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Antecedentes y Objetivos: La especie registrada en México (estado de Veracruz) en la década de 1980 como “Tricholoma magnivelare” (bajo su sinónimo, T. ponderosum) de ser un hongo no utilizado como comestible en el país, pasó a ser objeto de comercialización internacional, cuando vendedores asiáticos conocieron su presencia en México y su relación con el grupo de T. matsutake. Los especímenes en los que se basaron registros previos en el país (identificados con el mismo nombre), fueron estudiados solo morfológicamente. Con base en información morfológica y molecular (ITS), recientemente se describieron a T. mesoamericanum del estado de Oaxaca (sur de Mexico) (tipo), y a T. colposii del estado de Veracruz, ambas relacionadas al grupo de especies alrededor de T. matsutake. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar, con base en caracteres morfológicos y secuencias de (ITS) obtenidas a partir de muestras frescas, la identidad taxonómica de especímenes con similitudes con ambas especies. Métodos: Durante 2009 y 2018 se recolectaron especímenes en dos bosques de Pinus en los estados de Puebla y Veracruz (este de México). Se estudiaron fructificaciones adquiridas en un mercado popular en Xalapa, Veracruz. Se registraron las características morfo-anatómicas y organolépticas de las muestras. Se efectuó la extracción del ADN, PCR, secuenciación de la región del espaciador transcrito interno (ITS) del ADN ribosomal, y un análisis filogenético.Resultados clave: Estudios moleculares y morfológicos aquí presentados revelan que poblaciones mexicanas de “T. magnivelare” recolectadas en los estados de Veracruz y Puebla se identifican con T. mesoamericanum y el tipo de T. colposii, en un clado independiente de T. magnivelare s. str. de EUA.Conclusiones: El material estudiado se identifica con T. mesoamericanum, consistente con estudios previos que muestran que los hongos del grupo “matsutake” en el país están representados por T. mesoamericanum y, como se demuestra aquí, con T. colposii como un sinónimo.

A collection of a volvarioid species with whitish, medium-sized basidiomes and distinctive grooved stipe was found in sandy soil in the Sonoran Desert, northwest of Mexico. After a morphological comparison with the type specimen of Volvariopsis canalipes from Florida, USA, we found that both materials share a similar set of taxonomic characters that supports considering them to be conspecific. Some species formerly placed in Volvariella but characterized by a gelatinous pileipellis and large basidiospores (such as V. canalipes) are currently recognized in Volvopluteus. A phylogenetic analysis based on ITS and LSU sequences obtained from the Sonoran material, inferred its position in Volvopluteus and sister to Vp. gloiocephallus. Based on morphological and molecular information, the new combination Volvopluteus canalipes is proposed. This corresponds to the second record of this species after its original publication. A description of the Mexican collection accompanied with photographs and line drawings is included and complemented with a taxonomic discussion.

Fresh basidiomes of species belonging to the genera Aurantiporus, Ganoderma, Lentinus, and Panus species were collected from a cloud forest patch located in a natural protected area. Tissue portions of the fresh basidiomes were excised and grown in axenic culture with potato dextrose medium at 27 °C obtaining six strains. Additionally, a commercial strain of Pleurotus ostreatus was included for comparison with previous works. Mycelium films were obtained and morpho-anatomic characterized considering the main features. After that, the films were dried at room temperature and pressed at 7.5 g/cm2. SEM images were taken with a scanning electron microscope, and mechanical and thermo gravimetric analyses were carried out. The tensile modulus values obtained vary between 3.5 and 128.8 MPa and the tensile strength values between 0.27 and 1.5 MPa. The density was not uniform and is not related to the mechanical performance. The Maximum decomposition temperature of the mycelium films was reached at around 300 °C. The results showed significant differences in physic-mechanical behavior of mycelium films obtained with different fungal species, some of them with promissory characteristics for biotechnological applications.

Two new species of yellow Cantharellus and a new record of Cantharellus tabernensis associated with tropical species of Quercus are presented, based on the taxonomic study of fresh specimens and in a phylogenetic analysis of transcription elongation factor 1-alpha (tef-1α) and the large subunit of the ribosome (nLSU) sequences. One of the new species proposed here, corresponds to a choice edible mushroom, which, in our molecular phylogeny, resulted in it being related to the group of species around C. lateritius and sister with Craterellus confluens type specimen. This latter is here formally transferred to Cantharellus and consequently a new name, Cantharellus furcatus, is proposed to replace the homonym Cantharellus confluens (Schwein.) Schwein. 1834 a later synonym of Byssomerulius corium. Detailed macroscopic and microscopic descriptions accompanied with illustrations and a taxonomic discussion are presented for each species.

Three new species in the genera Marasmiellus, Pusillomyces, and Gymnopus are described based on specimens found growing in the leaf litter of a mountain cloud forest relict from eastern Mexico. Distinctive macro- and micromorphological characters in combination with a phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences support their taxonomic identity and position in each of the above mentioned genera of the Omphalotaceae. Species here described form rhizomorphs. Morphological descriptions, including illustrations, photographs, and taxonomic discussions are provided.

Two species of Lactarius are documented from fragments of tropical lowland oak forest in central Veracruz. Lactarius trichodermoides, described here as new, was found in association with Quercus sapotifolia and Lactarius subplinthogalus with Quercus glaucescens. Both Lactarius species were identified morphologically and supported by phylogenetic analyses of nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and D1-D2 domains of nuc 28S rDNA sequences. Confirmation of mycobionts in ectomycorrhizal (ECM) associations was verified by molecular identification of ECM root tips. Detailed macroscopic and microscopic descriptions and photographs and illustrations of basidiomes and ectomycorrhizas are presented. The new binomial Lactarius chiangmaiensis is proposed for L. subplinthogalus var. chiangmaiensis.

In the mountains of Veracruz State (east of Mexico), the southernmost limit of Fagus in the Americas, two relict forests of F. grandifolia var. mexicana were visited between 2007 and 2009 and 2013–2014, in order to study the ectomycorrhizal (EcM) systems of these trees with Lactarius rimosellus (L. subg. Russularia) and with L. acatlanensis (L. subg. Lactarius). We confirmed their EcM association through comparison of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences from the mycobiont in the ectomycorrhizal systems and basidiomes sampled in the forest stands. The phytobiont in the ectomycorrhizae was also identified through the comparison of ITS sequences from EcM root tips and leaves of F. grandifolia var. mexicana. Detailed descriptions on the morphology and anatomy of EcM systems and microscopical features of mantle layers and Hartig net are presented and illustrated.

Pisolithus tinctorius is an ectomycorrhizal fungus that has been used worldwide as an inoculant to promote the growth and health of plant roots of forest importance. P. tinctorius has capacity to form symbiosis which mycorrhizal plants through the production of phytohormones, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) the main auxin produced by these ectomycorrhizal fungi modulating root system architecture by inducing lateral root formation and root hair elongation in host plants of tree forest. However, the inoculant or compounds produced by P. tinctorius have not been evaluated in non-mycorrhizal plants. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of crude extracts of the P. tinctorius (CEPt) culture supernatant using Arabidopsis thaliana as plant model system to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of plant growth in non-host plant. Our results suggest that the crude extract of the supernatant produced by P. tinctorius has the ability to induce plant growth and root system architecture in Arabidopsis seedlings through the production of compounds with auxin-like activity, inducing the expression of DR5::uidA and BA3::uidA Arabidopsis line reporter of auxin responses and required an intact auxin signaling pathway, to modulate the plant growth in Arabidopsis seedlings.

A need for more robust compensation techniques comes with continued growth in the study of immunotherapy and immunology by flow cytometry. Compensation is a method used to address the measurement of a fluorophore in multiple detectors (referred to as spillover) by mathematically correcting signal overlap between emission spectra of different fluorochromes to determine the true level of staining/positive target signal. The signal spillover can impact data quality and becomes very important with different levels of marker expressions. This measurement can be achieved by use of cells, or more typically by use of compensation beads to save precious biological samples. Current compensation beads have been shown to be problematic and can lead to over- or under-compensation, resulting in less or more true positive signal, respectively. Additionally, current compensation beads are incompatible with far red violet and ultraviolet dyes and may not be ideal for dim/low expressing markers. These studies address compensation by comparing various compensation products to biological samples on multiple immunophenotyping panels of either human or murine origin. These panels compare the use of a wide range of fluorophore conjugates, including the use of violet and ultraviolet excitable dyes, low expressing targets, and intracellular targets to determine compensation accuracy. The results demonstrate that a precise compensation matrix can be obtained with a newly improved commercial bead that is comparable to a cell sample. This data validates that precious cell samples may not be needed to be used in place of commercial bead products to obtain accurate compensation and quality data regardless of a panel’s design elements.

The ectomycorrhizal (EM) synthesis between Turbinellus floccosus with Abies religiosa was accomplished under controlled conditions by using seedlings planted in a sterilized peat moss-vermiculite substrate and cultured mycelium. Yellow to brownish EM root tips were observed 3 mo after inoculation. We identified the mycobiont of the synthesized EM through sequence similarity of the nuclear large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU) between three experimental sources: basidiomata, synthesized EM root tips and inoculated cultured mycelium. The morphological and anatomical characteristics of the synthesized EM root tips were presented and described.

An undescribed species of Laccaria was discovered in the Santuario del Bosque de Niebla of Xalapa, Mexico, in a montane cloud forest preserved under the protection of the Instituto de Ecologia A.C. in Veracruz State. This new species is distinct based on basidiome morphology and supported by phylogenetic analyses of sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and nuclear large subunit (nLSU) of the ribosomal RNA gene. Thirteen different collections obtained during 2012–2014, provided documentation of the broad morphological variation and confirmed the diagnostic color changes of this species. It is phylogenetically associated with Metasection Amethystina but lacks violet pigments in the mycelium and stipe base that are characteristic for species placed in that Metasection. Its relationship to other taxa in Laccaria is not obvious at this time. Descriptions, color images of the basidiomata, scanning electron photomicrographs of basidiospores and comparisons with similar taxa are presented.

During explorations of tropical oak forests in central Veracruz (eastern Mexico), the authors discovered a Cantharellus species that produces basidiomes with strikingly violet pileus and a hymenium with yellow, raised gill-like folds. It is harvested locally and valued as a prized edible wild mushroom. Systematic multiyear sampling of basidiomes allowed the recording of the morphological variation exhibited by fresh fruit bodies in different growth stages, which supports the recognition of this Cantharellus species from others in the genus. Two molecular phylogenetic analyses based on a set of sequences of species of all major clades in Cantharellus, one including sequences of the transcription elongation factor 1-alpha (tef-1α) and a combined tef-1α and nLSU region (the large subunit of the ribosome), confirm the isolated position of the new species in a clade close to C.lewisii from USA, in the subgenus Cantharellus. Detailed macroscopic and microscopic descriptions, accompanied by illustrations and a taxonomic discussion are presented.

La metodología ADOIVA, surge como propuesta para trascender el diseño instruccional, de un modelo de etapas que presenta acciones imprecisas, a una metodología que, si bien también prescribe acciones a razón de un modelo general deriva de éste, principios y criterios para articular seis procesos: 1. Análisis, 2. Diseño, 3. Operatividad, 4. Integración tecnológica, 5. Valoración y 6. Actualización. Cada uno de ellos orientado a lograr una educación consistente a las exigencias de la sociedad del conocimiento. La rúbrica socioformativa propuesta a validar con este trabajo lleva como propósito articular los principios y criterios de ADOIVA, a través de indicadores que evalúan el nivel de pertinencia en la que cada etapa contribuye a la calidad educativa desde la modalidad a distancia, mediante el enfoque de la socioformación.

Two pure Alnus acuminata stands established in a montane forest in central Mexico (Puebla State) were monitored between 2010 and 2013 to confirm and recognize the ectomycorrhizal (EcM) systems of A. acuminata with Lactarius cuspidoaurantiacus and Lactarius herrerae, two recently described species. Through comparison of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences from basidiomes and ectomycorrhizas sampled in the forest stands, we confirmed their ectomycorrhizal association. The phytobiont was corroborated by comparing ITS sequences obtained from EcM root tips and leaves collected in the study site and from other sequences of A. acuminata available in Genbank. Detailed morphological and anatomical descriptions of the ectomycorrhizal systems are presented and complemented with photographs.

In pure stands of Alnus acuminata subsp. arguta trees from Sierra Norte de Puebla (central Mexico) two undescribed ectomycorrhizal species of Lactarius were discovered. Distinction of the two new species is based on morphological characters and supported with phylogenetic analyses of the nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS region and part of the gene that encodes for the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2). The phylogenies inferred recovered the two species in different clades strongly supported by posterior probabilities and bootstrap values. The new Lactarius species are recognized as part of the assemblage of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Alnus acuminata. Information about these taxa includes the morphological variation achieved along 16 monitories 2010-2013. Descriptions are provided. They are accompanied by photos including SEM photomicrographs of basidiospores and information on differences between them and other related taxa from Europe and the United States.

The growing number of urban ecology studies has raised concern about the importance of comprehending the ecological patterns and processes of urban areas in order to manage and plan them properly. In this study, we performed a rapid descriptive ecological assessment of the biodiversity patterns in a neotropical mid-sized urban area from a multi-taxonomic approach, contrasting seven taxonomic groups (i.e., vascular plants, fungi, ants, butterflies, beetles, amphibians, birds) in areas with different degree of urbanization intensity. Results of this study show that diversity patterns differ depending on the taxonomic group; thus, it was not possible to generalize specific trends in species richness, abundance, and species composition because each taxon seems to respond differently to the process or level of urbanization. Our results also highlight the relevance of using multi-taxonomic approaches to understand the relationship between biodiversity and urban environments, and underline potential benefits and limitations of using each of the studied groups when considering rapid biodiversity assessments. Based on our results, we suggest the following recommendations when performing rapid biological assessments in urban areas: evaluate as many taxa as possible, choosing the set of taxonomic groups in relation to the objectives of the study, wide the temporal and spatial survey window as much as possible, focus on several biodiversity measures, and interpreting results cautiously, as rapid assessments do not necessarily reflect ecological patterns, but just part of the history.

Cellular responses to drug treatment can be varied and heterogeneous. Often, a multiparametric approach is necessary to identify cellular pathways that are responding or affected. To maximize the number of parameters analysed per sample, we aimed to combine several functional sensors into one assay. In addition, we set out to streamline the workflow focusing on live cell responses. To this end, we designed a flow cytometry-based detection system centered on a single incubation condition for sensors that have minimal spectral overlap. Analysing Jurkat cells treated with camptothecin, a topoisomerase inhibitor that triggers cellular apoptosis, we were able to simultaneously detect the loss of cells in G2/M phase using the stoichiometric DNA dye, Hoechst 33342; an increase in apoptotic cells with a sensor for activated caspase 3/7 (CellEvent Caspase-3/7 Green); the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential with tetramethylrhodamine, methyl ester (TMRM); and an increase in dead cells as well as cells in late apoptotic stage, using a SYTOX viability dye. We also tested another four-sensor combination that focused on detecting cellular stress. Upon prolonged camptothecin induction, we were able to detect an increase in mitochondrial stress with MitoSox, a sensor that detects mitochondrial oxidative stress; an increase in cellular stress with a CellROX reagent specific for reactive oxygen species. There was also a loss in mitochondrial membrane potential as well as a greater loss of cellular viability. In summary, using a model of cellular response to drug treatment, we performed multiparametric cell status analysis with a combination of cellular detection reagents on a flow cytometer.

Se presenta información sobre el uso de los esporomas de Tremelloscypha gelatinosa como alimento por los habitantes nativos de Nandayalu, una localidad al SE de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México. El hongo es localmente llamado “nangañaña”, los cuerpos fructíferos se recogen durante parte de la temporada de lluvias (julio-agosto) y se usan para consumo familiar. Se describe el método de recolección y de preparación, y se presentan fotografías de sus basidiomas, de su hábitat y usos. La especie se registró fructificando en el suelo, bajo árboles de Gymnopodium floribundum, en bosque tropical deciduo en la depresión central de Chiapas. Tremelloscypha gelatinosa es un heterobasidiomiceto del orden Sebacinales y su relación filogenética con especies que forman micorrizas sugiere su posible relación ectomicorrízica con las raíces de las plantas y, por tanto, desempeñando una importante función ecológica en los ecosistemas tropicales donde se desarrolla. Es un hongo poco frecuente, hasta ahora registrado de Jamaica (localidad tipo), Florida (E.U.A.), Yucatán y Quintana Roo (México). No se tenía conocimiento de su uso como elemento comestible silvestre.

Two species of Laccaria discovered in relicts of Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana forests in eastern Mexico are described based on the macro- and micromorphological features, and their identity supported by molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) of the ribosomal RNA gene. The phylogeny obtained here showed that one of the Mexican species is nested in an exclusive clade which in combination with its striking morphological features, infers that it represents a new species, while the other species is placed as a member in the Laccaria trichodermophora clade. This is the first report in Mexico of Laccaria with Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana trees, with which the reported species may form ectomycorrhizal association. Descriptions are accompanied with illustrations of macro- and micromorphological characters and a discussion of related taxa are presented.

Urbanization poses important environmental, social, and ecological pressures, representing a major threat to biodiversity. However, urban areas are highly heterogeneous, with some greenspaces (e.g., urban forests, parks, private gardens) providing resources and a refuge for wildlife communities. In this study we surveyed 10 taxonomic groups to assess their species richness and composition in six greenspaces that differ in size, location, management, and human activities. Species richness differed among taxonomic groups, but not all differed statistically among the studied greenspaces (i.e., sac fungi, bats). Plants, basidiomycetous and sac fungi, and birds showed intermediate assemblage composition similarity (

Ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi are being monitored in the Santuario del Bosque de Niebla in the central region of Veracruz (eastern Mexico). Based on the comparison of DNA sequences (ITS rDNA) of spatiotemporally co-occurring basidiomes and EM root tips, we discovered the EM symbiosis of Lactarius indigo, L. areolatus and L. strigosipes with Carpinus caroliniana, Quercus xalapensis and Quercus spp. The host of the EM tips was identified by comparison of the large subunit of the ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase gene (rbcL). Descriptions coupled with photographs of ectomycorrhizas and basidiomes are presented.

Crinipellis brunneoaurantiaca, C. pallidibrunnea and C. rubella are described as new species and their taxonomic position is discussed. The two former were collected in subdeciduous tropical forest and the latter in the montane cloud forest, all from the east coast of Mexico (central Veracruz). Crinipellis podocarpi, C. pseudostipitaria var. mesites, C. setipes, recorded in montane cloud forest, and C. tucumanensis, collected in subdeciduous tropical forest, also are discussed. Detailed macro- and microscopic descriptions, illustrations of distinctive microscopic characters and plates are presented for each species.

A new milkcap species, Lactarius fuscomarginatus, was found in the subtropical region of central Veracruz (eastern Mexico) associated with two relict populations of Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana. The species is characterized macroscopically by its dark pileus and stipe and by its distant and whitish lamellae with blackish to blackish brown edges. A molecular phylogenetic analyses based on ITS and LSU nucDNA sequences confirms the delimitation of this new taxon and places L. fuscomarginatus in subgenus Gerardii. A detailed morphological comparison is given with similar species.

A new species, Phylloporus fagicola, has been discovered growing in association with two relict populations of Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana in the subtropical region of central Veracruz (eastern Mexico). The species belongs to a taxonomic group characterized by broadly ellipsoid oblong to ovoid basidiospores, distinct from the subfusoid boletoid type. The new taxon is described, illustrated, and compared with closely similar species.

Two species of Lactarius from the subtropical montane cloud forest of central Veracruz are described as new. Both species are placed in subgenus Lactarius based on an accurate study of macro- and micromorphological features and supported by molecular phylogenetic analyses of a single nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS), a concatenated ITS, D1, and D2 domains of nuc 28S rDNA (28S), and part of the second largest subunit of the RNA polymerase II (rpb2) (6-7 region) sequence datasets. In the phylogenetic reconstruction presented, the two species appear nested in two clearly distinct, well supported clades that reveal their phylogenetic position among members of subgenus Lactarius (= subg. Piperites s. auct.), a complex group of which a worldwide phylogeny requires further study. According to field observations, both taxa are possible ectomycorrhizal associates of Quercus spp. and one of Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana Taxonomic descriptions based on the study of specimens gathered during fieldwork from 2012 to 2014 are presented. Descriptions are accompanied with illustrations of macro and micromorphological characters and a discussion of related species is provided.

Two species of Crepidotus are recorded from cloud forest in the central region of Veracruz State (eastern Mexico): Crepidotus rubrovinosus sp. nov. and Crepidotus septicoides. The latter species was known previously only from the type locality in Brazil and from one record in tropical rain forest in southern Veracruz (as C. longicystis s. str. Singer). Descriptions, illustrations and discussions for both taxa are provided. A type study of C. fusisporus var. longicystis from USA is included, and it is concluded that the collection supporting this variety belongs to C. luteolus.

High throughput screening (HTS) is extremely effective method for allowing researchers to identify putative compounds of interest which play a role in their area of cellular research. Recently, flow cytometry has emerged as a powerful HTS tool with the added benefit of cell-by-cell analysis. Flow cytometry not only allows a researcher to study drug effectiveness towards different cell types but also can be used to analyze protein-protein interactions, metabolic activities, as well as DNA/mRNA content in a single or multiplexed assay format. In this study, we screened the MicroSource Discovery System Killer Plate compound library and compared HTS using a plate reader with flow cytometer multiplexing. Jurkat and Ramos cells, T and B lymphocyte cell types respectively, were used as cell models and cultured under standard conditions and screened either at hypoxic (1%) or hyperoxic (19%) oxygen levels at varied lengths of time (24, 48, or 72 hrs). To assess compound veracity, post-screening analysis was implemented to establish EC50s of “hits” from the compound library. Membrane integrity and metabolic activity were measured as an initial screening output for evaluating cellular viability. Using the multiplexed capabilities of flow cytometry, we performed secondary and tertiary assays to further characterize the possible mechanism of action by analysis of cell cycle, specific RNA expression levels, oxidative stress, and caspase activation across differing concentrations of the compounds. This method and analysis highlights the complicated nature of assessing toxicity in cellular screening assays and the advantage of Flow Cytometry in particular for characterizing cell health.

Due to the nascent wastewater treatment practice in Mexico there is great opportunity to introduce anaerobic digestion as the core of the wastewater treatment processes. Nevertheless, this requires an understanding of all the technical, economical and financial aspects that limit its development. According to the National Water Commission, in 1995 municipal and industrial wastewater were produced at rates of 232 and 168 m 3 s −1 respectively, but only 20 and 12% of these volumes were treated, often with very low efficiencies. In order to increase the treatment capacity of the country, approximately US$ 4515 million managed by the banks for development are supposed to be available to invest in environmental projects. Other financing mechanisms exist through treasury incentives and penalties. Within this situation, anaerobic digestion has grown although not at the required rate and bigger investments are being made on conventional aerobic and physicochemical technologies. Presently there are in the country 85 anaerobic wastewater treatment plants treating 216,295 m 3 d −1 with an installed volume of 228,551 m 3 . UASB reactors account for 74% of the installed volume and national companies have supplied 76% to the anaerobic market. Proper integration of the anaerobic digestion processes for water recycling and energy recovery has not been achieved and there is a big need to demonstrate economic and ecological sustainability.

A morphological study of Mexican collections of Crepidotus cinnabarinus, C. croceitinctus, C. palmarum and C. quitensis is provided. The relationships of these species with close allies are examined and discussed. Microscopical observations on the type collections of C. carpaticus, C. cinnabarinus, C. croceitinctus, C. luridus vars luridus, minor and oaxacae, C. macedonicus, C. palmarum, C. quitensis, C. subcroceitinctus and C. unicus are included. Illustrations of the microscopic features of all taxa are presented.

The type specimens of Phaeocollybia spolia- ta from India (Narkanda), P spadicea from U.S.A. (Washington) and P subarduennensis from Costa Rica (Cartago) were reexamined. New considerations on their descriptions are presented, including line drawings of their features and SEM photomicro- graphs of the spores. In the latter two, type specimens are mixed and each contains elements belonging to two additional Phaeocollybia species.

A field experiment was conducted from 1984 to 1994 in the North of Parana State, Brazil (23°45′ S, 52°30′ W), to evaluate the effect of Grevillea robusta (grevillea) on interplanted coffee. Grevillea was planted in five densities (26, 34, 48, 71, and 119 trees per ha). Compared with open grown coffee, there was no decline in the yield of coffee under grevillea at densities of 26, 34, and 48 trees per ha; however, total economic productivity (including the value of both coffee and grevillea) was higher for combinations of coffee and grevillea at 34, 48, and 71 trees per ha. The severe radiative frost of June 1994 that damaged most coffee plants did not damage coffee plants interplanted under grevillea trees at densities of 71 and 119 trees per hectare.