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Abstract Living systems rely on coordinated molecular interactions, especially those related to gene expression and protein activity. The Unfolded Protein Response is a crucial mechanism in eukaryotic cells, activated when unfolded proteins exceed a critical threshold. It maintains cell homeostasis by enhancing protein folding, initiating quality control, and activating degradation pathways when damage is irreversible. This response functions as a dynamic signaling network, with proteins as nodes and their interactions as edges. We analyze these protein-protein networks across different organisms to understand their intricate intra-cellular interactions and behaviors. In this work, analyzing twelve organisms, we assess how fundamental measures in network theory can individuate seed proteins and specific pathways across organisms. We employ network robustness to evaluate and compare the strength of the investigated protein-protein interaction networks, and the structural controllability of complex networks to find and compare the sets of driver nodes necessary to control the overall networks. We find that network measures are related to phylogenetics, and advanced network methods can identify main pathways of significance in the complete Unfolded Protein Response mechanism.

OBJECTIVE: SARS-CoV-2 causes acute respiratory disease, interstitial and alveolar pneumonia, and involves numerous organs and systems such as the kidney, heart, digestive tract, blood, and nervous system. We aimed to evaluate the incidence of renal manifestations in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a monocentric, cross-sectional, observational study, conducted on 114 patients with SARSCoV-2. Clinical and laboratory parameters [renal function, serum electrolytes, inflammatory state, blood gas analysis, Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and urinalysis] were evaluated. The same values were checked out after two months (T1), however after negativization. RESULTS: We enrolled 114 patients (59 males) with a mean age of 63.8 ± 13.9 years. We found hematuria in 48 patients (55.8%), proteinuria in 33 patients (38.4%), leukocyturia in 61 patients (70.9%), acute kidney injury (AKI) in 28 patients (24.6%), AKI in chronic kidney disease (CKD) in 24 patients (21.1%). Moreover, we found a significant increase of inflammatory indexes as C Reactive Protein (CRP), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), alpha 1 and alpha 2 globulins with a subsequent reduction at T1 (p = 0.016, p < 0.001, p = 0.005, p = 0.007; respectively). Hemoglobin and erythrocyte values significantly decreased (p < 0.001, p = 0.003, respectively), and we found lymphopenia (p < 0.001). Also, we found elevated levels of the D-Dimer (p < 0.001) and a significant increase in the International Normalized Ratio (INR) (p = 0.038). We also showed a significant improvement after negativization in oxygen partial pressure (p = 0.001) and oxygen saturation (p < 0.001) and a significant increase in pH (p = 0.018) and bicarbonate concentration (p = 0.042). Moreover, we found a significant increase in IL-6 (p = 0.004). Also, we reported mild hyponatremia and hypokalemia with subsequent significant recovery (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively) and mild hypochloremia with a recovery to the limits of statistical significance (p = 0.053). At the entrance, we found an increase in serum glucose with a significant reduction during recovery (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of AKI and/or CKD and/or abnormal urinalysis in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 on admission seems to be high and appears as a negative prognostic factor. Urinalysis appears to be very useful in unveiling the potential kidney impairment of COVID-19 patients; therefore, urinalysis could be used to reflect and predict the disease severity. We also recommend a careful evaluation of metabolic alterations, inflammatory states, and electrolytic disorders in COVID-19 patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast metastasis originating from a primary lung tumor is exceedingly rare and can present challenges in distinguishing it from primary breast cancer. This case report discusses the management of a 64-year-old woman who initially presented with a nodule in her left breast. A biopsy revealed an infiltrating ductal carcinoma. Despite negative BRCA genetic testing, her significant family history of cancer and the presence of a newly detected right breast lesion led to a bilateral mastectomy. Post-operative imaging identified multiple hypodense nodules and a spiculated pulmonary nodule, necessitating further investigation. An endoscopic lung biopsy confirmed a primary pulmonary carcinoma with histological features similar to the breast carcinoma, suggesting the lung as the primary source. This case highlights the complexity of differentiating breast metastasis originating from a lung tumor and primary breast cancer. It underscores the importance of comprehensive diagnostic evaluations and the consideration of extramammary origins in metastatic cases. The findings emphasize the role of multidisciplinary teams in managing such rare and challenging cases and highlight the necessity for thorough and repeated assessments in atypical breast cancer presentations.

This study investigates the practices and rules of Genoese gilding, drawing insights from a 16th-century manuscript containing regulations for gold leaf production. Employing X-ray and ion beam techniques, we quantitatively assess the manuscript’s gold leaf thickness without destructive sampling. Artisanal goldbeater-produced leaves of different thicknesses, applied with a guazzo or mordant technique, served as standards. Further analysis of samples with unknown thickness from the furniture of Palazzo Spinola di Pellicceria in Genoa (Italy) has confirmed the method’s applicability to practical cases. External beam Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analyses were carried out using 3 MeV protons at the LABEC accelerator laboratory in Florence. A linear relationship between Gold Lα peak yield and leaf thickness, as measured by RBS, has been established for optimal calibration of portable or hand-held X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) instrumentation for in situ measurements. Moreover, the caratage of the gold foil preserved in the manuscript has been assessed.

Abstract Background Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop system (AHCL) has profoundly changed type 1 diabetes therapy. This study primarily aimed to assess the impact on Glycemia Risk Index (GRI) and other continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics when switching from one of four insulin strategies to AHCL in type 1 adult patients. Methods A single-center, retrospective pre/post observational study; 198 patients (age 44.4 ± 12.7 years, 115 females/83 males, diabetes duration 24.7 ± 11.6 years, HbA1c 7.4 ± 1%), treated with different insulin therapies (MDI, CSII, SAP with PLGS, HCL) were assessed before and after switching to an AHCL (MiniMed 780G, Diabeloop Roche, Tandem Control-IQ) at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Mixed-effects multivariable regression models were used to estimate the mean pre/post variations at different time points, adjusted for potential confounders. Results A month after the switch, there was an improvement in CGM metrics and HbA1c for all patients: GRI −10.7, GMI −0.27%, CV −2.1%, TAR>250 −3.7%, TAR180-250 −5.6%, TIR + 9.7%, HbA1c −0.54% (all p 250 at T1 (for all p

Abstract Background Thyroid diseases are one of the most common health problems worldwide. Although they represent a necessary step in order to perform thyroidectomy, hyperextension of the neck can potentially increase postoperative pain. The aim of this study is to determine a correlation between the degree of neck hyperextension on the operative table and the postoperative pain in patients undergoing open thyroidectomy. Methods Patients were prospectively enrolled from the cohort of patients operated at the Endocrine Surgery Unit of the University Hospital of Pisa, between May and July 2021. Both of patients who underwent total thyroidectomy or hemi-thyroidectomy were recruited. The following data were analysed in order to find a correlation with postoperative pain at 24 h: age, gender, type of surgery, BMI, operative time, and degree of neck extension. Results Overall, 195 patients were enrolled. A direct, statistically significant correlation emerged between the degree of neck hyperextension and the postoperative pain 24 h after surgery, regardless of the pain of the surgical wound (p

Background/Objective: Witness’ interviews within a judicial investigation represent a complex procedure because human memory is subjected to suggestions and personal re-elaboration processes. Therefore, it is necessary to use an interview method that guarantees the accuracy of the testimony. Method: This research focused on the development a modified version of the Cognitive Interview based on the use of the five Ws (who, what, where, when and why), commonly used in journalism, which we named the 5Ws-CI. The goal of the present study is to compare this method with two interrogation techniques already present in the literature, the Enhanced Cognitive Interview (ECI) and the Cognitive Interview with the Category Clustering Recall (CCR) and to test the moderating role of Machiavellianism. Seventy-two subjects individually watched a video-clip of a robbery and were randomly assigned to one of the three interview groups (ECI, CCR-CI, or 5Ws-CI) and the veracity condition (truth tellers vs. lie tellers). Results: Subjects in the 5Ws-CI and CCR groups remembered significantly more information than subjects in the ECI condition, without impacting on accuracy. Also, truth tellers reported more details than lie tellers. No significant difference was found between the 5Ws-CI and CI-CCR interview groups. Conclusions: In conclusion, the results indicate that the 5Ws-CI and CCR techniques might be effective methods and outperform the ECI.

IntroductionShelters for stray dogs and cats deserve careful monitoring for zoonotic risk, as they represent a crucial point for prevention and control of infection spread. Data sorting to prioritize zoonotic agents in a geographic area need constant updating, but no regular official programs are ongoing, to allow an efficient risk survey for these animal species. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the prevalence of certain known, potential and emerging zoonoses within the framework of the routine monitoring of dog and cat shelters in North-East Italy.MethodsA total of 389 cats and 257 dogs housed in public veterinary services shelters and feline colonies were included in the present investigation. The animals originated from the provinces of Padua, Venice, Rovigo, Vicenza, Verona, Trento and Bolzano. Serological, molecular and microbiological diagnostics were implemented to investigate the prevalence of Leptospira sp., Brucella canis, Leishmania infantum, dermatophytes, gastrointestinal parasites, antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, Capnocytophaga sp., Bartonella sp., Norovirus, Rotavirus A, Cowpox virus, Mammalian Orthoreovirus, Hepatitis E virus, SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A virus.ResultsData about some known zoonoses (e.g., serological positivity of Leishmania infantum 25% and Leptospira sp. 44.3% in dogs, and Bartonella henselae 70% in cats) resulted aligned with previous research and recent reports, whereas there was a notable occurrence of some potential, emerging and neglected pathogens (e.g., Mammalian Orthoreovirus 0.38% in dogs and 2.83% in cats). For some other agents (e.g., dermatophytes in dogs and in cats) the prevalence resulted lower than expected.DiscussionThe prevention of the zoonotic risk requires a re-examination of the complex interaction between humans, animals, and environment. This is of particular importance in settings like companion animal shelters, which serve as key sites for disease monitoring and zoonotic risk mitigation. The study highlights the need to monitor and prioritize the zoonotic pathogens, to implement and constantly update surveillance and specific training programs for the kennels’ operators, and management of epidemiological risks.

RESUMO Objetivo Determinar a incidência da obstrução congênita do ducto nasolacrimal em crianças com síndrome de Down e seu tratamento. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo observacional de 33 prontuários de crianças com síndrome de Down, atendidas em um Ambulatório de Especialidades Jardim Peri Peri, no período de 7 de julho 2004 a 14 de outubro de 2009. Resultados Das 33 crianças com a síndrome de Down, nove (27,27%) tiveram obstrução congênita do ducto nasolacrimal, sendo cinco do sexo feminino, e seis (66,66%) apresentaram obstrução bilateral. A cura com o tratamento conservador se observou em sete crianças (77,77%), e duas (22,22%) necessitaram de intervenção cirúrgica. Conclusão O tratamento conservador obteve alta taxa de cura na obstrução congênita do ducto nasolacrimal na síndrome de Down.

Abstract Introduction Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are rare neoplasms often associated with immune-related disorders. Patients with Good’s syndrome (GS), an adult-acquired TET-related immunodeficiency, are at a high risk of mortality due to infectious diseases. This study aims to examine COVID-19 occurrence and severity in TET patients, with or without GS. Methods Clinical records of TET patients referred to the Regional Coordinating Center for Rare Tumors of Campania Region were retrospectively collected. During the observation period, elapsing from March 2020 to April 2023, the following data were collected: occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 infection; COVID-19 severity, according to the National Institute of Health (NIH) illness categories; COVID-19 treatment. COVID-19 occurrence and severity were assessed in the overall population and correlated with the presence of GS and/or other immune-related dysregulations. Results Overall, 47 TET patients were included in the study; 27 of these (57.4%) had GS. All participants had received a full cycle of mRNA vaccine for SARS-CoV2., Thirty-one patients (66.0%) experienced COVID-19, of whom 18 (58.0%) had previously received a diagnosis of GS. No significant association of GS and/or other immune-related dysregulations with SARS-CoV-2 infection occurrence was detected (Fisher’s exact test p = 1 and p = 0.3587, respectively). Among patients with GS, 8 (45.0%) reported a COVID-19 severity score of ≥ 3; whereas, only 1 of the 13 patients without GS (7.7%) had a severity score of ≥ 3. The correlation between presence of GS and COVID-19 severity (score 1 or 2 vs. ≥ 3) was statistically significant (p = 0.0448). No statistically significant association between COVID-19 severity and other immune-related syndromes were found (p = 1). Of note, all the hospitalized patients for NIH 4 and 5 COVID-19 had GS. Conclusions Our data suggest that TET patients, especially those with GS, require a careful multidisciplinary monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 infection, in order to establish tailored treatments and prophylactic protocols.

Locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) is a complex disease that requires a multidisciplinary approach. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is usually performed in order to achieve loco-regional radical resection; although its importance in the multidisciplinary approach to LABC is well recognized, a small number of patients show Progressive Disease (PD). No standard salvage treatment (ST) has been defined and different strategies can be adopted, such as second-line systemic therapies, radiation therapy, and surgery. Herein, a case of LABC in PD during NAC is reported with a literature review, with the aim of highlighting the importance of a tailored multidisciplinary treatment for each patient.

Abstract The crosstalk between the chromaffin and adrenocortical cells is essential for the endocrine activity of the adrenal glands. This interaction is also likely important for tumorigenesis and progression of adrenocortical cancer and pheochromocytoma. We developed a unique in vitro 3D model of the whole adrenal gland called Adrenoid consisting in adrenocortical carcinoma H295R and pheochromocytoma MTT cell lines. Adrenoids showed a round compact morphology with a growth rate significantly higher compared to MTT-spheroids. Confocal analysis of differential fluorescence staining of H295R and MTT cells demonstrated that H295R organized into small clusters inside Adrenoids dispersed in a core of MTT cells. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the strict cell–cell interaction occurring between H295R and MTT cells in Adrenoids, which displayed ultrastructural features of more functional cells compared to the single cell type monolayer cultures. Adrenoid maintenance of the dual endocrine activity was demonstrated by the expression not only of cortical and chromaffin markers (steroidogenic factor 1, and chromogranin) but also by protein detection of the main enzymes involved in steroidogenesis (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, and CYP11B1) and in catecholamine production (tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase). Mass spectrometry detection of steroid hormones and liquid chromatography measurement of catecholamines confirmed Adrenoid functional activity. In conclusion, Adrenoids represent an innovative in vitro 3D-model that mimics the spatial and functional complexity of the adrenal gland, thus being a useful tool to investigate the crosstalk between the two endocrine components in the pathophysiology of this endocrine organ.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the kidney involvement assessed by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), the associations with specific clinical disease variables and laboratory findings, and the predictive role of eGFR on clinical outcomes of patients admitted with COVID-19 in Internal Medicine ward in the first wave. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Clinical data of 162 consecutive patients hospitalized in the University Hospital Policlinico Umberto I in Rome, Italy, between December 2020 to May 2021 were collected and retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: The median eGFR was significantly lower in patients with worse outcomes than in patients with favorable outcomes [56.64 ml/min/1.73 m2 (IQR 32.27-89.73) vs. 83.39 ml/min/1.73 m2 (IQR 69.59-97.08), p<0.001]. Patients with eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (n=38) w ere s ignificantly o lder c ompared to patients with normal eGFR [82 years (IQR 74-90) vs. 61 years (IQR 53-74), p<0.001] and they had fever less frequently [39.5% vs. 64.2%, p<0.01]. Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated that overall survival was significantly shorter in patients with eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (p<0.001). In multivariate analysis, only eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 [HR=2.915 (95% CI=1.110-7.659), p<0.05] and platelet to lymphocyte ratio [HR=1.004 (95% CI=1.002-1.007), p<0.01] showed a significant predictive value for death or transfer to intensive care unit (ICU). CONCLUSIONS: Kidney involvement on admission was an independent predictor for death or transfer to ICU among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The presence of chronic kidney disease could be regarded as a relevant factor in risk stratification for COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: COVID-19 clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic infection to an inflammatory cytokine storm with multi-organ failure and fatal outcomes. The identification of high-risk patients for severe disease is crucial to plan an early treatment and intensive follow-up. We aimed to investigate negative prognostic factors in a group of patients hospitalized for COVID-19. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 181 patients (90 men and 91 women, mean age 66.56 ± 13.53 years) were enrolled. Each patient received a work-up including medical history, clinical examination, arterial blood gas analysis, laboratory blood tests, feasible ventilatory support required during hospital stay, intensive care setting required, duration of illness and length of hospital stay (>or<25 days). For the assessment of the severity of COVID-19, three main indicators were considered: 1) the intensive care unit (ICU) admission 2) the hospitalization length >25 days; 3) the need of non-invasive ventilation (NIV). RESULTS: The independent risk factor associated with the ICU admission were lactic dehydrogenase elevation (p=0.046), C reactive protein elevation (p=0.014) at hospital admission and direct oral anticoagulant home therapy (p=0.048); for hospital length >25 days: early corticosteroid therapy (p=0.035); for NIV treatment: ferritin elevation at hospital admission (p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of the above factors may be useful to identify patients at high risk of developing a severe COVID-19 that need an early treatment and intensive follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThe human brain is an intricate structure composed of interconnected modular networks, whose organization is known to balance the principles of segregation and integration, enabling rapid information exchange and the generation of coherent brain states. Segregation involves the specialization of brain regions for specific tasks, while integration facilitates communication among these regions, allowing for efficient information flow. Several factors influence this balance, including maturation, aging, and the insurgence of neurological disorders like epilepsy, stroke, or cancer. To gain insights into information processing and connectivity recovery, we devised a controllable in vitro model to mimic and investigate the effects of different segregation and integration ratios over time.MethodsWe designed a cross-shaped polymeric mask to initially establish four independent sub-populations of cortical neurons and analyzed how the timing of its removal affected network development. We evaluated the morphological and functional features of the networks from 11 to 18 days in vitro (DIVs) with immunofluorescence techniques and micro-electrode arrays (MEAs).ResultsThe removal of the mask at different developmental stages of the network lead to strong variations in the degree of intercommunication among the four assemblies (altering the segregation/integration balance), impacting firing and bursting parameters. Early removal (after 5 DIVs) resulted in networks with a level of integration similar to homogeneous controls (without physical constraints). In contrast, late removal (after 15 DIVs) hindered the formation of strong inter-compartment connectivity, leading to more clustered and segregated assemblies.DiscussionA critical balance between segregation and integration was observed when the mask was removed at DIV 10, allowing for the formation of a strong connectivity among the still-separated compartments, thus demonstrating the existence of a time window in network development in which it is possible to achieve a balance between segregation and integration.

Lung transplantation offers a lifesaving option for patients with end-stage lung disease, but it is marred by a high risk of post-transplant infections, particularly involving multidrug-resistant bacteria, Cytomegalovirus, and fungal pathogens. This elevated infection rate, the highest among solid organ transplants, poses a significant challenge for clinicians, particularly within the first year post-transplantation, where infections are the leading cause of mortality. The direct exposure of lung allografts to the external environment exacerbates this vulnerability leading to constant immune stimulation and consequently to an elevated risk of triggering alloimmune responses to the lung allograft. The necessity of prolonged immunosuppression to prevent allograft rejection further complicates patient management by increasing susceptibility to infections and neoplasms, and complicating the differentiation between rejection and infection, which require diametrically opposed management strategies. This review explores the intricate balance between preventing allograft rejection and managing the heightened infection risk in lung transplant recipients.

Influenza A virus (IAV) can cause high morbidity and mortality in domestic and wild avian species and it is able to infect mammals as well. IAV in cats is sporadic and self-limiting but the recent findings of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) with genetic signatures of mammalian adaptation, in domestic cats, has raised new concerns about the potential role of cats in the virus ecology. The present study aimed to investigate the circulation of IAV in companion animals' shelters in North-eastern Italy. All samples were collected from feral cats living in feline colonies that were hosted in the companion animals' shelters for the requisite period to administer the veterinary treatments. Between 2021 and 2022, 389 oropharyngeal swabs and 279 sera were collected. All swabs tested negative for IAV and the only one ELISA positive serum sample resulted H5 positive by HI test with a titer of 1:80. Despite the sporadic occurrence of influenza in cats, continuous monitoring is crucial due to the evolving zoonotic nature of the virus.

Objectives: Post-stroke fatigue (PSF) is an experience characterized by an early feeling of exhaustion with fatigue, a lack of energy, and difficulty in exertion, both motor and cognitive. To counteract fatigue and limit its effects on activities of daily living, the use of vitamins and minerals is known in addition to the pharmacological approach. However, few studies have evaluated the effect of vitamin and mineral supplementation on fatigue management. SiderAL® Med is a food for special medical purposes with a complete formulation containing vitamins, sucrosomal minerals, copper and algal calcium. The aim of the study is to evaluate whether nutritional supplementation with SiderAL® Med improves the symptom of fatigue and motor and cognitive function in stroke patients. Design: This is a pilot, randomized study with a control group. Setting: Post-Acute Rehabilitation Unit of the Fondazione Policlinico “A. Gemelli” IRCCS. Participants: Twenty-four patients with stroke outcomes, admitted to rehabilitation, were recruited and randomized into the experimental group (Sid-G) and the control group (CG). Intervention: The Sid-G patients, in association with the pharmacological and rehabilitation therapy foreseen during hospitalization, took SiderAL® Med, one sachet per day for 8 weeks, while the CG patients underwent only the pharmacological and rehabilitation therapy foreseen in the daily routine. Measurements: All patients were assessed at baseline (T0), after 4 weeks (T1), after 8 weeks (T2) and after 12 weeks (T3) for motor and cognitive fatigue, balance, walking, functional capacity, cognitive performance, autonomy, quality of life and body composition. Results: Both Sid-G and CG patients showed significant improvement on most rating scales between T0-T1-T2-T3 (p = 0.0001). When comparing the two groups, a statistically significant difference emerged in favor of Sid-G with regard to motor fatigue (p = 0.007), cognitive fatigue (p = 0.009) and total fatigue (p = 0.034); balance (p < 0.001), functional capacity (p < 0.001); cognitive performance (p = 0.004); bone mineral content (p = 0.005), lean mass (p = 0.005), total mass (p < 0.001) and percentage of fat mass (p = 0.039). Conclusion: Nutritional supplementation with SiderAL® Med, in concert with intensive rehabilitation treatment, appears to be effective in managing fatigue and improving motor and cognitive performance and body composition, representing a valuable tool to associate with rehabilitation treatment in stroke patients.

This study assessed humoral and T cell-mediated immune responses to the BNT162b2 vaccine in orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) and lung transplant (LUT) recipients who received three doses of the vaccine from March 2021 at our institution. Serum samples were collected 60 days post-second and third dose to quantify antibodies against the spike region of SARS-CoV-2 while whole blood samples were collected to analyze the SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell response using an IFN-γ ELISpot assay. We enrolled 244 OLT and 120 LUT recipients. The third dose increased antibody titres in OLT recipients (from a median value of 131 after the second dose to 5523 IU/mL, p < 0.001) and LUT recipients (from 14.8 to 1729 IU/mL, p < 0.001). T-cell response also increased in OLT recipients (from 8.5 to 23 IFN-γ SFU per 250,000 PBMC, p < 0.001) and LUT recipients (from 8 to 15 IFN-γ SFU per 250,000 PBMC, p < 0.001). A total of 128 breakthrough infections were observed: two (0.8%) OLT recipients were hospitalized due to COVID-19 and one died (0.4%); among LUT recipients, seven were hospitalized (5.8%) and two patients died (1.7%). In conclusion, the three-dose schedule of the BNT162b2 vaccine elicited both humoral and T cell-mediated responses in solid organ transplant recipients. The risk of severe COVID-19 post-vaccination was low in this population.