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The field pea (Pisum sativum L.) is studied as an important grain legume used in both human and animal feed. DNA markers can contribute to the rapid breeding of novel pea cultivars. This study aimed to identify such molecular markers as the number of days to the beginning of flowering, plant lodging, and stem geometry. Phenotypic measurements were recorded during the field trials. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of soluble carbohydrates (e.g., monosaccharides, sucrose, and raffinose family oligosaccharides) in the pea seeds were performed. A t-test was used to detect the significance of markers associated with each trait. Fifteen markers that were significant for thirteen traits were identified in this analysis. The same markers were identified for verbascose concentration in 2013 and 2014 and stem-wall thickness in 2014 and 2015. Our marker for the number of days to the beginning of flowering (AB141) was 4 cM from the AB64 marker, which was identified as a marker linked to days to 50% bloom. We found a negative correlation between lodging score at the end of flowering and stem diameter in the middle (2015, −0.40) of this study set of pea lines. Although similar correlations were detected in the Carneval × MP1401 population, the correlation between lodging at maturity and diameter in the middle and upper stem sections was positive. In markers validation, particularly for polygenic traits, a statistical analysis of the observed characters is an important step for a division of the trait values into a bimodal distribution.

Anti-nutritional compounds are among the obstacles to the use of pea seeds as a protein source in both feed and food. These compounds are poorly digested by both monogastric animals and humans. There are three main oligosaccharides in pea: raffinose, stachyose and verbascose (raffinose family oligosaccharides - RFOs). The concentration of oligosaccharides in dry seeds, the oligosaccharide percent to the total content of soluble sugars and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were analysed in the mapping population Wt10245 × Wt11238. The composition and concentration of soluble carbohydrates in seeds harvested from two field experiments (2002 and 2004) were analysed by the high resolution gas chromatography method. The Wt10245 × Wt11238 population was chosen because of the greater difference in the concentration of RFOs in seeds between parental lines (56.48 mg/g seed in Wt10245 and 99.1 mg/g seed in Wt11238). The average levels of oligosaccharides (mg/g seed) from both field experiments in the mapping population were: myo-inositol 1.5, sucrose 33.3, galactinol 0.8, raffinose 9.6, stachyose 30.1, verbascose 37.1. The total oligosaccharide concentration was 76.8 mg/g seed. This comprised anaverage of 68% soluble sugars, with the range from 59% to 75%. There was no interaction between lines and years of experiments (significance of lines × year interaction, F statistic > 0.01). One main quantitative trait locus was found for both experiments in LG VA (the tl-r interval) and three additional: in LG I (five traits 2002 and 2004 near afp1k), LG II (two traits 2002 near afp15h) and LG IIIB (five traits 2004 and 2002 near afp4i and M16). The main QTL was responsible for the level of RFOs and the total soluble sugar concentration in seeds. The results are in agreement with the knowledge of RFO biosynthesis. This makes selection for changes in the proportion of the particular oligosaccharides difficult, like in Phaseolus. However, it is possible to decrease the RFO content in pea seeds. The linkage between QTL and the gene r is interesting. The rugosus (r) locus changes the morphology and distribution of starch grains, decreases the total starch accumulation, produces a higher ratio of amylose to amylopectin and higher sugar and water content during development along with changes in cell size and lipid content.