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Plant-derived smokes has antimicrobial activity and have been reported to have the ability to promote germination for various kinds of plant seeds. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of coconut shell burning smoke against the level of fungal infection, dormancy, and the physiological quality of shallot seed bulb. The research design used was a factorial randomized block design. The first factor is the smoking time (t), with 3 levels of treatments (t1 = 40 minutes, t2 = 80 minutes, t3 = 120 minutes) and the second factor is the temperatures of the biomass reactor (T), with 2 treatments (T1 = 200 ± 50 oC and T2 = 300 ± 50 oC). The smoking process using the pyrolysis-external heating method was carried out without affecting the moisture content of the seeds. The smoking with reactor temperature of 300 oC and duration of 40 minutes gave the same effect as the treatment of the highest temperature and duration, two of these treatments gave the highest antimicrobial effect and dormancy compared to other treatments. The smoking with 300 oC reactor temperature and 40 minutes duration gave an average dormancy of 96.3±10.1 (DAH) and 50.7±1.8 % infection.

Deficiencies in the drying and stacking methods of cocoa beans can be minimized by using a combination of both to improve quality. The purpose of this study was to obtain physicochemical and organoleptic quality information of dried cocoa beans produced by a combination of drying and stack drying. The treatments analyzed were drying 3, 8 and 16 hours followed by mechanical drying using an air flow of 0.05 m / s and 0.2 m / s at a temperature of 55 oC. As a control is only mechanical drying with two flow rates, up to a water content

Abstrak. In-Store Dryer (ISD) umumnya digunakan pada proses pengeringan biji-bijian tahap kedua. Sistem pengeringan dan penyimpanan pada ISD memanfaatkan suhu udara lingkungan. Suhu, Aliran udara dan RH merupakan parameter kunci selama proses pengeringan menggunakan ISD. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis Sebaran kadar air di dalam ISD selama proses pengeringan. Proses pengeringan tumpukan digunakan untuk menganalisis sebaran kadar air. Kapasitas ISD yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah 7500 kg jagung, dengan dimensi tinggi 3,5 m dan diameter 2,5 m. ISD memiliki 13 pipa aerasi aliran udara, terdiri dari 9 pipa input dan 4 pipa output. Keseluruhan dinding ISD diasumsikan dalam kondisi adiabatik. Validasi kadar air antara simulasi dan pengukuran dilakukan pada kapasitas ISD 1500 kg. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Simulasi pengeringan tumpukan pada lapisan 10 dan 40 memiliki koefisien korelasi 0,90 dan 0,35 di musim hujan, 0,88 dan 0,84 pada musim kemarau. Analysis of Corn Water Content Distribution during Drying Process inside In-Store Dryer (ISD) Abstract. In-Store Dryer (ISD) is commonly used as second step in drying process of grains. ISD is usually utilized ambient temperature and consist of dryer and storage system. Temperature, air flow and RH are key parameters during drying process using ISD. The objective of this study were to analyze the distribution of water content inside ISD during drying process. Deep bed drying process was used to analyze the distribution of water content. The capacity of ISD used in this study was 7500 kg of corn, with dimensions of 3.5 m in high and 2.5 m in diameter. ISD have 13 aeration pipes of air flow, consist of 9 input pipes and 4 output pipes. All walls of ISD were assumed to be in condition of adiabatic. Validation of water content that simulation with the measurement has been done at capacity of ISD were 1500 kg. The result showed that Deep bed drying simulation of water content at Layer 10 and 40 have coefficient of correlation of 0.90 and 0.35 in rainy season, 0.88 and 0.84 in dry season.

Most literature suggests that two-phase digestion is more efficient than single-phase. The series of two-phase digestion studies have been conducted from 2011 to 2013 at the research farm of PT Bumimas Ekapersada, West Java, Indonesia. This paper reports on a research on optimation of concentration and augmentation of EM-4 (effective microorganism-4), a local commercial decomposer, as efforts to stabilize a biogas technology which made from husk capsules of Jatropha curcas Linn (DH-JcL). The studies of increasing organic loading rate (OLR) for the two-phase digestion was conducted to improve efficiency. The concentration variable studied was 1: 8 (1 part DH-JCL and 8 parts water), compared to 1: 12 as a control. The augmentation treatment is the addition of EM-4 by 5% (v/v). It was also examined the augmentation of F2-EM4 (150 times duplication of EM-4) due to cost consideration. The studies were conducted in the laboratory which using a liter and two liters of glass digester and glass wool as immobilized growth. The results of this study support the previous studies: the optimum concentration was 1: 8, EM-4 was able to increase biogas production in two-phase digestion, yet biogas production decrease at single-phase. F2-EM4’s ability to support production of biogas were equivalent to that of EM-4.