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1. Application of geometric morphometrics to the study of postnatal size and shape changes in the skull of Calomys expulsus

Author

Erika Hingst-Zaher, Leslie Marcus, and R. Cerqueira

Subjects
Rodentia, Sigmodontinae, ontogeny, growth, Science, Zoology, QL1-991
Abstract

Abstract We analyzed ontogenetic patterns of landmarks for 169 laboratory-raised specimens of Calomys expulsus, at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, 100, 200, and 300 days of age, using two-dimensional geometric morphometrics. There is sexual dimorphism in size, with males smaller than females at earlier ages, but larger after 50 days. Differences in shape between sexes are strong only until 10 days of age, suggesting that shape is more constrained than size. Combining sexes, there is strong variation in size with age, reduced after 200 days, while most of the variation in shape occurs before 20 days. This dissociation is common for sigmodontine rodents, and might be the basis of heterochronic processes responsible for the morphological variation of this South American group. Centroid size does not show any reduction in the coefficient of variation over ages, while Procrustes distances within sucessive ages are reduced after 20 days. Uniform component and the more global partial warps explain most of the shape changes with age. Cranial and Facial parts of the skull increase in size at different rates with a relative lengthening of the snout and decrease in height of the braincase. We were unable to detect a clear pattern of integration for the rostrum and braincase, besides that shown by landmark displacements.

Published
2000
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3. A geometric morphometric analysis of cranial and mandibular shape variation of didelphid marsupials

Author

D. Astúa de Moraes, Erika Hingst-Zaher, Leslie Marcus, and R. Cerqueira

Subjects
Science, Zoology, QL1-991
Abstract

Abstract The New World marsupial family Didelphidae is one of the oldest among mammals and is usually regarded as a morphologically conservative group. We analyzed cranial shape variation among six species of the six largest living genera of the family using two-dimensional landmark data. We captured and digitized video images of the skull and mandible for the following species: Caluromys philander (n = 65), Chironectes minimus (n = 30), Didelphis aurita (n = 70), Lutreolina crassicaudata (n = 37), Metachirus nudicaudatus (n = 77) and Philander frenata (n = 62). Fourteen landmarks were defined for the lateral, 25 for the ventral, 23 for the dorsal views of the skull, and nine on the mandibular lateral view. Sex, species, and interaction effects were analyzed with a two-way MANOVA on the matrices of coordinates aligned by general least squares. All four views had significant interactions. Canonical Variates Analysis was performed on sexes and species, and shape was regressed on the canonical variate scores for each species. Caluromys philander was clearly the most distinct species, with paedomorphic features that can be related to its arboreal habits. A conspicuous shortening of the rostrum distinguishes the highly carnivorous Lutreolina crassicaudata. Didelphis aurita and Philander frenata overlapped somewhat, reflecting shape similarities associated with their phylogenetic affinities, while the few differences observed are probably allometric consequences of size differences. Philander frenata and Chironectes minimus showed similar cranial shapes, while Metachirus nudicaudatus was distinctive with a broad and elongated rostrum. In spite of an overall similar shape, the geometric morphometric approach revealed several marked differences among species that can be related to their phylogenetic origin and their adaptive zone.

Published
2000
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4. Application of landmark morphometrics to skulls representing the orders of living mammals

Author

Leslie Marcus, Erika Hingst-Zaher, and Hussam Zaher

Subjects
Science, Zoology, QL1-991
Abstract

Abstract Statistical analyses of geometric morphometric data have been generally restricted to the Euclidean space tangent to curved shape space. This approach is based on the knowledge that such an approximation does not affect statistical and biological conclusions, when differences among specimens' shapes are not too large. We examined the wide variation of shapes within the vertebrate class Mammalia to determine the tangent space approximation by comparing Procrustes distances in Kendall shape space to tangent space distances among 53 mammal skulls and articulated jaws belonging to almost all of the living orders. Previous studies have been restricted to relatively low taxonomic levels, implying a narrower range of shapes. Thirty-five three-dimensional (3D) landmarks on the sagittal plane and right side of each specimen were digitized using a MicroScribe 3DX. Procrustes and tangent space distances between all specimens were compared using the program TPSSMALL (Rohlf, 1998b). The correlations between these distances were always greater than 0.99. Lower jaw and brain subsets of the landmarks gave similar results, while the face subset had more scatter, but nearly the same correlation. The 3D shapes, as summarized by the landmarks, were clustered and the dendrogram was compared to a currently hypothesized phylogeny. We also point out that data from landmark morphometrics are as appropriate as morphological and molecular data for cladistic analysis.

Published
2000
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5. Natural History of Drusenoid Pigment Epithelial Detachment Associated with Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Author

Jeannette J. Yu, Elvira Agrón, Traci E. Clemons, Amitha Domalpally, Freekje van Asten, Tiarnan D. Keenan, Catherine Cukras, Emily Y. Chew, Frederick L. Ferris, John Paul SanGiovanni, Traci Clemons, Anne Lindblad, Robert Lindblad, Nilay Shah, Robert Sperduto, Wendy McBee, Gary Gensler, Molly Harrington, Alice Henning, Katrina Jones, Kumar Thotapally, Diana Tull, Valerie Watson, Kayla Williams, Christina Gentry, Francine Kaufman, Chris Morrison, Elizabeth Saverino, Sherrie Schenning, Barbara Blodi, Ronald P. Danis, Matthew Davis, Kathy Glander, Gregory Guilfoil, Larry D. Hubbard, Kristine Johnson, Ronald Klein, Barbara Nardi, Michael Neider, Nancy Robinson, Eileen Rosensteel, Hugh Wabers, Grace Zhang, Alan J. Ruby, Antonio Capone, Bawa Dass, Kimberly Drenser, Bruce R. Garretson, Tarek S. Hassan, Michael Trese, George A. Williams, Jeremy Wolfe, Tina Bell, Mary Zajechowski, Dennis Bezaire, Fran McIver, Anthony Medina, Jackie Pagett, Stephanie Hatch Smith, Lynn Swartz, Tom Treuter, Andrew Antoszyk, Justin Brown, David J. Browning, Walter Holland, Angella Karow, Kelly Stalford, Angela Price, Sarah Ennis, Sherry Fredenberg, Jenna Herby, Uma Balasubramaniam, Loraine Clark, Donna McClain, Michael McOwen, Lynn Watson, Michael Klein, Steven T. Bailey, Thomas J. Hwang, Andreas Lauer, J. Timothy Stout, Patty McCollum, Milt Johnson, Patrick B. Rice, Ivana Kim, John Loewenstein, Joan Miller, Lucia Sobrin, Lucy Young, Jacqueline Sullivan, Patricia Houlihan, Linda Merry, Ann Marie Lane, Ursula Lord Bator, Claudia Evans, Sarah Brett, Charleen Callahan, Marcia Grillo, David Walsh, Kamella Lau Zimmerman, Gary Edd Fish, Rajiv Anand, Lori E. Coors, Dwain G. Fuller, Rand Spencer, Robert C. Wang, Karen Duignan, Sally Arceneaux, Hank Aguado, Nicholas Hesse, Michael Mackens, Brian Swan, Wai T. Wong, Monica Dalal, Naima Jacobs-El, Catherine Meyerle, Benjamin Nicholson, Henry Wiley, Katherine Hall Shimel, Angel Garced, Janice Oparah, Greg Short, Alana Temple, Babilonia Ayukawa, Guy Foster, Darryl Hayes, Dessie Koutsandreas, Roula Nashwinter, John Rowan, Michael Bono, Denise Cunningham, Marilois Palmer, Alicia Zetina, David H. Orth, Kourous Rezaei, Joseph Civantos, Sohail Hasan, Kirk Packo, Celeste Figliulo, Pam Stanberry, Tara Farmer, Kiersten Nelson, Shannya Townsend-Patrick, Philip Rosenfeld, Royce Chen, Rishi Doshi, Sander Dubovy, Brian T. Kim, Matthew Lowrance, Andrew Moshfeghi, Zayna Nahas, Gary Schienbaum, John Vishak, Christina Weng, Zohar Yehoshua, Belen Rodriguez, Jose Rebimbas, Jane Gleichauf, Mike Kicak, Jason Mena, Tim Odem, Elizabeth Sferza-Camp, Alicia Disgdiertt, Jim Oramas, Isabel Rams, Stephanie Thatcher, Susan B. Bressler, Neil M. Bressler, Daniel Finkelstein, Steven H. Sherman, Sharon Solomon, Howard S. Ying, Rita Denbow, Deborah Phillips, Elizabeth Radcliffe, Judy Belt, Dennis Cain, David Emmert, Mark Herring, Jacquelyn McDonald, G. Baker Hubbard, Chris S. Bergstrom, Blaine Cribbs, Andrew Hendrick, Brandon Johnson, Philip Laird, Sonia Mehta, Timothy Olsen, Justin Townsend, Jion Yan, Steven Yeh, Linda Curtis, Judy Brower, Hannah Yi, Jannah Rutter Dobbs, Debbie Jordan, Michael J. Elman, Robert A. Liss, JoAnn Starr, Jennifer Belz, Charlene Putzulo, Teresa Coffey, Ashley Davis, Pamela Singletary, Giorya Shabi Andreani, Theresa Cain, Daniel Ketner, Peter Sotirakos, Suresh Chandra, Barbara A. Blodi, Michael M. Altaweel, Justin L. Gottlieb, Michael Ip, T. Michael Nork, Thomas S. Stevens, Kathryn Burke, Shelly Olson, Kristine Dietzman, Barbara Soderling, Guy Somers, Angie Wealti, Denise Krolnik, John Peterson, Sandra Reed, Thomas Friberg, Andrew Eller, Denise Gallagher, Leanne Labriola, Melissa Pokrifka, Aron Gedansky, Natalie Anthony, Cassandra Grzybowski, Dawn Matthews, Sharon Murajda-Jumba, Jessica Toro, David G. Callanan, Wayne A. Solley, Patrick Williams, Sandy Lash, Bob Boleman, Chris Dock, Michel Shami, Brenda Arrington, Ashaki Meeks, Alan R. Margherio, Paul Raphaelian, Debra Markus, Justin Langdon, Elizabeth Truax, Sandy Lewis, Brad Terry, Amy Noffke, Kean Oh, Ramin Sarrafizadeh, Scott Sneed, Julie Hammersley, Serena Neal, Mary Doran, Nan Jones, Lisa Preston, Heather Jessick, Tanya Tracy Marsh, Michael Tolentino, Adam Berger, Richard Hamilton, David Misch, Suk Jin Moon, Dawn Sutherland, Vera Dilts, Sara Henderson, Esmeralda Medina, Donald Trueman, Laura Holm, Jason Strickland, Darmakusuma Ie, Jeffrey L. Lipkowitz, Kekul B. Shah, Susan Geraghty, Beverly Sannazzaro, Morgan Harper, Krista Bayer, Mary B. Lansing, Lauren B. Fox, Rebecca Lee, Jay B. Stallman, Michael Jacobson, Sean Koh, Scott Lampert, John Miller, Mark Rivellese, Atul Sharma, Robert A. Stoltz, Stephanie Vanderveldt, Leslie Marcus, Starr Hendricks, Ryan Hollman, Grethel Betanzos, Leslie Ellorin, Shelly Fulbright, Debbie McCormick, Paul A. Edwards, Julianne Hall, Mary Monk, Melanie Gutkowski, Melina Mazurek, Janet Murphy, Katherine Gusas, Crystal Moffett, David Burley, Nicole Chesney, Katie Kilgo, Brian Rusinek, Bradley Stern, Tracy Troszak, Rhonda Baker-Levingston, Carl W. Baker, Tracey Caldwell, Tammy Walker, Lynnette F. Lambert, Tracey Martin, Mary Jill Palmer, Tana Williams, Michael A. Novak, Joseph Coney, David G. Miller, Scott Pendergast, Lawrence Singerman, Nicholas Zakov, Hernando Zegarra, Kim DuBois, Susan Rath, Lori Revella, Tammy Brink, Kim Drury, Lisa Hogue, Mary Ilc, Connie Keller, Elizabeth McNamara, Vivian Tanner, Tamara Cunningham, John DuBois, Gregg Greanoff, Trina Nitzsche, Sheila Smith-Brewer, Ricky D. Isernhagen, John W. Kitchens, Thomas W. Stone, William J. Wood, Diana Holcomb, Virginia Therrien, Michelle Buck, Jeanne Van Arsdall, Edward Slade, Todd E. Schneiderman, David J. Spinak, Jackie Gaedke, Heather Davis Brown, Dan Helgren, Jenifer Garrison Pangelinan, Lawrence Halperin, Scott Anagnoste, Mandeep Dhalla, Krista Rosenberg, Barry Taney, W. Scott Thompson, Jaclyn Lopez, Monica Hamlin, Monica Lopez, Jamie Mariano, Evelyn Quinchia, Patricia Aramayo, Rita Veksler, Michael Lee, Richard Dreyer, Irvin Handelman, Colin Ma, Mark Peters, Stephen Hobbs, Amanda Milliron, Marcia Kopfer, Michele Connaughton, A. Christine Hoerner, R. Joseph Logan, Harry J. Wohlsein, David Boyer, Thomas G. Chu, Pouya Dayani, David Liao, Roger L. Novack, Firas M. Rahhal, Richard Roe, Homayoun Tabandeh, Janet Bayramyan, Tammy Gasparyan, Connie Hoang, Janet Kurokouchi, Tammy Eileen Lo, Richard Ngo, Mary Ann Nguyen, Michael Peyton, Charles Yoon, Julio Sierra, Adam Zamboni, Jeff Kessinger, Eric Protacio, Adam Smucker, Pamela Rath, Robert Bergren, Bernard Doft, Judy Liu, Karl Olsen, Lori Merlotti, Willia Ingram, Kellianne Marfisi, Kimberly Yeckel, Heather Schultz Carmelo, Amanda Fec, Keith McBroom, David Steinberg, Marc Levy, Jody Abrams, Melvin Chen, Waldemar Torres, Peggy Jelemensky, Mark Prybylski, Tara Raphael, Diana Appleby, Charlotte Rodman, Mark Sneath, Robert H. Rosa, Vanessa Hoelscher, Adelia Castano, Jocelyn Parker, John Hoskins, Nicholas Anderson, Joseph Googe, Tod A. McMillan, James Miller, Stephen Perkins, Kristina Oliver, Jennifer Beerbower, Bruce Gilliland, Cecile Hunt, Mike Jacobus, Raul Lince, Christopher Morris, Sarah Oelrich, Jerry Whetstone, Clement K. Chan, Steven Lin, Kim Walther, Tiana Gonzales, Lenise Myers, Kenneth Huff, David M. Brown, Eric Chen, Matthew S. Benz, Richard H. Fish, Rosa Y. Kim, James Major, Tien Pei Wong, Charles Wycoff, Cassandra Cone, Debbie Goates Gilaspia, Nubia Landaverde, Robert Smith, Deneva Zamora, Veronica Sneed, Melina Vela, Eric Kegley, Craig Greven, Shree Kurup, Charles Richards, Madison Slusher, Cara Everhart, Joan Fish, Mark Clark, David Miller, Marshall Tyler, J. Michael Jumper, Arthur D. Fu, Robert N. Johnson, Brandon Lujan, H. Richard McDonald, Rosa Rodriguez, Nina Ansari, Jeanifer Joaquin, Silvia Linares, Lizette Lopez, Jessica Sabio, Sean Grout, Chad Indermill, Yesmin Urias, Roberto Zimmerman, Linda Margulies, Sara J. Schmidt, Joy L. Meier, Sherry L. Hadley, William Rosenthal, Barbara Johnson, Lois Swafford, Richard Shields, R. Scott Varner, Richard Rosen, Ronald Gentile, Melissa Rivas, Katy W. Tai, Wanda Carrasquillo-Boyd, Robert Masini, Glenn Stoller, Ken Carnevale, Diane M. LaRosa, Barbara Burger, Tereza Conway, Carla Del Castillo, Julissa Diaz, Susan Jones, Nina Mondoc, Charlene Balfour, C.H. Vitha, Jennifer Lutz, Barbara McGinley, Fadi El Baba, Ann Marie Lavorna, Renee Jones, Jean Lewis, Ruth Tenzler, Mary Salvas-Mladek, Diane Van Kesteren, W. Copley McLean, W. Zachery Bridges, Cameron Stone, Denise Ammons, Mary Lamy, Andrea Menzel, Lea Doll Raymer, Barbara Campbell, Lisa Hawkins, Leslie Rickman, Lorraine Sherlin, Paula Price, Albert Sinyai, Ronald Kingsley, Reagan H. Bradford, Robert E. Leonard, Sonny Icks, Vanessa Bergman, Brittany Ross, Russ Burris, Amanda Butt, Rob Richmond, Alice Lyon, Manjot Gill, Lee Jampol, Rukhsana Mizra, Zuzanna Rozenbajgier, Jeremy Chapman, Lori Kaminski, Andrea Degillio, Evica Simjanoski, Jeffrey Heier, Hyung Cho, Tina Scheufele Cleary, Darin Goldman, Chirag Shah, Trexler Topping, Marissa Weber, Torsten Wiegand, Jeremy Schindelheim, Joy Bankert, Jennifer Stone, Alison Nowak, Sandy Chong, Lindsay Williams, Steven Bennett, Dennis Donovan, Margaret Graham, Cullen Jones, Anne Fung, Jan-Kristine Bayabo, Razelda Bosch, Esperanza Cruz, Ashley Emerson, Alycia Fleming, Denice Barsness, Jorge Rodriguez, Marina Soboleva, Ingrid U. Scott, Esther Bowie, Kimberly A. Neely, David A. Quillen, Laura Walter, Timothy Bennett, James Strong, John Wells, Lloyd Clark, David Johnson, Peggy Miller, Mallie Taylor, Tiffany Swinford, Robbin Spivey, Michael Banach, Lawrence Ho, Richard Lanning, Thomas R. Pheasant, Jay G. Prensky, Steven Truong, Julia Teatsworth, Michelle Dietrich, Ann Wasilus, Ann Miller, Megan Rakes, Teresa Slagle, Michelle Richards, Patricia Schuessler, Lacy Stover, Paul Beer, Naomi S. Falk, Mary Beth Shannon, Jeannie Olmeda, Don Berdeen, Joseph F. Fisher, James Folk, Stephen Russell, Barbara Taylor, Connie Hinz, Jean Walshire, Heather Stockman, Bruce Critser, Stefani Karakas, Cindy Montague, Randy Verdick, Omesh Gupta, Joseph Maguire, Christopher Brady, Francis Char DeCroos, Michael Dollin, Sunir Garg, Adam Gerstenblith, Julia Haller, Allen C. Ho, Jason Hsu, Richard Kaiser, John Pitcher, Carl Regillo, Rajiv Shah, Marc Spirn, William Tasman, James Vander, Noga Senderowitsch, Michele Formoso, Michelle Markun, Cedric George, Christina Centinaro, Lisa Grande, Stefanie Carey, Elaine Liebenbaum, SriniVas Sadda, Mark Humayun, Rachel Sierra, Elizabeth Corona, Margaret Padilla, Moonseok Nu, Sylvia Ramos, Cullen Barnett, Glenn Currie, Cornelia Gottlieb, Richard Garfinkel, Daniel Berinstein, Marcus Colyer, William Deegan, Michael Min-Shyue Lai, Robert Murphy, Michael Osman, Michael Rivers, Reginald Sanders, Manfred A. von Fricken, Debbie Oliver, Jeanne Kirshon, Tanya Alexander Snowden, Thomas Blondo, Alysia Cronise, Vanessa Denny, Kylie Mendez, Janine Newgen, Justin Davis, Mike Flory, Robert Frantz, Bryan Murphy, Steve Rauch, Judy E. Kim, Jane Bachman, Thomas B. Connor, Dennis P. Han, Kimberly Stepian, David V. Weinberg, William J. Wirostko, Krissa Packard, Tracy Kaczanowski, Vesper Williams, Vicki Barwick, Judy Flanders, Dennis Backes, Joe Beringer, Kristy Keller, Kathy Selchert, Paul Bernstein, Michael Teske, Albert Vitale, Susan Allman, Bonnie Carlstrom, Kimberley Wegner, Anne Haroldsen, Deborah Harrison, Cyrie Fry, James Gilman, Glen Jenkins, Paula Morris, Michael Rauser, Joseph Fan, Mukesh Suthar, Gisela Santiago, Kara Rollins Halsey, Christy Quesada, William Kiernan, Jesse Knabb, Richard Alan Lewis, Cindy Dorenbach, Steven Spencer, Dana Barnett, Joseph Morales, Barron C. Fishburne, Jeffrey G. Gross, Michael A. Magee, Amy Flowers, Angie McDowell, Randall Price, Suber Huang, Johnny Tang, Shawn Wilker, Cherie Hornsby, Lisa Ferguson, Kirk Krogstad, Riva Adamovsky, Peggy Allchin, Kathleen Carlton, Claudia Clow, Kelly Sholtis, Stephanie Burke, Mark Harrod, Stacie Hrvatin, Geoffrey Pankhurst, Nelson R. Sabates, Michael Cassell, Komal Desai, Abraham Poulose, Felix Sabates, Yin Chen, Gary Gallimore, Yolanda Konior, Nicola Kim, Sami Uwaydat, Deborah Troillett, Karen Aletter, Robert N. Frank, Gary Abrams, James Puklin, Asheesh Tewari, Cheryl Milanovic, Melanie Bailey, David Griffith, Dena McDonald, Kit Morehead, Zlatan Sadikovic, Lisa Schillace, Elizabeth Silvis, Brian Joondeph, Nancy Christmas, Alan Kimura, Mimi Liu, Stephen Petty, John Zilis, Jenny Benitez, Cassandra Berryman Catlett, Eric Fluegel, Shane Mowry, Hoang Nguyen, David Reflow, Odette M. Houghton, Seema Garg, Maurice B. Landers, Travis Meredith, Sandy Barnhart, Megha Karmalkar, Debra Cantrell, Rona Lyn Esquejo-Leon, Linda Manor, Sue Pope, David Stines, Amelia Stokely, Dean Hainsworth, Dyann Helming, Debbie Eichelberger, Mary Paige Leaton, Chuck Hamm, Edward Chaum, Alessandro Iannaccone, Barbara Jennings, Tracy Murray, Joe Mastellone, Robert Millay, Brian Kim, Theresa Goddard, Liza Jarrett Beaudette, Nina Changelian-Aitken, Fernando Corrada, Jason Dubuque, Raymond Iezzi, Sophie J. Bakri, Jose S. Pulido, Diane Vogen, Rebecca Nielsen, Karin Berg, Jean Burrington, Shannon Howard, Joan Overend, Zbigniew Krason, Denise Lewison, Thomas Link, Kevin J. Blinder, Nicholas E. Engelbrecht, M. Gilbert Grand, Daniel P. Joseph, Gaurav K. Shah, Bradley Smith, Matthew Thomas, Rhonda Weeks, Lynda Boyd, Dana Gabel, Ron Adelman, John Huang, James Kempton, Aaron Parnes, Jennifer Dupont, Elizabeth Perotti, Victoria Donaldson, Kenneth Fong, Pamela Ossorio, Anita Agarwal, Paul Sternberg, Sandy Owings, Tony Adkins, Elaine Lok, Garvin Munn, Buddy Skellie, Neelakshi Bhagat, Monique S. Roy, Marco Zarbin, Catherine Fay, Michael Lazar, Beth Malpica, Tatiana Mikheyav, Lawrence Ulanski, Jennifer Lim, Marcia Niec, Tametha Johnson, Yesenia Ovando, Catherine Nail Carroll, Mark Janowicz, Steven Schwartz, David Cupp, Michael Gorin, Gad Heilweil, Hamid Hosseini, Jean-Pierre Hubschman, Allan Kreiger, Tara Young McCannel, Carolyn Pan, David Sarraf, Irena Tsui, Joshua Udoetek, Vinad Voleti, Logan Hitchcock, Rosaleen Ostrick, Melissa Chun, Jennie Kageyama, Nilo Davila, Kristin Lipka, Christina Shin, Cynthia Owsley, Michael Albert, Richard Feist, John Mason, Martin Thomley, Angelia Johnson, Tracy Emond, Joanna Hamela, Angela Marsh, Karen Searcey, Kia Rookard, Yu-Guang He, Rafael L. Ufret-Vincenty, Mike Molai, William Anderson, John Horna, Alan Letson, Colleen Cebulla, Susie Chang, Fred Davidorf, Jill Salerno, Laura Sladoje, Christina Stetson, Jeri Perry, Scott Savage, Cynthia Toth, Glenn Jaffe, Stefanie Schuman, Neeru Sarin, Jim Crowell, Tiffanie Keaton, Michael Kelly, Brian Lutman, Marriner Skelly, Lauren Welch, Lawrence Morse, Allan Hunter, Susanna Soon-Chun Park, Cynthia Wallace, Ember Dhillon, Marisa Salvador, Barbara Holderreed, Karishma Chandra, Sashi Kaur, Ellen Redenbo, Smiley Hom, Michael Cooney, Irene Barbazetto, James M. Klancnik, John A. Sorenson, Lawrence Yannuzzi, Maria Scolaro, Eugene Agresta, Nancy Gonzalez, Sandeep Grover, K.V. Chalam, Shailesh Gupta, Christopher Lyons, Wenhua Li, Chirag Patel, Jose Carrion, Henry Ferreyra, Amberly Rodriguez, Iliana Molina, Gabriel Balea, Pam Emory, Marlene Rico, Giorgio Siqueiros, Alexander J. Brucker, Joshua Dunaief, Juan Grunwald, Benjamin Kim, Albert M. Maguire, Brian VanderBeek, Sheri Drossner, Joan DuPont, Rebecca Salvo, Jim Berger, Cheryl Devine, Bill Nyberg, Laurel Weeney, David DiLoreto, Mina Chung, Valerie Davis, Peter MacDowell, George O. Gara, Daniel Castillo, Andrea Czubinski, Melissa Keim, Brandi Hardy, Rachel Grunhaus Hollar, Lynn Schueckler, Alice T. Lyon, Aaron Weinberg, Mira Shiloach, Nicole Pelkofer, Qin Zhou, Laura McPoland, Rajendra Apte, P. Kumar Rao, Sam Pistorius, Jamie Kambarian, Eve Adcock, Sarah Gould, Melanie Quinn, Rhonda Curtis, Amy Frost, Charla Meyer, and Greg Rathert

Subjects
0303 health sciences, medicine.medical_specialty, Visual acuity, genetic structures, business.industry, Eye disease, Hazard ratio, Age-Related Eye Disease Study, Retrospective cohort study, Fundus (eye), Macular degeneration, medicine.disease, eye diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, Ophthalmology, 0302 clinical medicine, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, medicine, sense organs, medicine.symptom, Prospective cohort study, business, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

Purpose To investigate the natural history and genetic associations of drusenoid pigment epithelial detachment (DPED) associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Design Retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort study. Participants Of the 4203 Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) participants, 391 eyes (325 participants) had DPED without late AMD at the time of DPED detection. Genetic analyses included 120 white AREDS2 participants and 145 Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) participants with DPED. Methods Baseline and annual stereoscopic fundus photographs were graded centrally to detect DPED, a well-defined yellow elevated mound of confluent drusen ≥433 μm in diameter, and to evaluate progression rates to late AMD: geographic atrophy (GA) and neovascular (NV)-AMD. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (CFH [rs10611670], C3 [rs2230199], CFI [rs10033900], C2/CFB [rs114254831], ARMS2 [rs10490924]) and genetic risk score (GRS) group were investigated for association with DPED development. Kaplan–Meier analyses and multivariable proportional hazard regressions were performed. Main Outcome Measures Progression rates to late AMD and decrease of ≥3 lines in visual acuity (VA) from the time of DPED detection; association of rate of DPED development with genotype. Results Mean (standard deviation [SD]) follow-up time from DPED detection was 4.7 (0.9) years. DPED was associated with increased risk of progression to late AMD (hazard ratio [HR], 2.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.98–2.82; P Conclusions This study replicates the results of previous natural history studies of eyes with DPED including the high rates of progression to late AMD and vision loss (regardless of progression to late AMD). The genetic associations are consistent with genes associated with AMD progression.

Published
2019
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6. Progression of Geographic Atrophy in Age-related Macular Degeneration

Author

Tiarnan D. Keenan, Elvira Agrón, Amitha Domalpally, Traci E. Clemons, Freekje van Asten, Wai T. Wong, Ronald G. Danis, SriniVas Sadda, Philip J. Rosenfeld, Michael L. Klein, Rinki Ratnapriya, Anand Swaroop, Frederick L. Ferris, Emily Y. Chew, John Paul SanGiovanni, Traci Clemons, Anne Lindblad, Robert Lindblad, Nilay Shah, Robert Sperduto, Wendy McBee, Gary Gensler, Molly Harrington, Alice Henning, Katrina Jones, Kumar Thotapally, Diana Tull, Valerie Watson, Kayla Williams, Christina Gentry, Francine Kaufman, Chris Morrison, Elizabeth Saverino, Sherrie Schenning, Barbara Blodi, Ronald P. Danis, Matthew Davis, Kathy Glander, Gregory Guilfoil, Larry D. Hubbard, Kristine Johnson, Ronald Klein, Barbara Nardi, Michael Neider, Nancy Robinson, Eileen Rosensteel, Hugh Wabers, Grace Zhang, Alan J. Ruby, Antonio Capone, Bawa Dass, Kimberly Drenser, Bruce R. Garretson, Tarek S. Hassan, Michael Trese, George A. Williams, Jeremy Wolfe, Tina Bell, Mary Zajechowski, Dennis Bezaire, Fran McIver, Anthony Medina, Jackie Pagett, Stephanie Hatch Smith, Lynn Swartz, Tom Treuter, Andrew Antoszyk, Justin Brown, David J. Browning, Walter Holland, Angella Karow, Kelly Stalford, Angela Price, Sarah Ennis, Sherry Fredenberg, Jenna Herby, Uma Balasubramaniam, Loraine Clark, Donna McClain, Michael McOwen, Lynn Watson, Michael Klein, Steven T. Bailey, Thomas J. Hwang, Andreas Lauer, J. Timothy Stout, Patty McCollum, Milt Johnson, Patrick B. Rice, Ivana Kim, John Loewenstein, Joan Miller, Lucia Sobrin, Lucy Young, Jacqueline Sullivan, Patricia Houlihan, Linda Merry, Ann Marie Lane, Ursula Lord Bator, Claudia Evans, Sarah Brett, Charleen Callahan, Marcia Grillo, David Walsh, Kamella Lau Zimmerman, Gary Edd Fish, Rajiv Anand, Lori E. Coors, Dwain G. Fuller, Rand Spencer, Robert C. Wang, Karen Duignan, Sally Arceneaux, Hank Aguado, Nicholas Hesse, Michael Mackens, Brian Swan, Catherine Cukras, Monica Dalal, Naima Jacobs-El, Catherine Meyerle, Benjamin Nicholson, Henry Wiley, Katherine Hall Shimel, Angel Garced, Janice Oparah, Greg Short, Alana Temple, Babilonia Ayukawa, Guy Foster, Darryl Hayes, Dessie Koutsandreas, Roula Nashwinter, John Rowan, Michael Bono, Denise Cunningham, Marilois Palmer, Alicia Zetina, David H. Orth, Kourous Rezaei, Joseph Civantos, Sohail Hasan, Kirk Packo, Celeste Figliulo, Pam Stanberry, Tara Farmer, Kiersten Nelson, Shannya Townsend-Patrick, Philip Rosenfeld, Royce Chen, Rishi Doshi, Sander Dubovy, Brian T. Kim, Matthew Lowrance, Andrew Moshfeghi, Zayna Nahas, Gary Schienbaum, John Vishak, Christina Weng, Zohar Yehoshua, Belen Rodriguez, Jose Rebimbas, Jane Gleichauf, Mike Kicak, Jason Mena, Tim Odem, Elizabeth Sferza-Camp, Alicia Disgdiertt, Jim Oramas, Isabel Rams, Stephanie Thatcher, Susan B. Bressler, Neil M. Bressler, Daniel Finkelstein, Steven H. Sherman, Sharon Solomon, Howard S. Ying, Rita Denbow, Deborah Phillips, Elizabeth Radcliffe, Judy Belt, Dennis Cain, David Emmert, Mark Herring, Jacquelyn McDonald, G. Baker Hubbard, Chris S. Bergstrom, Blaine Cribbs, Andrew Hendrick, Brandon Johnson, Philip Laird, Sonia Mehta, Timothy Olsen, Justin Townsend, Jion Yan, Steven Yeh, Linda Curtis, Judy Brower, Hannah Yi, Jannah Rutter Dobbs, Debbie Jordan, Michael J. Elman, Robert A. Liss, JoAnn Starr, Jennifer Belz, Charlene Putzulo, Teresa Coffey, Ashley Davis, Pamela Singletary, Giorya Shabi Andreani, Theresa Cain, Daniel Ketner, Peter Sotirakos, Suresh Chandra, Barbara A. Blodi, Michael M. Altaweel, Justin L. Gottlieb, Michael Ip, T. Michael Nork, Thomas S. Stevens, Kathryn Burke, Shelly Olson, Kristine Dietzman, Barbara Soderling, Guy Somers, Angie Wealti, Denise Krolnik, John Peterson, Sandra Reed, Thomas Friberg, Andrew Eller, Denise Gallagher, Leanne Labriola, Melissa Pokrifka, Aron Gedansky, Natalie Anthony, Cassandra Grzybowski, Dawn Matthews, Sharon Murajda-Jumba, Jessica Toro, David G. Callanan, Wayne A. Solley, Patrick Williams, Sandy Lash, Bob Boleman, Chris Dock, Michel Shami, Brenda Arrington, Ashaki Meeks, Alan R. Margherio, Paul Raphaelian, Debra Markus, Justin Langdon, Elizabeth Truax, Sandy Lewis, Brad Terry, Amy Noffke, Kean Oh, Ramin Sarrafizadeh, Scott Sneed, Julie Hammersley, Serena Neal, Mary Doran, Nan Jones, Lisa Preston, Heather Jessick, Tanya Tracy Marsh, Michael Tolentino, Adam Berger, Richard Hamilton, David Misch, Suk Jin Moon, Dawn Sutherland, Vera Dilts, Sara Henderson, Esmeralda Medina, Donald Trueman, Laura Holm, Jason Strickland, Darmakusuma Ie, Jeffrey L. Lipkowitz, Kekul B. Shah, Susan Geraghty, Beverly Sannazzaro, Morgan Harper, Krista Bayer, Mary B. Lansing, Lauren B. Fox, Rebecca Lee, Jay B. Stallman, Michael Jacobson, Sean Koh, Scott Lampert, John Miller, Mark Rivellese, Atul Sharma, Robert A. Stoltz, Stephanie Vanderveldt, Leslie Marcus, Starr Hendricks, Ryan Hollman, Grethel Betanzos, Leslie Ellorin, Shelly Fulbright, Debbie McCormick, Paul A. Edwards, Julianne Hall, Mary Monk, Melanie Gutkowski, Melina Mazurek, Janet Murphy, Katherine Gusas, Crystal Moffett, David Burley, Nicole Chesney, Katie Kilgo, Brian Rusinek, Bradley Stern, Tracy Troszak, Rhonda Baker-Levingston, Carl W. Baker, Tracey Caldwell, Tammy Walker, Lynnette F. Lambert, Tracey Martin, Mary Jill Palmer, Tana Williams, Michael A. Novak, Joseph Coney, David G. Miller, Scott Pendergast, Lawrence Singerman, Nicholas Zakov, Hernando Zegarra, Kim DuBois, Susan Rath, Lori Revella, Tammy Brink, Kim Drury, Lisa Hogue, Mary Ilc, Connie Keller, Elizabeth McNamara, Vivian Tanner, Tamara Cunningham, John DuBois, Gregg Greanoff, Trina Nitzsche, Sheila Smith-Brewer, Ricky D. Isernhagen, John W. Kitchens, Thomas W. Stone, William J. Wood, Diana Holcomb, Virginia Therrien, Michelle Buck, Jeanne Van Arsdall, Edward Slade, Todd E. Schneiderman, David J. Spinak, Jackie Gaedke, Heather Davis Brown, Dan Helgren, Jenifer Garrison Pangelinan, Lawrence Halperin, Scott Anagnoste, Mandeep Dhalla, Krista Rosenberg, Barry Taney, W. Scott Thompson, Jaclyn Lopez, Monica Hamlin, Monica Lopez, Jamie Mariano, Evelyn Quinchia, Patricia Aramayo, Rita Veksler, Michael Lee, Richard Dreyer, Irvin Handelman, Colin Ma, Mark Peters, Stephen Hobbs, Amanda Milliron, Marcia Kopfer, Michele Connaughton, A. Christine Hoerner, R. Joseph Logan, Harry J. Wohlsein, David Boyer, Thomas G. Chu, Pouya Dayani, David Liao, Roger L. Novack, Firas M. Rahhal, Richard Roe, Homayoun Tabandeh, Janet Bayramyan, Tammy Gasparyan, Connie Hoang, Janet Kurokouchi, Tammy Eileen Lo, Richard Ngo, Mary Ann Nguyen, Michael Peyton, Charles Yoon, Julio Sierra, Adam Zamboni, Jeff Kessinger, Eric Protacio, Adam Smucker, Pamela Rath, Robert Bergren, Bernard Doft, Judy Liu, Karl Olsen, Lori Merlotti, Willia Ingram, Kellianne Marfisi, Kimberly Yeckel, Heather Schultz Carmelo, Amanda Fec, Keith McBroom, David Steinberg, Marc Levy, Jody Abrams, Melvin Chen, Waldemar Torres, Peggy Jelemensky, Mark Prybylski, Tara Raphael, Diana Appleby, Charlotte Rodman, Mark Sneath, Robert H. Rosa, Vanessa Hoelscher, Adelia Castano, Jocelyn Parker, John Hoskins, Nicholas Anderson, Joseph Googe, Tod A. McMillan, James Miller, Stephen Perkins, Kristina Oliver, Jennifer Beerbower, Bruce Gilliland, Cecile Hunt, Mike Jacobus, Raul Lince, Christopher Morris, Sarah Oelrich, Jerry Whetstone, Clement K. Chan, Steven Lin, Kim Walther, Tiana Gonzales, Lenise Myers, Kenneth Huff, David M. Brown, Eric Chen, Matthew S. Benz, Richard H. Fish, Rosa Y. Kim, James Major, Tien Pei Wong, Charles Wycoff, Cassandra Cone, Debbie Goates Gilaspia, Nubia Landaverde, Robert Smith, Deneva Zamora, Veronica Sneed, Melina Vela, Eric Kegley, Craig Greven, Shree Kurup, Charles Richards, Madison Slusher, Cara Everhart, Joan Fish, Mark Clark, David Miller, Marshall Tyler, J. Michael Jumper, Arthur D. Fu, Robert N. Johnson, Brandon Lujan, H. Richard McDonald, Rosa Rodriguez, Nina Ansari, Jeanifer Joaquin, Silvia Linares, Lizette Lopez, Jessica Sabio, Sean Grout, Chad Indermill, Yesmin Urias, Roberto Zimmerman, Linda Margulies, Sara J. Schmidt, Joy L. Meier, Sherry L. Hadley, William Rosenthal, Barbara Johnson, Lois Swafford, Richard Shields, R. Scott Varner, Richard Rosen, Ronald Gentile, Melissa Rivas, Katy W. Tai, Wanda Carrasquillo-Boyd, Robert Masini, Glenn Stoller, Ken Carnevale, Diane M. LaRosa, Barbara Burger, Tereza Conway, Carla Del Castillo, Julissa Diaz, Susan Jones, Nina Mondoc, Charlene Balfour, C.H. Vitha, Jennifer Lutz, Barbara McGinley, Fadi El Baba, Ann Marie Lavorna, Renee Jones, Jean Lewis, Ruth Tenzler, Mary Salvas-Mladek, Diane Van Kesteren, W. Copley McLean, W. Zachery Bridges, Cameron Stone, Denise Ammons, Mary Lamy, Andrea Menzel, Lea Doll Raymer, Barbara Campbell, Lisa Hawkins, Leslie Rickman, Lorraine Sherlin, Paula Price, Albert Sinyai, Ronald Kingsley, Reagan H. Bradford, Robert E. 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Prensky, Steven Truong, Julia Teatsworth, Michelle Dietrich, Ann Wasilus, Ann Miller, Megan Rakes, Teresa Slagle, Michelle Richards, Patricia Schuessler, Lacy Stover, Paul Beer, Naomi S. Falk, Mary Beth Shannon, Jeannie Olmeda, Don Berdeen, Joseph F. Fisher, James Folk, Stephen Russell, Barbara Taylor, Connie Hinz, Jean Walshire, Heather Stockman, Bruce Critser, Stefani Karakas, Cindy Montague, Randy Verdick, Omesh Gupta, Joseph Maguire, Christopher Brady, Francis Char DeCroos, Michael Dollin, Sunir Garg, Adam Gerstenblith, Julia Haller, Allen C. 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Sabates, Michael Cassell, Komal Desai, Abraham Poulose, Felix Sabates, Yin Chen, Gary Gallimore, Yolanda Konior, Nicola Kim, Sami Uwaydat, Deborah Troillett, Karen Aletter, Robert N. Frank, Gary Abrams, James Puklin, Asheesh Tewari, Cheryl Milanovic, Melanie Bailey, David Griffith, Dena McDonald, Kit Morehead, Zlatan Sadikovic, Lisa Schillace, Elizabeth Silvis, Brian Joondeph, Nancy Christmas, Alan Kimura, Mimi Liu, Stephen Petty, John Zilis, Jenny Benitez, Cassandra Berryman Catlett, Eric Fluegel, Shane Mowry, Hoang Nguyen, David Reflow, Odette M. Houghton, Seema Garg, Maurice B. Landers, Travis Meredith, Sandy Barnhart, Megha Karmalkar, Debra Cantrell, Rona Lyn Esquejo-Leon, Linda Manor, Sue Pope, David Stines, Amelia Stokely, Dean Hainsworth, Dyann Helming, Debbie Eichelberger, Mary Paige Leaton, Chuck Hamm, Edward Chaum, Alessandro Iannaccone, Barbara Jennings, Tracy Murray, Joe Mastellone, Robert Millay, Brian Kim, Theresa Goddard, Liza Jarrett Beaudette, Nina Changelian-Aitken, Fernando Corrada, Jason Dubuque, Raymond Iezzi, Sophie J. Bakri, Jose S. Pulido, Diane Vogen, Rebecca Nielsen, Karin Berg, Jean Burrington, Shannon Howard, Joan Overend, Zbigniew Krason, Denise Lewison, Thomas Link, Kevin J. Blinder, Nicholas E. Engelbrecht, M. Gilbert Grand, Daniel P. Joseph, Gaurav K. Shah, Bradley Smith, Matthew Thomas, Rhonda Weeks, Lynda Boyd, Dana Gabel, Ron Adelman, John Huang, James Kempton, Aaron Parnes, Jennifer Dupont, Elizabeth Perotti, Victoria Donaldson, Kenneth Fong, Pamela Ossorio, Anita Agarwal, Paul Sternberg, Sandy Owings, Tony Adkins, Elaine Lok, Garvin Munn, Buddy Skellie, Neelakshi Bhagat, Monique S. Roy, Marco Zarbin, Catherine Fay, Michael Lazar, Beth Malpica, Tatiana Mikheyav, Lawrence Ulanski, Jennifer Lim, Marcia Niec, Tametha Johnson, Yesenia Ovando, Catherine Nail Carroll, Mark Janowicz, Steven Schwartz, David Cupp, Michael Gorin, Gad Heilweil, Hamid Hosseini, Jean-Pierre Hubschman, Allan Kreiger, Tara Young McCannel, Carolyn Pan, David Sarraf, Irena Tsui, Joshua Udoetek, Vinad Voleti, Logan Hitchcock, Rosaleen Ostrick, Melissa Chun, Jennie Kageyama, Nilo Davila, Kristin Lipka, Christina Shin, Cynthia Owsley, Michael Albert, Richard Feist, John Mason, Martin Thomley, Angelia Johnson, Tracy Emond, Joanna Hamela, Angela Marsh, Karen Searcey, Kia Rookard, Yu-Guang He, Rafael L. Ufret-Vincenty, Mike Molai, William Anderson, John Horna, Alan Letson, Colleen Cebulla, Susie Chang, Fred Davidorf, Jill Salerno, Laura Sladoje, Christina Stetson, Jeri Perry, Scott Savage, Cynthia Toth, Glenn Jaffe, Stefanie Schuman, Neeru Sarin, Jim Crowell, Tiffanie Keaton, Michael Kelly, Brian Lutman, Marriner Skelly, Lauren Welch, Lawrence Morse, Allan Hunter, Susanna Soon-Chun Park, Cynthia Wallace, Ember Dhillon, Marisa Salvador, Barbara Holderreed, Karishma Chandra, Sashi Kaur, Ellen Redenbo, Smiley Hom, Michael Cooney, Irene Barbazetto, James M. Klancnik, John A. Sorenson, Lawrence Yannuzzi, Maria Scolaro, Eugene Agresta, Nancy Gonzalez, Sandeep Grover, K.V. Chalam, Shailesh Gupta, Christopher Lyons, Wenhua Li, Chirag Patel, Jose Carrion, Henry Ferreyra, Amberly Rodriguez, Iliana Molina, Gabriel Balea, Pam Emory, Marlene Rico, Giorgio Siqueiros, Alexander J. Brucker, Joshua Dunaief, Juan Grunwald, Benjamin Kim, Albert M. Maguire, Brian VanderBeek, Sheri Drossner, Joan DuPont, Rebecca Salvo, Jim Berger, Cheryl Devine, Bill Nyberg, Laurel Weeney, David DiLoreto, Mina Chung, Valerie Davis, Peter MacDowell, George O. Gara, Daniel Castillo, Andrea Czubinski, Melissa Keim, Brandi Hardy, Rachel Grunhaus Hollar, Lynn Schueckler, Alice T. Lyon, Aaron Weinberg, Mira Shiloach, Nicole Pelkofer, Qin Zhou, Laura McPoland, Rajendra Apte, P. Kumar Rao, Sam Pistorius, Jamie Kambarian, Eve Adcock, Sarah Gould, Melanie Quinn, Rhonda Curtis, Amy Frost, Charla Meyer, and Greg Rathert

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, genetic structures, business.industry, Eye disease, Incidence (epidemiology), Fundus (eye), Macular degeneration, medicine.disease, eye diseases, Confidence interval, Geographic atrophy, 03 medical and health sciences, Ophthalmology, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, Age related, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, medicine, sense organs, Prospective cohort study, business
Abstract

Purpose To analyze the prevalence, incidence, and clinical characteristics of eyes with geographic atrophy (GA) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), including clinical and genetic factors affecting enlargement. Design Prospective cohort study within a controlled clinical trial. Participants Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) participants, aged 50–85 years. Methods Baseline and annual stereoscopic color fundus photographs were evaluated for GA presence and area. Analyses included GA prevalence and incidence rates, Kaplan-Meier rates, mixed-model regression, and multivariable analysis of the square root of GA, area adjusted for covariates, including clinical/imaging characteristics and genotype. Main Outcome Measures (1) Presence or development of GA; (2) change in the square root of GA area over time. Results At baseline, 517 eyes (6.2%) of 411 participants (9.8%) had pre-existing GA (without neovascular AMD), with the following characteristics: 33% central, 67% noncentral; and the following configurations: 36% small, 26% solid/unifocal, 24% multifocal, 9% horseshoe/ring, and 6% indeterminate. Of the remaining 6530 eyes at risk, 1099 eyes (17.3%) of 883 participants developed incident GA without prior neovascular disease during mean follow-up of 4.4 years. The Kaplan-Meier rate of incident GA was 19% of eyes at 5 years. In eyes with incident GA, 4-year risk of subsequent neovascular AMD was 29%. In eyes with incident noncentral GA, 4-year risk of central involvement was 57%. GA enlargement rate (following square root transformation) was similar in eyes with pre-existing GA (0.29 mm/year; 95% confidence interval 0.27–0.30) and incident GA (0.28 mm/year; 0.27–0.30). In the combined group, GA enlargement was significantly faster with noncentrality, multifocality, intermediate baseline size, and bilateral GA (P Conclusions Analyses of AREDS2 data on natural history of GA provide representative data on GA evolution and enlargement. GA enlargement, which was influenced by lesion features, was relentless, resulting in rapid central vision loss. The genetic variants associated with faster enlargement were partially distinct from those associated with risk of incident GA. These findings are relevant to further investigations of GA pathogenesis and clinical trial planning.

Published
2018
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7. Carbon Dioxide and People

Author

Leslie Marcus and Norman D. Newell

Subjects
Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, education.field_of_study, Global warming, Population, Paleontology, Environmental pollution, World population, Biology, Deforestation, Environmental protection, Population growth, Physical geography, education, Environmental degradation, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

The correlation between population growth and steady buildup of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is almost perfect (.9985). Both growth rates rise exponentially simultaneously. Human activities account for atmospheric CO2 growth not population growth itself. They include burning of fossil fuels and wood changes in agricultural methods and deforestation. They exceed changes in all natural sources including weathering of rocks ice melting warming of sea water decay of vegetation seasonal defoliation and volcanic activity. Demographers and environmentalists can use the rise in CO2 as a gross index of land development population growth climatic changes change of natural environments and industrialization. CO2 analyses can reinforce censuses and supply data from periods between census surveys. CO2 data collected at the US Mauna Loa weather station and the South Pole show that in 1958 atmospheric CO2 was 315.2/ppm and the world population was 2.9 billion. Ice core analyses in Greenland find that CO2 levels were 225/ppm 18000 years ago and rose somewhat to 271/ppm around 1300 A.D. when the continental glaciers melted. The extent of CO2 fluctuates sizably with the seasons. Changing patterns of climate energy use and deforestation correspond to irregularities in the rising trend of CO2. This rise in atmospheric CO2 provides us with a sensitive gauge of the rate of economic development and follows the expanding blows humans exert on the environment e.g. the 1973 OPEC price hike of petroleum. Population growth stymies all activities to lower the poverty level. Reduced energy use at present population levels would mean reduced productivity and increased hardship but most of the world is reluctant to confront it. International cooperation beyond what human behavior had ever done before and attrition are needed to avoid catastrophe.

Published
1987
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