Search

The beauty of ornament and uniqueness of cave is the potential of Sibiuk Cave that could be made into special interest tourism. Sibiuk Cave is known as Air Conditioner Cave for it has three doors that make the cave cold inside. This study aims to identify the potential that Sibiuk Cave has, which located in Ciampea Subdistrict. This study was conducted from February to May 2020 by applying survey forward method and top to bottom survey system in making Sibiuk Cave profile map and direct collection with rapid assessment method to identify cave ornament and fauna. The results of the study were the existence of stalactites, stalagmite, chamber, column, and boulder as well as faunas such as ancient shrimp (Stenasellus sp), cave cricket (Rhaphidophora sp), tailless whip scorpion (Stygophrynus dammermani), whip scorpion (Thelyphonus caudatus), millipede (Orthomorpha coarctata), land snail (Leptopoma celebesianum), centipede (Scutigeria sp), bat (Rousettus amplexicaudatus), and swift (Collocalia vestita). SIbiuk cave potential is expected to be expanded into special interest tourism of rock climbing, caving, speleology and biospeleology. Key words: cave fauna, sibiuk cave, cave ornament, forward survey

Leptopoma calva Hutton, 1882 Pl. 1, fig. C Hutton, 1882. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 282. Type material. Single shell formerly in the collection at Canterbury Museum, Christchurch (Hutton 1898 – 1900: 5; Suter 1913: 179) but reported missing by Freeman et al. (1997: 36), and not found subsequently. Neotype selected by Marshall & Barker (2007: 60 — NMNZ M.174790). Type locality. listed as ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ by Hutton (1882p: 282, 1883d: 140); neotype from ‘South Island, N of Arthur’s Pass, Jacksons, near roadside on Otira–Kumara highway, 200 m (NZMS 260, K33/870283)’ (Marshall & Barker 2007: 60). Previous illustrations of type material. Suter (1915: pl. 35, fig. 1), Marshall & Barker (2007: fig. 4C). Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 140), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 282). A re-description and illustration of Leptopoma calva by Suter (1913: 179, pl. 35, fig. 1) was based on the type material from Canterbury Museum. Suter (1913: 179) and Dell (1955: 1136) stated that this species was known from the type specimen only. The latter author noted that Suter’s (1913) “description and figure are not highly diagnostic. Unfortunately the type cannot at present be located in the Canterbury Museum, and no topotypes appear to have been collected”. Dell (1955: 1136) identified material of “a moderately common shell in Fiordland” as Murdochia cf. calvum (Hutton), but noted that “until these shells can be critically compared with undoubted specimens of calvum, the identification cannot be certain”. Marshall & Baker (2007) redescribed Leptopoma calva Hutton, 1882 as part of a taxonomic review of Cytora Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1897, noting that the shell of this species is distinctive in having a maculate colour pattern, although the latter feature was not mentioned in the descriptions by Hutton (1882p, 1883d) or Suter (1913), and they identified ‘ Murdochia cf. calvum ’ of Dell (1955) as Cytora mayhillae Marshall & Barker, 2007. Marshall & Barker (2007: 60) selected a neotype of calva, NMNZ M. 174790 (pl. 1, fig. C), that “represents the only Cytora species occurring in the vicinity of Greymouth that is accordant with Hutton’s descriptions and Suter’s (1913) crude illustration of the holotype ”. This in itself is not sufficient justification for the designation of a neotype under ICZN Art. 75.3 but, given that previously there had been confusion over the identity of calva, we agree that a neotype was required to stabilise the nomenclature. The neotype selected by Marshall & Barker (2007: 60) was from the Otira-Kumara Highway, c. 45 km SE of Greymouth; they stated that they had “not seen any reliably localised specimens from Greymouth or the immediate vicinity of that town, so we have chosen the neotype from one of the nearest localities where the species is definitely known to occur”. Subsequently, C. calva has been found living in Omotumotu Bush, Greymouth, and on Peter Ridge, and near Point Elizabeth, on the southern and northern outskirts of the town, respectively (F. Brook pers. obs.). Current taxonomy. Cytora calva (Hutton, 1882) — Powell (1957: 90), Powell (1979: 85), Marshall (1995: 496), Marshall & Barker (2007: 60), Spencer et al., (2009: 203). Distribution. New Zealand; northwestern South Island, from Granity and Nelson Lakes southwest to Lake Kaniere (Marshall & Barker, 2007: fig. 8A; NMNZ collection records)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 12-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Hutton, F. W. (1898 - 1900) List of types in the Canterbury Museum. Unpublished handwritten list, original at Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, photocopy held with the dry type collection at Museum of New Zealand, Te Papa Tongarewa, 10 pp.","Hutton, F. W. (1900) Note on Paryphanta lignaria. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 32, 22. [June]","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Freeman, A. N. D., Marshall, B. A., Maxwell, P. A., Walker, M. W. & Nicholls, D. C. (1997) Recent name-bearing molluscan types in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand. Records of the Canterbury Museum, 11, 17 - 41.","Marshall, B. A. & Barker, G. M. (2007) A revision of New Zealand landsnails of the genus Cytora Kobelt & Mollendorff, 1897 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pupinidae). Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 18, 49 - 113.","Hutton, F. W. (1882 p) Meetings of Societies, Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th September, 1882. Descriptions of new land shells. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (6), 281 - 282. [November]","Hutton, F. W. (1883 d) Descriptions of new land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 15, 134 - 141. [May]","Suter, H. (1915) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca, Atlas of Plates. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 72 pls.","Dell, R. K. (1955) The land Mollusca of Fiordland, south-west Otago. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 82, 1135 - 1148.","Powell, A. W. B. (1957) Shells of New Zealand. 3 rd ed. Whitcombe and Tombs, Christchurch, 202 pp.","Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp.","Marshall, B. A. (1995) Molluscan and brachiopod taxa introduced by F. W. Hutton in The New Zealand Journal of Science. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 25 (4), 495 - 500. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1995.9517499"]}

Leptopoma pannosa Hutton, 1882 Pl. 1, fig. E Hutton, 1882. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 282. Type material. Lectotype, CMNZ M1266.1 [ex ZS 179], paralectotypes (2), CMNZ 1266.2 [= M18077, Cytora chiltoni (Suter, 1896)], CMNZ M1266.3 [= M18078, Cytora mayhillae Marshall & Barker, 2007] (dry shells). Lectotype designation and identification of paralectotypes by Marshall & Barker (2007: 94). According to a note in the CMNZ accession register (by D. Gregg, 8 May 1968) the type lot M1266 originally contained four specimens. The molluscan collection at CMNZ has a radula mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Leptopoma pannosa, Greymouth, XVI p. 173’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.46), which is also probably primary type material (see description of radula by Hutton 1883d: 140), but whether it is from the lectotype, or a paralectotype, is not known. There is a dab of glue residue on this glass slide, suggesting that some other item, possibly the operculum illustrated by Hutton 1884b: pl. 10, fig. U), was formerly attached to it, but is now lost. CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1266—‘Lagochilus pannosum Hutton, Greymouth (old no. ZS 179)’. Type locality. ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ (Hutton 1882p: 282); ‘Greymouth, under very damp logs and earth (Mr. R. Helms)’ (Hutton 1883d: 140). Previous illustrations of type material. Operculum and radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 10, fig. U) probably from type material. Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of Leptosoma pannosa to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 140), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 282).A description by Hutton (1884b: 173) of the radula of pannosa was probably based on the putative type material in CMNZ 2017.17.46 mentioned above. Marshall & Barker (2007: 94) noted that the type series at CMNZ contained three different species. They selected a lectotype, illustrated here for the first time in pl. 1, fig. E, that most closely matched New Zealand malacologists’ interpretations of pannosa (i.e., broadly conical shell of moderate size with enlarged periostracal projections at the periphery), and re-described the species. Current taxonomy. Cytora pannosa (Hutton, 1882) — Powell (1957: 91), Powell (1979: 84), Marshall (1995: 497), Marshall & Barker (2007: 94), Spencer et al. (2009: 203). Distribution. New Zealand; northwestern South Island, from Heaphy River to the vicinity of Haast (Marshall & Baker 2007: 97, fig. 17B; AIM and NMNZ collection records)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 13-14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Marshall, B. A. & Barker, G. M. (2007) A revision of New Zealand landsnails of the genus Cytora Kobelt & Mollendorff, 1897 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pupinidae). Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 18, 49 - 113.","Hutton, F. W. (1883 d) Descriptions of new land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 15, 134 - 141. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1882 p) Meetings of Societies, Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th September, 1882. Descriptions of new land shells. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (6), 281 - 282. [November]","Powell, A. W. B. (1957) Shells of New Zealand. 3 rd ed. Whitcombe and Tombs, Christchurch, 202 pp.","Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp.","Marshall, B. A. (1995) Molluscan and brachiopod taxa introduced by F. W. Hutton in The New Zealand Journal of Science. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 25 (4), 495 - 500. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1995.9517499","Spencer, H. G., Marshall, B. A. & Willan, R. C. (2009) Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. In: Gordon, D. P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Vol. 1. Kingdom Animalia. Canterbury University Press. Christchurch, pp. 196 - 219."]}

Details are provided on 16 land snail genera, eight freshwater molluscan species, one estuarine species, 47 land snail species and varieties from New Zealand, and a further three land snail species putatively from New Zealand, which were described by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Original primary type material of 54 species was located during the present study. Lectotypes are designated for: Amphidoxa cornea Hutton, 1882, Amphidoxa jacquenetta Hutton, 1883, Amphidoxa perdita Hutton, 1883, Charopa cassandra Hutton, 1883, Cyclotus charmian Hutton, 1883, Fruticicola adriana Hutton, 1883, Gerontia cordelia Hutton, 1883, Gerontia pantherina Hutton, 1882, Microphysa pumila Hutton, 1882, Patula jessica Hutton, 1883, Patula lucetta Hutton, 1884, Patula sylvia Hutton, 1883, Patula tapirina Hutton, 1882, Pfeifferia cressida Hutton, 1883, Phrixgnathus celia Hutton, 1883, Phrixgnathus haasti Hutton, 1883, Phrixgnathus marginatus Hutton, 1882, Phrixgnathus phrynia Hutton, 1883, Rhytida australis Hutton, 1882, Strobila leiodon Hutton, 1882, Thalassia propinqua Hutton, 1882, Therasia thaisa Hutton, 1883, Therasia valeria Hutton, 1883 and Zonites helmsii Hutton, 1882. A neotype is designated for Rhytida citrina Hutton, 1882. Primary type material of the following taxa is figured herein for the first time: Amphidoxa lavinia Hutton, 1883, Cyclotus charmian Hutton, 1883, Fruticicola adriana Hutton, 1883, Leptopoma pannosa Hutton, 1882, Patula lucetta Hutton, 1884, Patula sylvia Hutton, 1883, Patula tapirina Hutton, 1882, Phacussa helmsi var. maculata Hutton, 1884, Phrixgnathus ariel Hutton, 1883, Phrixgnathus celia Hutton, 1883, Rhytida australis Hutton, 1882, Rissoa vana Hutton, 1873, Testacella vagans Hutton, 1882, Trochomorpha hermia Hutton, 1883 and Zonites helmsii Hutton, 1882. New taxonomic combinations introduced herein include Phacussa lucetta (Hutton, 1884) and Therasia propinqua (Hutton, 1882). Amphidoxa lavinia Hutton, 1883, Charopa cassandra Hutton, 1883, Patula timandra Hutton, 1883 and Trochomorpha hermia Hutton, 1883 are treated as junior synonyms of Tasmaphena sinclairii (Pfeiffer, 1846), Phacussa fulminata (Hutton, 1882), Fectola infecta (Reeve, 1852) and Advena campbellii (Gray, 1834), respectively.

Leptopoma is a species rich genus with approximately 100 species documented according to shell morphology and animal anatomy. Many of the Leptopoma species are described in terms of shell size, shape, sculpture and colour patterns of a small number of examined materials. However, the implications of the inter- and intra-species variations in shell form to the taxonomy of Leptopoma species and the congruency of its current shell based taxonomy with its molecular phylogeny are still unclear. Over the last decade, more than 900 collection lots consisting of more than 4000 Leptopoma specimens have been obtained in Sabah and deposited in BORNEENSIS at Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Access to this collection gave us the opportunity to examine the geographical variations in shell forms and the phylogenetic relationship of Leptopoma species in Sabah. The phylogenetic relationship of three Leptopoma species was first estimated by performing maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis based on mitochondrial genes (16S and COI) and nuclear gene (ITS-1). After this, a total of six quantitative shell characters (i.e. shell height, shell width, aperture height, aperture width, shell spire height, and ratio of shell height and width) and three qualitative shell characters (i.e. shell colour patterns, spiral ridges, and dark ring band in aperture) of the specimens were mapped across the phylogenetic tree and tested for phylogenetic signals. Data on shell characters of Leptopoma sericatum and Leptopoma pellucidum from two different locations (i.e. Balambangan Island and Kinabatangan) where both species occurred sympatrically were then obtained to examine the geographical variations in shell form. The molecular phylogenetic analyses suggested that each of the three Leptopoma species was monophyletic and indicated congruence with one of the shell characters (i.e. shell spiral ridges) in the current morphological-based classification. Other qualitative and quantitative shell characters were incongruent with the Leptopoma species phylogeny. Although the geographical variation analyses suggested some of the shell characters indicating inter-species differences between the two Leptopoma species, these also pointed to intra-species differences between populations from different locations. This study provides an initiation to resolve the taxonomy conundrum for the remaining 100 little known Leptopoma species from other regions and highlights a need to assess variations in shell characters before they could be used in species classification.

Leptopomais a species rich genus with approximately 100 species documented. Species-level identification in this group has been based on shell morphology and colouration, as well as some anatomical features based on small sample sizes. However, the implications of the inter- and intra-species variations in shell form to the taxonomy ofLeptopomaspecies and the congruency of its current shell based taxonomy with its molecular phylogeny are still unclear. There are fourLeptopomaspecies found in Sabah, Borneo, and their taxonomy status remains uncertain due to substantial variation in shell forms. This study focuses on the phylogenetic relationships and geographical variation in shell form of threeLeptopomaspecies from Sabah. The phylogenetic relationship of these species was first estimated by performing Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analysis based on mitochondrial genes (16S rDNA and COI) and nuclear gene (ITS-1). Then, a total of six quantitative shell characters (i.e., shell height, shell width, aperture height, aperture width, shell spire height, and ratio of shell height to width) and three qualitative shell characters (i.e., shell colour patterns, spiral ridges, and dark apertural band) of the specimens were mapped across the phylogenetic tree and tested for phylogenetic signals. Data on shell characters ofLeptopoma sericatumandLeptopoma pellucidumfrom two different locations (i.e., Balambangan Island and Kinabatangan) where both species occurred sympatrically were then obtained to examine the geographical variations in shell form. The molecular phylogenetic analyses suggested that each of the threeLeptopomaspecies was monophyletic and indicated congruence with only one of the shell characters (i.e., shell spiral ridges) in the current morphological-based classification. Although the geographical variation analyses suggested some of the shell characters indicating inter-species differences between the twoLeptopomaspecies, these also pointed to intra-species differences between populations from different locations. This study onLeptopomaspecies is based on small sample size and the findings appear only applicable toLeptopomaspecies in Sabah. Nevertheless, we anticipate this study to be a starting point for more detailed investigations to include the other still little-known (ca. 100)Leptopomaspecies and highlights a need to assess variations in shell characters before they could be used in species classification.

Cyclophoridae is the dominant family of operculated terrestrial snails in East Asia. The group consists of four subfamilies and approximately 300 species that are currently classified into 34 genera. The species occupy various habitatsand show a high morphological diversity. The molecular phylogenetic relationships of this group have not previously been discussed. In order to uncover the relationships within the family, we sequenced parts of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and of the 16S rRNA gene from 32 species of 10 genera of cyclophorid and established the phylogenetic tree using neighbor joining, Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses to construct phylogenetic trees. The results based on mtDNA sequences suggest that the genera Cyclophorus, Cyclotus, Leptopoma, and Cyathopoma are monophyletic while the traditional genus Japonia appeared polyphyletic and then J. zebra should be moved to the new genus Pilosphaera. In addition, Pilosphaera yentoensis n. sp. and Japonia boonkioensis n. sp. are described in this paper.

In sixteen species of the cyclophorid genus Leptopoma female genital ducts were examined; in four species male genital ducts were examined as well. In the females, bursa copulatrix and receptaculum seminis were found to open into the mantle cavity, close to the longitudinal genital aperture. Bursa copulatrix and receptaculum seminis — when present — in cyclophorid snails, were hitherto described having openings into the pallial oviduct (Weber, Tielecke, Berry, Kasinathan). A number of anatomical details of the female genital duct in Leptopoma are regarded useful diagnostic characters for the taxonomy of this group.

(1907). XVI.—Descriptions of new species of Trochomorpha, Cochlostyla, Amphidromus, Bulimulus, Drymaeus, Placostylus, Stenogyra, Leptopoma, Cyclophorus, Cyclotus, and Alycaeus. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 19, No. 110, pp. 149-157.