minus, 1.1], Ca &minus, 1.3 [&minus, 0.3], Ca+D &minus, 3.6 [&minus, 4.8, &minus, 2.5]%). Alternatively, no significant differences in weight loss or body composition resulted when adding Ca or Ca+D to the LCHP regimen in comparison to when PLA was added to the LCHP diet. When combined with an energy-restricted, higher carbohydrate diet, adding 800 mg of Ca carbonate stimulated greater body mass loss compared to when a PLA was added. Alternatively, adding Ca+D to the LCHC diet promoted greater% fat changes and attenuation of fat-free mass loss. Our results expand upon current literature regarding the impact of calcium supplementation with dieting and regular exercise. This data highlights that different forms of calcium in combination with an energy restricted, higher carbohydrate diet may trigger changes in body mass or body composition while no impact of calcium supplementation was observed when participants followed an energy restricted, higher protein diet.

We examined if 8 weeks of whey protein (WP) supplementation improved body composition and performance measures in NCAA Division III female basketball players. Subjects were assigned to consume 24 g WP (n = 8; age, 20 ± 2 years; height, 170 ± 6 cm; weight, 66.0 ± 3.1 kg) or 24 g of maltodextrin (MD) (n = 6; age, 21 ± 3 years; height, 169 ± 6 cm; weight, 68.2 ± 7.6 kg) immediately prior to and following training (4 days/week anaerobic and resistance training) for 8 weeks. Prior to (T1) and 8 weeks following supplementation (T2), subjects underwent dual X-ray absorptiometry body composition assessment as well as performance tests. The WP group gained lean mass from T1 to T2 (+1.4 kg, p = 0.003) whereas the MD group trended to gain lean mass (+0.4 kg, p = 0.095). The WP group also lost fat mass from T1 to T2 (–1.0 kg, p = 0.003) whereas the MD group did not (–0.5 kg, p = 0.41). The WP group presented greater gains in 1-repetition maximum (1RM) bench press (+4.9 kg) compared with the MD group (+2.3 kg) (p < 0.05). Moreover, the WP group improved agility from T1 to T2 (p = 0.001) whereas the MD group did not (p = 0.38). Both groups equally increased leg press 1RM, vertical jump, and broad jump performances. This study demonstrates that 8 weeks of WP supplementation improves body composition and select performance variables in previously trained female athletes.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an alleged aromatase and 5-α reductase inhibitor (AI) on strength, body composition, and hormonal profiles in resistance-trained men. Thirty resistance-trained men were randomly assigned in a double-blind manner to ingest 500 mg of either a placebo (PL) or AI once per day for 8 wk. Participants participated in a 4-d/wk resistance-training program for 8 wk. At Weeks 0, 4, and 8, body composition, 1-repetition-maximum (1RM) bench press and leg press, muscle endurance, anaerobic power, and hormonal profiles were assessed. Statistical analyses used a 2-way ANOVA with repeated measures for all criterion variables (p ≤ .05). Significant Group × Time interaction effects occurred over the 8-wk period for percent body fat (AI: –1.77% ± 1.52%, PL: –0.55% ± 1.72%; p = .048), total testosterone (AI: 0.97 ± 2.67 ng/ml, PL: –2.10 ± 3.75 ng/ml; p = .018), and bioavailable testosterone (AI: 1.32 ± 3.45 ng/ml, PL: –1.69 ± 3.94 ng/ml; p = .049). Significant main effects for time (p ≤ .05) were noted for bench- and leg-press 1RM, lean body mass, and estradiol. No significant changes were detected among groups for Wingate peak or mean power, total body weight, dihydrotestosterone, hemodynamic variables, or clinical safety data (p > .05). The authors concluded that 500 mg of daily AI supplementation significantly affected percent body fat, total testosterone, and bioavailable testosterone compared with a placebo in a double-blind fashion.

Purpose: Reliable tools on measuring outcomes of service-learning (SL) are scarce. This study aimed to develop and test a service-learning assessment tool to measure students’ perceived self-efficacy on program planning related competencies (SL-SEPP) and an overall SL impact scale. Methods: Students in a core Master of Public Health (MPH) course on program planning participated in the study (n=44). Course-based SL projects were incorporated into the learning process. Data from the baseline survey were used to assess the reliability of the 12-item SL-SEPP, and data from the posttest survey were used to assess the 5-item overall SL impact scale at the end of the course. Results: Data showed satisfactory reliability scores, with Cronbach alpha of .87 for the SL-SEPP and .84 for the overall impact scale. Even with this relatively small sample size, preliminary analyses showed that the SL-SEPP was sensitive to detect meaningful changes of self-efficacy scores after the course. Conclusion: This study provides needed pilot data supporting the reliabilities of the SL-SEPP tool. The study has implications for researchers and educators to apply or adapt this tool to assess student self-efficacy outcomes on program planning competencies.

Eccentric exercise causes muscle proteolysis that may be attenuated with repeated exercise. Therefore, this study determined the effect of repeated bouts of eccentric exercise on ubiquitin (UBI), ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (E2), and 20S proteasome (20S) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA and protein expression, myofibrillar protein content, DNA content, caspase-3 activity, serum skeletal muscle troponin-I (sTnI) and cortisol (CORT), and muscle strength.Nine males underwent two identical eccentric exercise bouts (BT1 and BT2) 3 wk apart involving seven sets of 10 repetitions at 150% one-repetition maximum of the dominant knee extensors. Blood and muscle biopsy samples were obtained before and at 6 and 24 h postexercise whereas muscle strength was assessed before and at 24, 48, and 72 h postexercise. Data were analyzed with separate 2 x 3 and 2 x 4 factorial ANOVA (P0.05).Decrements in strength and increased soreness occurred at 24 and 48 h postexercise for both bouts (P0.05); however, the changes for BT1 were greater than BT2. Serum CORT and sTnI were greater immediately after and at 6, 24, and 48 h postexercise for both bouts; however, the differences in BT1 were greater than BT2 (P0.05). Caspase-3 activity and the mRNA and protein levels of UBI, E2, 20S, and GR were increased at 6 and 24 h postexercise, and these differences were greater for BT1 than BT2 (P0.05). For BT1, DNA and myofibrillar protein content decreases were apparent at 24 h postexercise (P0.05) but not in BT2.These results indicate that muscle injury occurring from an initial bout of eccentric exercise seems to decrease muscle strength and myofibrillar protein, possibly due to apoptosis and up-regulation of glucocorticoid receptor mediated increases in UBI-proteolytic pathway activity, all of which appear to be tempered with a repeated eccentric exercise bout.

Introduction: The Role of the Training Table Michael D. Roberts and Lem W. Taylor IV Caloric Demands of Sport Energy Demands: Sedentary versus Active Individuals Julie Kresta Energy Demands for Endurance Athletes Ronald W. Mendel Energy Demands for Strength-Power Athletes Chris N. Poole and Colin D. Wilborn Meal Planning for Athletes Amanda Carlson-Phillips Role of Individual Nutrients Protein Needs of Athletes Kristin Dugan and Colin D. Wilborn Carbohydrate Needs of Athletes Christopher J. Rasmussen Fat Needs of Athletes Jonathan M. Oliver, Michelle A. Mardock, and Justin P. Dobson Micronutrient Needs of Athletes Fanny Dufour and Lem W. Taylor IV Fluid Needs of Athletes Chad Kerksick Other Training Table Considerations Calorie Needs for Improving Body Composition Vincent J. Dalbo and Michael D. Roberts Calorie Needs for Inducing Muscle Hypertrophy Michael D. Roberts Nutrient Timing for Optimal Adaptation and Recovery Brian D. Shelmadine, Paul M. La Bounty, and Kara A. Sample Carbohydrates: What We Know about Low versus High Levels for Athletes Abbie E. Smith, Jose Antonio, and David H. Fukuda Nutrition for the Aging Athlete Thomas W. Buford, Matthew B. Cooke, and Jean L. Gutierrez Index

A single bout of high-intensity resistance exercise is capable of activating the expression of various genes in skeletal muscle involved in hypertrophy such as myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms, myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), and growth factors. However, the specific role exercise intensity plays on the expression of these genes is not well defined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise intensity on MHC (type I, IIA, IIX), MRF (Myo-D, myogenin, MRF-4, myf5), and growth factor (insulin-like growth factor [IGF]-1, IGF-1 receptor [IGF-R1], mechano-growth factor [MGF]) mRNA expression. Thirteen male participants (21.5 +/- 2.9 years, 86.1 +/- 19.5 kg, 69.7 +/- 2.7 in.) completed bouts of resistance exercise involving 4 sets of 18-20 repetitions with 60-65% 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and 4 sets of 8-10 repetitions with 80-85% 1RM. Vastus lateralis biopsies were obtained immediately before exercise, and at 30 minutes, 2 hours, and 6 hours after each bout. The levels of mRNA expression were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Data were analyzed using 2 x 4 multivariate analysis of variance (p

633 sedentary women (47±11 yrs, 163±7 cm; 92±18kg; 45±4 body fat) were assigned to a control group (C), an exercise group (E); or, a high carbohydrate or a high protein diet group for 10-weeks. Die...

Background The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a functional coffee beverage containing additional caffeine, green tea extracts, niacin and garcinia cambogia to regular coffee to determine the effects on resting energy expenditure (REE) and hemodynamic variables. Methods Subjects included five male (26 ± 2.1 y, 97.16 ± 10.05 kg, 183.89 ± 6.60 cm) and five female (28.8 ± 5.3 y, 142.2 ± 12.6 lbs) regular coffee drinkers. Subjects fasted for 10 hours and were assessed for 1 hour prior (PRE) and 3 hours following 1.5 cups of coffee ingestion [JavaFit™ Energy Extreme (JF) ~400 mg total caffeine; Folgers (F) ~200 mg total caffeine] in a double-blind, crossover design. REE, resting heart rate (RHR), and systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure was assessed at PRE and 1, 2, and 3-hours post coffee ingestion. Data were analyzed by three-factor repeated measures ANOVA (p < 0.05). Results JF trial resulted in a significant main effect for REE (p < 0.01), SBP (p < 0.01), RER (p < 0.01), and VO2 (p < 0.01) compared to F, with no difference between trials on the RHR and DBP variables. A significant interaction for trial and time point (p < 0.05) was observed for the variable REE. The JF trial resulted in a significant overall mean increase in REE of 14.4% (males = 12.1%, females = 17.9%) over the observation period (p < 0.05), while the F trial produced an overall decrease in REE of 5.7%. SBP was significantly higher in the JF trial; however, there was no significant increase from PRE to 3-hours post. Conclusion Results from this study suggest that JavaFit™ Energy Extreme coffee is more effective than Folgers regular caffeinated coffee at increasing REE in regular coffee drinkers for up to 3 hours following ingestion without any adverse hemodynamic effects.

This study examined the effects of an aromatase-inhibiting nutritional supplement on serum steroid hormones, body composition, and clinical safety markers. Sixteen eugonadal young men ingested either Novedex XT™ or a placebo daily for 8 wk, followed by a 3-wk washout period. Body composition was assessed and blood and urine samples obtained at weeks 0, 4, 8, and 11. Data were analyzed by 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA. Novedex XT resulted in average increases of 283%, 625%, 566%, and 438% for total testosterone (P = 0.001), free testosterone (P = 0.001), dihydrotestosterone (P = 0.001), and the testosterone:estrogen ratio (P = 0.001), respectively, whereas fat mass decreased 3.5% (P = 0.026) during supplementation. No significant differences were observed in blood and urinary clinical safety markers or for any of the other serum hormones (P > 0.05). This study indicates that Novedex XT significantly increases serum androgen levels and decreases fat mass.

Purpose Methoxyisoflavone (M), 20-hydroxyecdysone (E), and sulfo-polysaccharide (CSP3) have been marketed to athletes as dietary supplements that can increase strength and muscle mass during resistance-training. However, little is known about their potential ergogenic value. The purpose of this study was to determine whether these supplements affect training adaptations and/or markers of muscle anabolism/catabolism in resistance-trained athletes. Methods Forty-five resistance-trained males (20.5 ± 3 yrs; 179 ± 7 cm, 84 ± 16 kg, 17.3 ± 9% body fat) were matched according to FFM and randomly assigned to ingest in a double blind manner supplements containing either a placebo (P); 800 mg/day of M; 200 mg of E; or, 1,000 mg/day of CSP3 for 8-weeks during training. At 0, 4, and 8-weeks, subjects donated fasting blood samples and completed comprehensive muscular strength, muscular endurance, anaerobic capacity, and body composition analysis. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA. Results No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in training adaptations among groups in the variables FFM, percent body fat, bench press 1 RM, leg press 1 RM or sprint peak power. Anabolic/catabolic analysis revealed no significant differences among groups in active testosterone (AT), free testosterone (FT), cortisol, the AT to cortisol ratio, urea nitrogen, creatinine, the blood urea nitrogen to creatinine ratio. In addition, no significant differences were seen from pre to post supplementation and/or training in AT, FT, or cortisol. Conclusion Results indicate that M, E, and CSP3 supplementation do not affect body composition or training adaptations nor do they influence the anabolic/catabolic hormone status or general markers of catabolism in resistance-trained males.

WILLOUGHBY, D. S., and L. TAYLOR. Effects of Sequential Bouts of Resistance Exercise on Androgen Receptor Expression.Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 36, No. 9, pp. 1499 –1506, 2004. Purpose: Increased serum testosterone (TST) occurs in response to resistance exercise and is associated with increased muscle mass. However, the effects of elevated TST and sequential resistance exercise bouts on androgen receptor (AR) expression in humans are not well known. This study examined three sequential bouts of heavy-resistance exercise on serum total TST, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and free androgen index (FAI), skeletal muscle AR mRNA and protein expression, and myofibrillar protein content. Methods: Eighteen untrained males were randomly assigned to either a resistance-training [RST (N 9)] or control group [CON (N 9)]. RST performed three lower-body resistance exercise bouts, each separated by 48 h. At each exercise bout, RST performed three sets of 8 –10 repetitions at 75– 80% one-repetition maximum using the squat, leg press, and leg extension exercises, respectively, whereas CON performed no resistance exercise. Muscle biopsies were obtained immediately before the first exercise bout and 48 h after each of the three bouts, whereas blood samples were obtained immediately before, immediately after, and 30 min after each bout. Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and bivariate correlations. Results: Serum TST and FAI were significantly increased after each exercise bout (P 0.05); however, there were no significant changes for SHBG. AR mRNA and protein were significantly increased (P 0.05) after the second and third exercise bouts, respectively, and were significantly correlated to TST and FAI (P 0.05). Myofibrillar protein increased after the third bout ( P 0.05). Conclusions: Three sequential bouts of heavy resistance exercise increases serum TST and are effective at up-regulating AR mRNA and protein expression that appears to correspond to subsequent increases in myofibrillar protein. Key Words: TESTOSTERONE, SEX HORMONE BINDING GLOBULIN, FREE ANDROGEN INDEX, MYOFIBRILLAR PROTEIN

The role of nutrient timing both before and after daily training sessions is now a major part of the nutritional recommendations for athletes to maximize training adaptations. However, there still exists some questions on the ideal macronutrient selection for these preand post-workout meals. PURPOSE: To investigate the potential effects of protein vs. carbohydrate ingestion in collegiate female basketball players. METHODS: 14 (20.2 ± 1.4 years, 169.4 ± 5.8 cm, 67.5 ± 6.1 kg, 27.1 ± 4.4 %BF) NCAA Division III female basketball players were matched by weight and randomly assigned in a double-blind manner to consume 24 grms whey protein (WP) or 24 grms maltodextrin (MD) preand post-exercise for eight weeks. Subjects participated in a supervised 4-day per week undulating periodized resistance and anaerobic training program. At 0 and 8-weeks, subjects underwent DEXA body composition analysis and upperand lower-body 1RM strength, vertical jump, 5-10-5, and broad jump testing. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA (p≤0.05) and are presented as mean ± SD changes. RESULTS: Significant group x time interaction effects were observed among groups for bench press 1RM (p = 0.043) and DEXA lean mass (p = 0.026) indicating that the WP group resulted in a more substantial training adaptations over the MD group. A significant time effect (p < 0.05) was observed for DEXA %BF (%change: -4.87 ± 4%), DEXA fat mass (%change: -4.33 ± 5%), leg press 1RM (%change: 13.57 ± 7%), vertical jump (%change: 9.95 ± 6%), 5-10-5 (%change: -3.1 ± 2%), and broad jump (%change: 3.9 ± 4%) suggesting that the stimulus of the training protocol was adequate to promote anaerobic physiological adaptations. CONCLUSION: In regards to nutrient timing, our results suggest that whey protein ingestion both preand post-training is a greater stimulus for increases in lean mass in female collegiate anaerobic athletes as compared to the ingestion of carbohydrates. This translated into a significant difference in upper body 1RM strength, however, despite significant training adaptations occurring over the 8 week trial, no significant differences occurred in lower body strength, vertical and broad jump, and 5-10-5 time between WP and MD groups. Supported by the UMHB Graduate Research Grant