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12. Microanatomy and bacterial flora of the perineal glands of the North American porcupine

Author

Roze, U., Leung, K.T., Nix, E., Burton, G., and Chapman, D.M.

Subjects
Microbiota (Symbiotic organisms) -- Analysis, Exocrine glands -- Properties -- Health aspects, Porcupines -- Physiological aspects, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

The perineal glands of the porcupine, Erethizon dorsatum (L., 1758), are sexually dimorphic, paired pockets sprouting osmetrichial hairs. They lie between the anus and urethra, lateral to the midline, amid a sebaceous glandular expanse. In their active state, the glandular pockets secrete an amber substance with a terpenoid odor. When inactive, the glands produce no stain or odor. In males, activation of the glands is associated with fully descended testes. The glandular pockets yield a microbiota ('microflora') in both their active and inactive states. We hypothesize that the active- state microflora transforms a sebaceous secretion into a pheromonally active product that is disseminated by anal dragging. The glandular microflora was characterized by gas chromatography of bacterial fatty acid methyl esters (GC-FAME) and polymerase chain reaction--denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) of 16S ribosomal RNA gene fragments of bacteria. PCR-DGGE results showed the resulting bacteria profiles were the same in both sexes, but differed between the active and inactive states. Active-state microfloras were dominated by members of the Actinobacteria and showed greater coefficients of similarity than inactive-state microfloras. The microflora of individual animals changed with time and with secretory state. We argue for a reproductive role for the activated perineal glands. Les glandes perineales du porc-epic, Erethizon dorsatum (L., 1758), consistent en une paire de poches sexuellement dimorphes d'oii emergent des poils osmeetrichiaux. Elles se situent entre l'anus et l'uretre, de part et d'autre de la ligne mediane dans une zone glandulaire sebacee. En etat d'activite, les poches glandulaires secretent une substance ambreea odeur de terpene. Lorsqu'elles sont inactives, les glandes ne produisent ni substance coloree, ni odeur. Chez les males, l'activation des glandes est associeea la descente complete des testicules. Les poches glandulaires contiennent une microflore tant dans leur etat actif qu'inactif. Nous formulons l'hypothese selon laquelle la microflore durant la peeriode d'activite; transforme la secretion seebaceee en un produit qui agit comme pheromone et qui est disseemine; par marquage anal. Nous avons caracterise la microflore des glandes par la chromatographie en phase gazeuse des esters methyliques des acides gras des bacteries (GC-FAME) et par l'amplification en chaine par polymerase et l'electrophorese sur gel en gradient deenaturant (PCR-DGGE) des fragments geniques 16S de l'ARN ribosomique. Les resultats de PCR-DGGE montrent que les profils bacteeriens obtenus sont les memes chez les deux sexes, mais qu'ils different entre les etats actif et inactif. Durant la phase active, la microflore est domineee par des membres des actinobacteeries et possede des coefficients de similarite plus elevees que la microflore de la phase non active. La microflore des individus change avec le temps et la phase de la secretion. Nous formulons des arguments qui appuient le role des glandes perineales actives durant la reproduction. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Most mammals have a keen olfactory sense and produce odiferous secretions in the skin, intestines, kidney, and other sites. Microbial action can alter these secretions (Brown 1979). The objectives [...]

Published
2010
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13. Development of imaging-based risk scores for prediction of intracranial haemorrhage and ischaemic stroke in patients taking antithrombotic therapy after ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack: a pooled analysis of individual patient data from cohort studies.

Author

Best J.G., Ambler G., Wilson D., Lee K.-J., Lim J.-S., Shiozawa M., Koga M., Li L., Lovelock C., Chabriat H., Hennerici M., Wong Y.K., Mak H.K.F., Prats-Sanchez L., Martinez-Domeno A., Inamura S., Yoshifuji K., Arsava E.M., Horstmann S., Purrucker J., Lam B.Y.K., Wong A., Kim Y.D., Song T.-J., Lemmens R., Eppinger S., Gattringer T., Uysal E., Tanriverdi Z., Bornstein N.M., Ben Assayag E., Hallevi H., Molad J., Nishihara M., Tanaka J., Coutts S.B., Polymeris A., Wagner B., Seiffge D.J., Lyrer P., Algra A., Kappelle L.J., Al-Shahi Salman R., Jager H.R., Lip G.Y.H., Fischer U., El-Koussy M., Mas J.-L., Legrand L., Karayiannis C., Phan T., Gunkel S., Christ N., Abrigo J., Leung T., Chu W., Chappell F., Makin S., Hayden D., Williams D.J., Mess W.H., Nederkoorn P.J., Barbato C., Browning S., Wiegertjes K., Tuladhar A.M., Maaijwee N., Guevarra A.C., Yatawara C., Mendyk A.-M., Delmaire C., Kohler S., van Oostenbrugge R., Zhou Y., Xu C., Hilal S., Gyanwali B., Chen C., Lou M., Staals J., Bordet R., Kandiah N., de Leeuw F.-E., Simister R., Hendrikse J., Kelly P.J., Wardlaw J., Soo Y., Fluri F., Srikanth V., Calvet D., Jung S., Kwa V.I.H., Engelter S.T., Peters N., Smith E.E., Hara H., Yakushiji Y., Orken D.N., Fazekas F., Thijs V., Heo J.H., Mok V., Veltkamp R., Ay H., Imaizumi T., Gomez-Anson B., Lau K.K., Jouvent E., Rothwell P.M., Toyoda K., Bae H.-J., Marti-Fabregas J., Werring D.J., Harkness K., Shaw L., Sword J., Mohd Nor A., Sharma P., Kelly D., Harrington F., Randall M., Smith M., Mahawish K., Elmarim A., Esisi B., Cullen C., Nallasivam A., Price C., Barry A., Roffe C., Coyle J., Hassan A., Birns J., Cohen D., Sekaran L., Parry-Jones A., Parry A., Hargroves D., Proschel H., Datta P., Darawil K., Manoj A., Burn M., Patterson C., Giallombardo E., Smyth N., Mansoor S., Anwar I., Marsh R., Ispoglou S., Chadha D., Prabhakaran M., Meenakishundaram S., O'Connell J., Scott J., Krishnamurthy V., Aghoram P., McCormick M., Sprigg N., O'Mahony P., Cooper M., Choy L., Wilkinson P., Leach S., Caine S., Burger I., Gunathilagan G., Guyler P., Emsley H., Davis M., Manawadu D., Pasco K., Mamun M., Luder R., Sajid M., Okwera J., Warburton E., Saastamoinen K., England T., Putterill J., Flossman E., Power M., Dani K., Mangion D., Suman A., Corrigan J., Lawrence E., Vahidassr D., Shakeshaft C., Brown M., Charidimou A., Cohen H., Banerjee G., Houlden H., White M., Yousry T., Flossmann E., Muir K., Gratz P., Mattle H., Panos L., Korczyn A., Kliper E., Maeder P., Gass A., Pachai C., Bracoub L., Douste-Blazy M.-Y., Fratacci M.D., Vicaut E., Sato S., Miwa K., Fujita K., Ide T., Ma H., Ly J., Singhal S., Chandra R., Slater L.-A., Soufan C., Moran C., Traenka C., Thilemann S., Fladt J., Gensicke H., Bonati L., Kim B.J., Han M.-K., Kang J., Ko E., Yang M.H., Jang M.S., Murphy S., Carty F., Akijian L., Thornton J., Schembri M., Douven E., Delgado-Mederos R., Marin R., Camps-Renom P., Guisado-Alonso D., Nunez F., Medrano-Martorell S., Merino E., Iida K., Ikeda S., Irie H., Demirelli D.S., Medanta J.M., Zerna C., Hernandez M.V., Armitage P., Heye A., Munoz-Maniega S., Sakka E., Thrippleton M., Dennis M., Beigneux Y., Silva M., Venketasubramanian N., Ho S.L., Cheung R.T.F., Chan K.H., Teo K.C., Hui E., Kwan J.S.K., Chang R., Tse M.Y., Hoi C.P., Chan C.Y., Chan O.L., Cheung R.H.K., Wong E.K.M., Leung K.T., Tsang S.F., Ip H.L., Ma S.H., Ma K., Fong W.C., Li S.H., Li R., Ng P.W., Wong K.K., Liu W., Wong L., Ramos L., De Schryver E., Jobsis J., van der Sande J., Brouwers P., Roos Y., Stam J., Bakker S., Verbiest H., Schoonewille W., Linn C., Hertzberger L., van Gemert M., Berntsen P., Van Dam-Nolen D., Kooi M.E., Van der Lugt A., Koudstaal P., Leff A., Ward N., Nachev P., Perry R., Ozkan H., Mitchell J., Best J.G., Ambler G., Wilson D., Lee K.-J., Lim J.-S., Shiozawa M., Koga M., Li L., Lovelock C., Chabriat H., Hennerici M., Wong Y.K., Mak H.K.F., Prats-Sanchez L., Martinez-Domeno A., Inamura S., Yoshifuji K., Arsava E.M., Horstmann S., Purrucker J., Lam B.Y.K., Wong A., Kim Y.D., Song T.-J., Lemmens R., Eppinger S., Gattringer T., Uysal E., Tanriverdi Z., Bornstein N.M., Ben Assayag E., Hallevi H., Molad J., Nishihara M., Tanaka J., Coutts S.B., Polymeris A., Wagner B., Seiffge D.J., Lyrer P., Algra A., Kappelle L.J., Al-Shahi Salman R., Jager H.R., Lip G.Y.H., Fischer U., El-Koussy M., Mas J.-L., Legrand L., Karayiannis C., Phan T., Gunkel S., Christ N., Abrigo J., Leung T., Chu W., Chappell F., Makin S., Hayden D., Williams D.J., Mess W.H., Nederkoorn P.J., Barbato C., Browning S., Wiegertjes K., Tuladhar A.M., Maaijwee N., Guevarra A.C., Yatawara C., Mendyk A.-M., Delmaire C., Kohler S., van Oostenbrugge R., Zhou Y., Xu C., Hilal S., Gyanwali B., Chen C., Lou M., Staals J., Bordet R., Kandiah N., de Leeuw F.-E., Simister R., Hendrikse J., Kelly P.J., Wardlaw J., Soo Y., Fluri F., Srikanth V., Calvet D., Jung S., Kwa V.I.H., Engelter S.T., Peters N., Smith E.E., Hara H., Yakushiji Y., Orken D.N., Fazekas F., Thijs V., Heo J.H., Mok V., Veltkamp R., Ay H., Imaizumi T., Gomez-Anson B., Lau K.K., Jouvent E., Rothwell P.M., Toyoda K., Bae H.-J., Marti-Fabregas J., Werring D.J., Harkness K., Shaw L., Sword J., Mohd Nor A., Sharma P., Kelly D., Harrington F., Randall M., Smith M., Mahawish K., Elmarim A., Esisi B., Cullen C., Nallasivam A., Price C., Barry A., Roffe C., Coyle J., Hassan A., Birns J., Cohen D., Sekaran L., Parry-Jones A., Parry A., Hargroves D., Proschel H., Datta P., Darawil K., Manoj A., Burn M., Patterson C., Giallombardo E., Smyth N., Mansoor S., Anwar I., Marsh R., Ispoglou S., Chadha D., Prabhakaran M., Meenakishundaram S., O'Connell J., Scott J., Krishnamurthy V., Aghoram P., McCormick M., Sprigg N., O'Mahony P., Cooper M., Choy L., Wilkinson P., Leach S., Caine S., Burger I., Gunathilagan G., Guyler P., Emsley H., Davis M., Manawadu D., Pasco K., Mamun M., Luder R., Sajid M., Okwera J., Warburton E., Saastamoinen K., England T., Putterill J., Flossman E., Power M., Dani K., Mangion D., Suman A., Corrigan J., Lawrence E., Vahidassr D., Shakeshaft C., Brown M., Charidimou A., Cohen H., Banerjee G., Houlden H., White M., Yousry T., Flossmann E., Muir K., Gratz P., Mattle H., Panos L., Korczyn A., Kliper E., Maeder P., Gass A., Pachai C., Bracoub L., Douste-Blazy M.-Y., Fratacci M.D., Vicaut E., Sato S., Miwa K., Fujita K., Ide T., Ma H., Ly J., Singhal S., Chandra R., Slater L.-A., Soufan C., Moran C., Traenka C., Thilemann S., Fladt J., Gensicke H., Bonati L., Kim B.J., Han M.-K., Kang J., Ko E., Yang M.H., Jang M.S., Murphy S., Carty F., Akijian L., Thornton J., Schembri M., Douven E., Delgado-Mederos R., Marin R., Camps-Renom P., Guisado-Alonso D., Nunez F., Medrano-Martorell S., Merino E., Iida K., Ikeda S., Irie H., Demirelli D.S., Medanta J.M., Zerna C., Hernandez M.V., Armitage P., Heye A., Munoz-Maniega S., Sakka E., Thrippleton M., Dennis M., Beigneux Y., Silva M., Venketasubramanian N., Ho S.L., Cheung R.T.F., Chan K.H., Teo K.C., Hui E., Kwan J.S.K., Chang R., Tse M.Y., Hoi C.P., Chan C.Y., Chan O.L., Cheung R.H.K., Wong E.K.M., Leung K.T., Tsang S.F., Ip H.L., Ma S.H., Ma K., Fong W.C., Li S.H., Li R., Ng P.W., Wong K.K., Liu W., Wong L., Ramos L., De Schryver E., Jobsis J., van der Sande J., Brouwers P., Roos Y., Stam J., Bakker S., Verbiest H., Schoonewille W., Linn C., Hertzberger L., van Gemert M., Berntsen P., Van Dam-Nolen D., Kooi M.E., Van der Lugt A., Koudstaal P., Leff A., Ward N., Nachev P., Perry R., Ozkan H., and Mitchell J.

Abstract

Background: Balancing the risks of recurrent ischaemic stroke and intracranial haemorrhage is important for patients treated with antithrombotic therapy after ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack. However, existing predictive models offer insufficient performance, particularly for assessing the risk of intracranial haemorrhage. We aimed to develop new risk scores incorporating clinical variables and cerebral microbleeds, an MRI biomarker of intracranial haemorrhage and ischaemic stroke risk. Method(s): We did a pooled analysis of individual-patient data from the Microbleeds International Collaborative Network (MICON), which includes 38 hospital-based prospective cohort studies from 18 countries. All studies recruited participants with previous ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack, acquired baseline MRI allowing quantification of cerebral microbleeds, and followed-up participants for ischaemic stroke and intracranial haemorrhage. Participants not taking antithrombotic drugs were excluded. We developed Cox regression models to predict the 5-year risks of intracranial haemorrhage and ischaemic stroke, selecting candidate predictors on biological relevance and simplifying models using backward elimination. We derived integer risk scores for clinical use. We assessed model performance in internal validation, adjusted for optimism using bootstrapping. The study is registered on PROSPERO, CRD42016036602. Finding(s): The included studies recruited participants between Aug 28, 2001, and Feb 4, 2018. 15 766 participants had follow-up for intracranial haemorrhage, and 15 784 for ischaemic stroke. Over a median follow-up of 2 years, 184 intracranial haemorrhages and 1048 ischaemic strokes were reported. The risk models we developed included cerebral microbleed burden and simple clinical variables. Optimism-adjusted c indices were 0.73 (95% CI 0.69-0.77) with a calibration slope of 0.94 (0.81-1.06) for the intracranial haemorrhage model and 0.63 (0.62-0.65) w

Published
2021

16. Temporal evolution of an ultrathin, noncrystalline ice deposit at crystallization near 160 K studied by FT-IR reflection-absorption spectroscopy

Author

Mitlin, S. and Leung, K.T.

Subjects
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy -- Usage, Chemical bonds -- Research, Absorption -- Research
Abstract

The temporal evolution of the OH stretching modes of a noncrystalline ice deposit upon annealing followed by crystallization near 160 K has been investigated by FT-IR reflection-absorption spectroscopy. Using the earlier theoretical results from Whalley (E. Whalley. Can. J. Chem. 55, 3429 (1977)) and from Buch and Devlin (V. Buch and J.P. Devlin. J. Chem. Phys. 110. 3437 (1999)), the most prominent changes in these modes have been characterized for the first time. A dynamical picture of the structural transformation during crystallization has been developed, and it supports the observation that crystallization proceeds directly from a noncrystalline to a crystalline state without any long-lived intermediate state structurally different from its noncrystalline predecessor. Key words: crystallization, noncrystalline ice, FT-IR reflection-absorption spectroscopy, temporary evolution.

Published
2004

17. A microelectrochemical enzyme transistor based on an N-alkylated poly(ailine) and its application to determine hydrogen peroxide at neutral pH

Author

Raffa, Diego, Leung, K.T., and Battaglini, Fernando

Subjects
Electrochemistry -- Research, Aniline, Hydrogen-ion concentration, Polymers -- Composition, Chemical compounds, Chemistry, Analytic -- Research, Chemistry
Abstract

Conducting polymers are important materials for several applications, among them, newly developed sensors that are based on changes in the conductivity of polyaniline (PANI). These sensors usually have pH limitations related to PANI characteristics (need for positive charge on the nitrogen atoms to get high conductivities). In this work, we report on a simple and fast treatment with propane sultone to dramatically improve PANI conductivity at neutral pH. As a result of this treatment, conductivity of the partially sultonated PANI (PSPANI) keeps its high conductivity at low pH almost unchanged, and as the pH approaches neutrality, PSPANI remains remarkably conductive (resistance grows less than 10 fold), while resistance in PANI increases up to 6 orders of magnitude. Electrochemical techniques and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are used to study the reaction. An application of this treatment to a hydrogen peroxide sensor is presented. Detection of

Published
2003

18. Surface adsorption and trapping of Xe on hexagonal ice at 180K by molecular dynamics simulations

Author

Mitlin, S., Lemak, A.S., Torrie, B.H., Leung, K.T., and Daoben Zhu

Subjects
Ice -- Structure, Ice -- Research, Molecular dynamics -- Analysis, Xenon -- Research, Xenon -- Chemical properties, Xenon -- Structure, Chemistry, Physical and theoretical -- Research, Chemicals, plastics and rubber industries
Abstract

The mechanism of adsorption and the initial stage of absorption of a Van der Waals particle into crystalline ice are investigated. It is shown that the potential of mean force (PMF) can be used to illustrate the degree of disruption of the crystalline structure of the ice.

Published
2003

31. Experimental momentum-space chemistry of isobutene: isomeric effects on orbital-specific electron momentum distributions in isobutene and its cis and trans isomers

Author

Mathers, C.P., Gover, B.N., Ying, J.F., Zhu, H., and Leung, K.T.

Subjects
Butylene -- Analysis, Electronic structure -- Analysis, Chemical bonds -- Analysis, Chemistry
Abstract

Symmetric noncoplanar (e, 2e) spectroscopic measurements of momentum distributions (MD) help analyze the valence-shell electronic structure of isobutene. Momentum space chemical concepts help examine sensitivity of MD toward various isomeric arrangements of the methyl moieties in butene. MD data and ab initio calculations help analyze ionic-state-specific bonding morphology that occurs due to these isomeric effects.

Published
1994

32. Survival of lux-lac-marked biosurfactant-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa UG2L in soil monitored by nonselective plating and PCR

Author

Flemming, C.A., Leung, K.T., Lee, H., Trevors, J.T., and Greer, C.W.

Subjects
Pseudomonas aeruginosa -- Genetic aspects, Recombinant molecules -- Analysis, Soil microbiology -- Research, Biological sciences
Abstract

Genetically engineered microorganisms (GEM) are detected in soil by Pseudomonas aeruginosa UG2L that contains chromosomally integrated lacZY and luxAB genes. The lux genes are stable and function as a reporter system of microorganisms. PCR comparative analysis between uncontaminated and oil-contaminated soil indicated the presence of low UG2Lr cell numbers in uncontaminated soil.

Published
1994

41. Growth mechanisms of copper nanocrystals on thin polypyrrole films by electrochemistry

Author

Sarkar, D.K., Zhou, X.J., Tannous, A., and Leung, K.T.

Subjects
Copper -- Chemical properties, Dielectric films -- Research, Thin films -- Research, Pyrrole -- Electric properties, Electrochemistry -- Research, Chemicals, plastics and rubber industries
Abstract

Copper nanocrystals are grown on thin polypyrrole films obtained by electroploymerization on a gold electrode from CuSO4 solution electrochemically in both potentiostatic and galvanostatic modes. Depth profiling by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals the presence of an ultrathin copper oxide layer on the surface of these nanocrystals.

Published
2003

42. Cerebral microbleeds and stroke risk after ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack: a pooled analysis of individual patient data from cohort studies.

Author

Jung S., van Dam-Nolen D.H.K., Douven E., Delgado-Mederos, R., Marin R., Camps-Renom P., Guisado-Alonso D., Nunez F., Medrano-Martorell S., Merino E., Iida K., Ikeda S., Nishihara M., Irie H., Demirelli D.S., Medanta J.M., Zerna C., Hernandez M.V., Armitage P., Heye A., Munoz-Maniega S., Sakka E., Thrippleton M., Dennis M., Beigneux Y., Silva M., Venketasubramanian N., Ho S.L., Cheung R.T.F., Chan K.H., Teo K.C., Hui E., Kwan J.S.K., Chang R., Tse M.Y., Hoi C.P., Chan C.Y., Chan O.L., Cheung R.H.K., Wong E.K.M., Leung K.T., Tsang S.F., Ip H.L., Ma S.H., Ma K., Fong W.C., Li S.H., Li R., Ng P.W., Wong K.K., Liu W., Wong L., Ramos L., De Schryver E., Jobsis J., van der Sande J., Brouwers P., Roos Y., Stam J., Bakker S., Verbiest H., Schoonewille W., Linn C., Hertzberger L., van Gemert M., Berntsen P., Hendrikse J., Nederkoorn P., Mess W., Koudstaal P., Leff A., Ward N., Nachev P., Perry R., Ozkan H., Mitchell J., Wilson D., Ambler G., Lee K.-J., Lim J.-S., Shiozawa M., Koga M., Li L., Lovelock C., Chabriat H., Hennerici M., Wong Y.K., Mak H.K.F., Prats-Sanchez L., Martinez-Domeno A., Inamura S., Yoshifuji K., Arsava E.M., Horstmann S., Purrucker J., Lam B.Y.K., Wong A., Kim Y.D., Song T.-J., Schrooten M., Lemmens R., Eppinger S., Gattringer T., Uysal E., Tanriverdi Z., Bornstein N.M., Assayag E.B., Hallevi H., Tanaka J., Hara H., Coutts S.B., Hert L., Polymeris A., Seiffge D.J., Lyrer P., Algra A., Kappelle J., Al-Shahi Salman R., Jager H.R., Lip G.Y.H., Mattle H.P., Panos L.D., Mas J.-L., Legrand L., Karayiannis C., Phan T., Gunkel S., Christ N., Abrigo J., Leung T., Chu W., Chappell F., Makin S., Hayden D., Williams D.J., Kooi M.E., Barbato C., Browning S., Wiegertjes K., Tuladhar A.M., Maaijwee N., Guevarra C., Yatawara C., Mendyk A.-M., Delmaire C., Kohler S., van Oostenbrugge R., Zhou Y., Xu C., Hilal S., Gyanwali B., Chen C., Lou M., Staals J., Bordet R., Kandiah N., de Leeuw F.-E., Simister R., van der Lugt A., Kelly P.J., Wardlaw J.M., Soo Y., Fluri F., Srikanth V., Calvet D., Kwa V.I.H., Engelter S.T., Peters N., Smith E.E., Yakushiji Y., Orken D.N., Fazekas F., Thijs V., Heo J.H., Mok V., Veltkamp R., Ay H., Imaizumi T., Gomez-Anson B., Lau K.K., Jouvent E., Rothwell P.M., Toyoda K., Bae H.-J., Marti-Fabregas J., Werring D.J., Harkness K., Shaw L., Sword J., Mohd Nor A., Sharma P., Kelly D., Harrington F., Randall M., Smith M., Mahawish K., Elmarim A., Esisi B., Cullen C., Nallasivam A., Price C., Barry A., Roffe C., Coyle J., Hassan A., Birns J., Cohen D., Sekaran L., Parry-Jones A., Parry A., Hargroves D., Proschel H., Datta P., Darawil K., Manoj A., Burn M., Patterson C., Giallombardo E., Smyth N., Mansoor S., Anwar I., Marsh R., Ispoglou S., Chadha D., Prabhakaran M., Meenakishundaram S., O'Connell J., Scott J., Krishnamurthy V., Aghoram P., McCormick M., Sprigg N., O'Mahony P., Cooper M., Choy L., Wilkinson P., Leach S., Caine S., Burger I., Gunathilagan G., Guyler P., Emsley H., Davis M., Manawadu D., Pasco K., Mamun M., Luder R., Sajid M., Okwera J., Warburton E., Saastamoinen K., England T., Putterill J., Flossman E., Power M., Dani K., Mangion D., Suman A., Corrigan J., Lawrence E., Vahidassr D., Shakeshaft C., Brown M., Charidimou A., Cohen H., Banerjee G., Houlden H., White M., Yousry T., Flossmann E., Muir K., El-Koussy M., Gratz P., Molad J., Korczyn A., Kliper E., Maeder P., Gass A., Pachai C., Bracoub L., Douste-Blazy M.-Y., Fratacci M.D., Vicaut E., Sato S., Miwa K., Fujita K., Ide T., Ma H., Ly J., Singhal S., Chandra R., Slater L.-A., Soufan C., Moran C., Traenka C., Thilemann S., Fladt J., Gensicke H., Bonati L., Kim B.J., Han M.-K., Kang J., Ko E., Yang M.H., Jang M.S., Murphy S., Carty F., Akijian L., Thornton J., Schembri M., Jung S., van Dam-Nolen D.H.K., Douven E., Delgado-Mederos, R., Marin R., Camps-Renom P., Guisado-Alonso D., Nunez F., Medrano-Martorell S., Merino E., Iida K., Ikeda S., Nishihara M., Irie H., Demirelli D.S., Medanta J.M., Zerna C., Hernandez M.V., Armitage P., Heye A., Munoz-Maniega S., Sakka E., Thrippleton M., Dennis M., Beigneux Y., Silva M., Venketasubramanian N., Ho S.L., Cheung R.T.F., Chan K.H., Teo K.C., Hui E., Kwan J.S.K., Chang R., Tse M.Y., Hoi C.P., Chan C.Y., Chan O.L., Cheung R.H.K., Wong E.K.M., Leung K.T., Tsang S.F., Ip H.L., Ma S.H., Ma K., Fong W.C., Li S.H., Li R., Ng P.W., Wong K.K., Liu W., Wong L., Ramos L., De Schryver E., Jobsis J., van der Sande J., Brouwers P., Roos Y., Stam J., Bakker S., Verbiest H., Schoonewille W., Linn C., Hertzberger L., van Gemert M., Berntsen P., Hendrikse J., Nederkoorn P., Mess W., Koudstaal P., Leff A., Ward N., Nachev P., Perry R., Ozkan H., Mitchell J., Wilson D., Ambler G., Lee K.-J., Lim J.-S., Shiozawa M., Koga M., Li L., Lovelock C., Chabriat H., Hennerici M., Wong Y.K., Mak H.K.F., Prats-Sanchez L., Martinez-Domeno A., Inamura S., Yoshifuji K., Arsava E.M., Horstmann S., Purrucker J., Lam B.Y.K., Wong A., Kim Y.D., Song T.-J., Schrooten M., Lemmens R., Eppinger S., Gattringer T., Uysal E., Tanriverdi Z., Bornstein N.M., Assayag E.B., Hallevi H., Tanaka J., Hara H., Coutts S.B., Hert L., Polymeris A., Seiffge D.J., Lyrer P., Algra A., Kappelle J., Al-Shahi Salman R., Jager H.R., Lip G.Y.H., Mattle H.P., Panos L.D., Mas J.-L., Legrand L., Karayiannis C., Phan T., Gunkel S., Christ N., Abrigo J., Leung T., Chu W., Chappell F., Makin S., Hayden D., Williams D.J., Kooi M.E., Barbato C., Browning S., Wiegertjes K., Tuladhar A.M., Maaijwee N., Guevarra C., Yatawara C., Mendyk A.-M., Delmaire C., Kohler S., van Oostenbrugge R., Zhou Y., Xu C., Hilal S., Gyanwali B., Chen C., Lou M., Staals J., Bordet R., Kandiah N., de Leeuw F.-E., Simister R., van der Lugt A., Kelly P.J., Wardlaw J.M., Soo Y., Fluri F., Srikanth V., Calvet D., Kwa V.I.H., Engelter S.T., Peters N., Smith E.E., Yakushiji Y., Orken D.N., Fazekas F., Thijs V., Heo J.H., Mok V., Veltkamp R., Ay H., Imaizumi T., Gomez-Anson B., Lau K.K., Jouvent E., Rothwell P.M., Toyoda K., Bae H.-J., Marti-Fabregas J., Werring D.J., Harkness K., Shaw L., Sword J., Mohd Nor A., Sharma P., Kelly D., Harrington F., Randall M., Smith M., Mahawish K., Elmarim A., Esisi B., Cullen C., Nallasivam A., Price C., Barry A., Roffe C., Coyle J., Hassan A., Birns J., Cohen D., Sekaran L., Parry-Jones A., Parry A., Hargroves D., Proschel H., Datta P., Darawil K., Manoj A., Burn M., Patterson C., Giallombardo E., Smyth N., Mansoor S., Anwar I., Marsh R., Ispoglou S., Chadha D., Prabhakaran M., Meenakishundaram S., O'Connell J., Scott J., Krishnamurthy V., Aghoram P., McCormick M., Sprigg N., O'Mahony P., Cooper M., Choy L., Wilkinson P., Leach S., Caine S., Burger I., Gunathilagan G., Guyler P., Emsley H., Davis M., Manawadu D., Pasco K., Mamun M., Luder R., Sajid M., Okwera J., Warburton E., Saastamoinen K., England T., Putterill J., Flossman E., Power M., Dani K., Mangion D., Suman A., Corrigan J., Lawrence E., Vahidassr D., Shakeshaft C., Brown M., Charidimou A., Cohen H., Banerjee G., Houlden H., White M., Yousry T., Flossmann E., Muir K., El-Koussy M., Gratz P., Molad J., Korczyn A., Kliper E., Maeder P., Gass A., Pachai C., Bracoub L., Douste-Blazy M.-Y., Fratacci M.D., Vicaut E., Sato S., Miwa K., Fujita K., Ide T., Ma H., Ly J., Singhal S., Chandra R., Slater L.-A., Soufan C., Moran C., Traenka C., Thilemann S., Fladt J., Gensicke H., Bonati L., Kim B.J., Han M.-K., Kang J., Ko E., Yang M.H., Jang M.S., Murphy S., Carty F., Akijian L., Thornton J., and Schembri M.

Abstract

Background: Cerebral microbleeds are a neuroimaging biomarker of stroke risk. A crucial clinical question is whether cerebral microbleeds indicate patients with recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in whom the rate of future intracranial haemorrhage is likely to exceed that of recurrent ischaemic stroke when treated with antithrombotic drugs. We therefore aimed to establish whether a large burden of cerebral microbleeds or particular anatomical patterns of cerebral microbleeds can identify ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack patients at higher absolute risk of intracranial haemorrhage than ischaemic stroke. Method(s): We did a pooled analysis of individual patient data from cohort studies in adults with recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Cohorts were eligible for inclusion if they prospectively recruited adult participants with ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack; included at least 50 participants; collected data on stroke events over at least 3 months follow-up; used an appropriate MRI sequence that is sensitive to magnetic susceptibility; and documented the number and anatomical distribution of cerebral microbleeds reliably using consensus criteria and validated scales. Our prespecified primary outcomes were a composite of any symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage or ischaemic stroke, symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage, and symptomatic ischaemic stroke. We registered this study with the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews, number CRD42016036602. Finding(s): Between Jan 1, 1996, and Dec 1, 2018, we identified 344 studies. After exclusions for ineligibility or declined requests for inclusion, 20 322 patients from 38 cohorts (over 35 225 patient-years of follow-up; median 1.34 years [IQR 0.19-2.44]) were included in our analyses. The adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] comparing patients with cerebral microbleeds to those without was 1.35 (95% CI 1.20-1.50) for the composite outcome of

Published
2019

43. Cerebral microbleeds and stroke risk after ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack: a pooled analysis of individual patient data from cohort studies

Author

Wilson, D. (Duncan), Ambler, G. (Gareth), Lee, K.-J. (Keon-Joo), Lim, J.-S. (Jae-Sung), Shiozawa, M. (Masayuki), Koga, M. (Masatoshi), Li, L. (Linxin), Lovelock, C. (Caroline), Chabriat, H. (Hugues), Hennerici, M.G. (Michael), Wong, Y.K. (Yuen Kwun), Mak, H.K.F. (Henry Ka Fung), Prats-Sánchez, L. (Luis), Martínez-Domeño, A. (Alejandro), Inamura, S. (Shigeru), Yoshifuji, K. (Kazuhisa), Arsava, E.M. (Ethem Murat), Horstmann, S. (Solveig), Purrucker, J. (Jan), Lam, B.Y.K. (Bonnie Yin Ka), Wong, A. (Adrian), Kim, Y.D. (Young Dae), Song, T.-J. (Tae-Jin), Schrooten, M. (Maarten), Lemmens, R. (Robin), Eppinger, S. (Sebastian), Gattringer, T. (Thomas), Uysal, E. (Ender), Tanriverdi, Z. (Zeynep), Bornstein, S.R. (Stefan), Assayag, E.B. (Einor Ben), Hallevi, H. (Hen), Tanaka, J. (Jun), Hara, H. (Hideo), Coutts, S.B. (Shelagh B), Hert, L. (Lisa), Polymeris, A. (Alexandros), Seiffge, D.J. (David J), Lyrer, P.A. (Philippe), Algra, A. (Ale), Kappelle, L.J. (Jaap), Al-Shahi Salman, R. (Rustam), Jäger, H.R. (Rolf), Lip, G.Y.H. (Gregory Y H), Mattle, H., Panos, L.D. (Leonidas D), Mas, J.L. (J.), Legrand, L. (Laurence), Karayiannis, C. (Christopher), Phan, T.G. (Thanh), Gunkel, S. (Sarah), Christ, N. (Nicolas), Abrigo, J. (Jill), Leung, T. (Thomas), Chu, W. (Winnie), Chappell, F. (Francesca), Makin, S. (Stephen), Hayden, D. (Derek), Williams, D.J. (David J), Kooi, M.E. (M. Eline), van Dam-Nolen, D.H.K. (Dianne H K), Barbato, C. (Carmen), Browning, S. (Simone), Wiegertjes, K. (Kim), Tuladhar, A.M. (Anil M.), Maaijwee, N. (Noortje), Guevarra, C. (Christine), Yatawara, C. (Chathuri), Mendyk, A.-M. (Anne-Marie), Delmaire, C. (Christine), Köhler, S. (Sebastian), Oostenbrugge, R.J. (Robert) van, Zhou, Y. (Ying), Xu, C. (Chao), Hilal, S. (Saima), Gyanwali, B. (Bibek), Chen, C. (Christopher), Lou, M. (Min), Staals, J. (Julie), Bordet, R. (Régis), Kandiah, N. (Nagaendran), Leeuw, H.F. (Frank) de, Simister, R. (Robert), Lugt, A. (Aad) van der, Kelly, P.J. (Peter J), Wardlaw, J.M. (J.), Soo, Y. (Yannie), Fluri, F. (Felix), Srikanth, V. (Velandai), Calvet, D. (David), Jung, S. (Simon), Kwa, V.I.H., Engelter, S.T. (Stefan), Peters, N. (Nils), Smith, E.E. (Eric), Yakushiji, Y. (Yusuke), Orken, D.N. (Dilek Necioglu), Fazekas, F. (Franz), Thijs, V. (Vincent), Heo, J.H. (Ji Hoe), Mok, V. (Vincent), Veltkamp, R. (Roland), Ay, H. (Hakan), Imaizumi, T. (Toshio), Gomez-Anson, B. (Beatriz), Lau, K.K. (Kui Kai), Jouvent, E. (Eric), Rothwell, P.M. (Peter), Toyoda, K. (Kazunori), Bae, H.-J. (Hee-Joon), Marti-Fabregas, J. (Joan), Werring, D.J. (David), Harkness, K. (Kirsty), Shaw, L. (Louise), Sword, J. (Jane), Mohd Nor, A. (Azlisham), Sharma, P. (Pankaj), Kelly, D. (Deborah), Harrington, F. (Frances), Randall, M. (Marc), Smith, M. (Matthew), Mahawish, K. (Karim), Elmarim, A. (Abduelbaset), Esisi, B. (Bernard), Cullen, C. (Claire), Nallasivam, A. (Arumug), Price, C. (Christopher), Barry, A. (Adrian), Roffe, C. (Christine), Coyle, J. (John), Hassan, A. (Ahamad), Birns, J. (Jonathan), Cohen, D. (David), Sekaran, L. (Lakshmanan), Parry-Jones, A. (Adrian), Parry, A. (Anthea), Hargroves, D. (David), Proschel, H. (Harald), Datta, P. (Prabel), Darawil, K. (Khaled), Manoj, A. (Aravindakshan), Burn, M. (Mathew), Patterson, C. (Chris), Giallombardo, E. (Elio), Smyth, N. (Nigel), Mansoor, S. (Syed), Anwar, I. (Ijaz), Marsh, R. (Rachel), Ispoglou, S. (Sissi), Chadha, D. (Dinesh), Prabhakaran, M. (Mathuri), Meenakishundaram, S. (Sanjeevikumar), O'Connell, J. (Janice), Scott, J. (Jon), Krishnamurthy, V. (Vinodh), Aghoram, P. (Prasanna), McCormick, M. (Michael), Sprigg, N. (Nikola), O'Mahony, P. (Paul), Cooper, M. (Martin), Choy, L. (Lillian), Wilkinson, P. (Peter), Leach, S. (Simon), Caine, S. (Sarah), Burger, I. (Ilse), Gunathilagan, G. (Gunaratam), Guyler, P. (Paul), Emsley, H. (Hedley), Davis, M. (Michelle), Manawadu, D. (Dulka), Pasco, K. (Kath), Mamun, M. (Maam), Luder, R. (Robert), Sajid, M. (Mahmud), Okwera, J. (James), Warburton, E. (Elizabeth), Saastamoinen, K. (Kari), England, T. (Timothy), Putterill, J. (Janet), Flossman, E. (Enrico), Power, M. (Michael), Dani, K. (Krishna), Mangion, D. (David), Suman, A. (Appu), Corrigan, J. (John), Lawrence, E. (Enas), Vahidassr, D. (Djamil), Shakeshaft, C. (Clare), Brown, M. (Martin), Charidimou, A. (Andreas), Cohen, H. (Hannah), Banerjee, G. (Gargi), Houlden, H. (Henry), White, M. (Mark), Yousry, T. (Tarek), Flossmann, E. (Enrico), Muir, K. (Keith), El-Koussy, M. (Marwan), Gratz, P. (Pascal), Molad, J. (Jeremy), Korczyn, A.D. (A.), Kliper, E. (Efrat), Maeder, P. (Philippe), Gass, A. (Achim), Pachai, C. (Chahin), Bracoub, L. (Luc), Douste-Blazy, M.-Y. (Marie-Yvonne), Fratacci, M.D. (Marie Dominique), Vicaut, E. (Eric), Sato, S. (Shoichiro), Miwa, K. (Kaori), Fujita, K. (Kyohei), Ide, T. (Toshihiro), Ma, H. (Henry), Ly, J. (John), Singhal, S. (Shahoo), Chandra, R. (Ronil), Slater, L.-A. (Lee-Anne), Soufan, C. (Cathy), Moran, C. (Christopher), Traenka, C. (Christopher), Thilemann, S. (Sebastian), Fladt, J. (Joachim), Gensicke, H. (Henrik), Bonati, L. (Leo), Kim, B.J. (Beom Joon), Han, M.-K. (Moon-Ku), Kang, J. (Jihoon), Ko, E. (Eunbin), Yang, M.H. (Mi Hwa), Jang, M.S. (Myung Suk), Murphy, S. (Sean), Carty, F. (Fiona), Akijian, L. (Layan), Thornton, J. (John), Schembri, M. (Mark), Douven, E. (Elles), Delgado-Mederos;, R. (Raquel), Marín, R. (Rebeca), Camps-Renom, P. (Pol), Guisado-Alonso, D. (Daniel), Nuñez, F. (Fidel), Medrano-Martorell, S. (Santiago), Merino, E. (Elisa), Iida, K. (Kotaro), Ikeda, S. (Syuhei), Nishihara, M. (Masashi), Irie, H. (Hiroyuki), Demirelli, D.S. (Derya Selcuk), Medanta, J.M. (Jayesh Modi), Zerna, C. (Charlotte), Hernández, M.V. (Maria Valdés), Armitage, P. (Paul), Heye, A. (Anna), Muñoz Maniega, S. (Susana), Sakka, E. (Eleni), Thrippleton, M. (Michael), Dennis, M.S. (M.), Beigneux, Y. (Ysoline), Silva, M. (Mauro), Venketasubramanian, N. (Narayanaswamy), Ho, S.L. (Shu Leung), Cheung, R.T.F. (Raymond Tak Fai), Chan, K.H. (Koon Ho), Teo, K.C. (Kay Cheong), Hui, E. (Edward), Kwan, J.S.K. (Joseph Shiu Kwong), Chang, R. (Richard), Tse, M.Y. (Man Yu), Hoi, C.P. (Chu Peng), Chan, C.Y. (Chung Yan), Chan, O.L. (Oi Ling), Cheung, R.H.K. (Ryan Hoi Kit), Wong, E.K.M. (Edmund Ka Ming), Leung, K.T. (Kam Tat), Tsang, S.F. (Suk Fung), Ip, H.L. (Hing Lung), Ma, S.H. (Sze Ho), Ma, K. (Karen), Fong, W.C. (Wing Chi), Li, S.H. (Siu Hung), Li, R. (Richard), Ng, P.W. (Ping Wing), Wong, K.K. (Kwok Kui), Liu, W. (Wenyan), Wong, L. (Lawrence), Ramos, L. (Lino), Schryver, E.L.L.M. (Els) de, Jöbsis, J. (Joost), van der Sande, J. (Jaap), Brouwers, P.J. (Paul), Roos, Y.B.W.E.M. (Yvo), Stam, J. (Jan), Bakker, S.L.M. (Stef), Verbiest, H. (Henk), Schoonewille, W. (Wouter), Linn, C. (Cisca), Hertzberger, L., Gemert, M. (Maarten) van, Berntsen, P. (Paul), Hendrikse, J. (Jeroen), Nederkoorn, P.J. (Paul), Mess, W.H. (Werner), Koudstaal, P.J. (Peter), Leff, A. (Alexander), Ward, N. (Nicholas), Nachev, P. (Parashkev), Perry, R. (Richard), Ozkan, H. (Hatice), Mitchell, J. (John), Wilson, D. (Duncan), Ambler, G. (Gareth), Lee, K.-J. (Keon-Joo), Lim, J.-S. (Jae-Sung), Shiozawa, M. (Masayuki), Koga, M. (Masatoshi), Li, L. (Linxin), Lovelock, C. (Caroline), Chabriat, H. (Hugues), Hennerici, M.G. (Michael), Wong, Y.K. (Yuen Kwun), Mak, H.K.F. (Henry Ka Fung), Prats-Sánchez, L. (Luis), Martínez-Domeño, A. (Alejandro), Inamura, S. (Shigeru), Yoshifuji, K. (Kazuhisa), Arsava, E.M. (Ethem Murat), Horstmann, S. (Solveig), Purrucker, J. (Jan), Lam, B.Y.K. (Bonnie Yin Ka), Wong, A. (Adrian), Kim, Y.D. (Young Dae), Song, T.-J. (Tae-Jin), Schrooten, M. (Maarten), Lemmens, R. (Robin), Eppinger, S. (Sebastian), Gattringer, T. (Thomas), Uysal, E. (Ender), Tanriverdi, Z. (Zeynep), Bornstein, S.R. (Stefan), Assayag, E.B. (Einor Ben), Hallevi, H. (Hen), Tanaka, J. (Jun), Hara, H. (Hideo), Coutts, S.B. (Shelagh B), Hert, L. (Lisa), Polymeris, A. (Alexandros), Seiffge, D.J. (David J), Lyrer, P.A. (Philippe), Algra, A. (Ale), Kappelle, L.J. (Jaap), Al-Shahi Salman, R. (Rustam), Jäger, H.R. (Rolf), Lip, G.Y.H. (Gregory Y H), Mattle, H., Panos, L.D. (Leonidas D), Mas, J.L. (J.), Legrand, L. (Laurence), Karayiannis, C. (Christopher), Phan, T.G. (Thanh), Gunkel, S. (Sarah), Christ, N. (Nicolas), Abrigo, J. (Jill), Leung, T. (Thomas), Chu, W. (Winnie), Chappell, F. (Francesca), Makin, S. (Stephen), Hayden, D. (Derek), Williams, D.J. (David J), Kooi, M.E. (M. Eline), van Dam-Nolen, D.H.K. (Dianne H K), Barbato, C. (Carmen), Browning, S. (Simone), Wiegertjes, K. (Kim), Tuladhar, A.M. (Anil M.), Maaijwee, N. (Noortje), Guevarra, C. (Christine), Yatawara, C. (Chathuri), Mendyk, A.-M. (Anne-Marie), Delmaire, C. (Christine), Köhler, S. (Sebastian), Oostenbrugge, R.J. (Robert) van, Zhou, Y. (Ying), Xu, C. (Chao), Hilal, S. (Saima), Gyanwali, B. (Bibek), Chen, C. (Christopher), Lou, M. (Min), Staals, J. (Julie), Bordet, R. (Régis), Kandiah, N. (Nagaendran), Leeuw, H.F. (Frank) de, Simister, R. (Robert), Lugt, A. (Aad) van der, Kelly, P.J. (Peter J), Wardlaw, J.M. (J.), Soo, Y. (Yannie), Fluri, F. (Felix), Srikanth, V. (Velandai), Calvet, D. (David), Jung, S. (Simon), Kwa, V.I.H., Engelter, S.T. (Stefan), Peters, N. (Nils), Smith, E.E. (Eric), Yakushiji, Y. (Yusuke), Orken, D.N. (Dilek Necioglu), Fazekas, F. (Franz), Thijs, V. (Vincent), Heo, J.H. (Ji Hoe), Mok, V. (Vincent), Veltkamp, R. (Roland), Ay, H. (Hakan), Imaizumi, T. (Toshio), Gomez-Anson, B. (Beatriz), Lau, K.K. (Kui Kai), Jouvent, E. (Eric), Rothwell, P.M. (Peter), Toyoda, K. (Kazunori), Bae, H.-J. (Hee-Joon), Marti-Fabregas, J. (Joan), Werring, D.J. (David), Harkness, K. (Kirsty), Shaw, L. (Louise), Sword, J. (Jane), Mohd Nor, A. (Azlisham), Sharma, P. (Pankaj), Kelly, D. (Deborah), Harrington, F. (Frances), Randall, M. (Marc), Smith, M. (Matthew), Mahawish, K. (Karim), Elmarim, A. (Abduelbaset), Esisi, B. (Bernard), Cullen, C. (Claire), Nallasivam, A. (Arumug), Price, C. (Christopher), Barry, A. (Adrian), Roffe, C. (Christine), Coyle, J. (John), Hassan, A. (Ahamad), Birns, J. (Jonathan), Cohen, D. (David), Sekaran, L. (Lakshmanan), Parry-Jones, A. (Adrian), Parry, A. (Anthea), Hargroves, D. (David), Proschel, H. (Harald), Datta, P. (Prabel), Darawil, K. (Khaled), Manoj, A. (Aravindakshan), Burn, M. (Mathew), Patterson, C. (Chris), Giallombardo, E. (Elio), Smyth, N. (Nigel), Mansoor, S. (Syed), Anwar, I. (Ijaz), Marsh, R. (Rachel), Ispoglou, S. (Sissi), Chadha, D. (Dinesh), Prabhakaran, M. (Mathuri), Meenakishundaram, S. (Sanjeevikumar), O'Connell, J. (Janice), Scott, J. (Jon), Krishnamurthy, V. (Vinodh), Aghoram, P. (Prasanna), McCormick, M. (Michael), Sprigg, N. (Nikola), O'Mahony, P. (Paul), Cooper, M. (Martin), Choy, L. (Lillian), Wilkinson, P. (Peter), Leach, S. (Simon), Caine, S. (Sarah), Burger, I. (Ilse), Gunathilagan, G. (Gunaratam), Guyler, P. (Paul), Emsley, H. (Hedley), Davis, M. (Michelle), Manawadu, D. (Dulka), Pasco, K. (Kath), Mamun, M. (Maam), Luder, R. (Robert), Sajid, M. (Mahmud), Okwera, J. (James), Warburton, E. (Elizabeth), Saastamoinen, K. (Kari), England, T. (Timothy), Putterill, J. (Janet), Flossman, E. (Enrico), Power, M. (Michael), Dani, K. (Krishna), Mangion, D. (David), Suman, A. (Appu), Corrigan, J. (John), Lawrence, E. (Enas), Vahidassr, D. (Djamil), Shakeshaft, C. (Clare), Brown, M. (Martin), Charidimou, A. (Andreas), Cohen, H. (Hannah), Banerjee, G. (Gargi), Houlden, H. (Henry), White, M. (Mark), Yousry, T. (Tarek), Flossmann, E. (Enrico), Muir, K. (Keith), El-Koussy, M. (Marwan), Gratz, P. (Pascal), Molad, J. (Jeremy), Korczyn, A.D. (A.), Kliper, E. (Efrat), Maeder, P. (Philippe), Gass, A. (Achim), Pachai, C. (Chahin), Bracoub, L. (Luc), Douste-Blazy, M.-Y. (Marie-Yvonne), Fratacci, M.D. (Marie Dominique), Vicaut, E. (Eric), Sato, S. (Shoichiro), Miwa, K. (Kaori), Fujita, K. (Kyohei), Ide, T. (Toshihiro), Ma, H. (Henry), Ly, J. (John), Singhal, S. (Shahoo), Chandra, R. (Ronil), Slater, L.-A. (Lee-Anne), Soufan, C. (Cathy), Moran, C. (Christopher), Traenka, C. (Christopher), Thilemann, S. (Sebastian), Fladt, J. (Joachim), Gensicke, H. (Henrik), Bonati, L. (Leo), Kim, B.J. (Beom Joon), Han, M.-K. (Moon-Ku), Kang, J. (Jihoon), Ko, E. (Eunbin), Yang, M.H. (Mi Hwa), Jang, M.S. (Myung Suk), Murphy, S. (Sean), Carty, F. (Fiona), Akijian, L. (Layan), Thornton, J. (John), Schembri, M. (Mark), Douven, E. (Elles), Delgado-Mederos;, R. (Raquel), Marín, R. (Rebeca), Camps-Renom, P. (Pol), Guisado-Alonso, D. (Daniel), Nuñez, F. (Fidel), Medrano-Martorell, S. (Santiago), Merino, E. (Elisa), Iida, K. (Kotaro), Ikeda, S. (Syuhei), Nishihara, M. (Masashi), Irie, H. (Hiroyuki), Demirelli, D.S. (Derya Selcuk), Medanta, J.M. (Jayesh Modi), Zerna, C. (Charlotte), Hernández, M.V. (Maria Valdés), Armitage, P. (Paul), Heye, A. (Anna), Muñoz Maniega, S. (Susana), Sakka, E. (Eleni), Thrippleton, M. (Michael), Dennis, M.S. (M.), Beigneux, Y. (Ysoline), Silva, M. (Mauro), Venketasubramanian, N. (Narayanaswamy), Ho, S.L. (Shu Leung), Cheung, R.T.F. (Raymond Tak Fai), Chan, K.H. (Koon Ho), Teo, K.C. (Kay Cheong), Hui, E. (Edward), Kwan, J.S.K. (Joseph Shiu Kwong), Chang, R. (Richard), Tse, M.Y. (Man Yu), Hoi, C.P. (Chu Peng), Chan, C.Y. (Chung Yan), Chan, O.L. (Oi Ling), Cheung, R.H.K. (Ryan Hoi Kit), Wong, E.K.M. (Edmund Ka Ming), Leung, K.T. (Kam Tat), Tsang, S.F. (Suk Fung), Ip, H.L. (Hing Lung), Ma, S.H. (Sze Ho), Ma, K. (Karen), Fong, W.C. (Wing Chi), Li, S.H. (Siu Hung), Li, R. (Richard), Ng, P.W. (Ping Wing), Wong, K.K. (Kwok Kui), Liu, W. (Wenyan), Wong, L. (Lawrence), Ramos, L. (Lino), Schryver, E.L.L.M. (Els) de, Jöbsis, J. (Joost), van der Sande, J. (Jaap), Brouwers, P.J. (Paul), Roos, Y.B.W.E.M. (Yvo), Stam, J. (Jan), Bakker, S.L.M. (Stef), Verbiest, H. (Henk), Schoonewille, W. (Wouter), Linn, C. (Cisca), Hertzberger, L., Gemert, M. (Maarten) van, Berntsen, P. (Paul), Hendrikse, J. (Jeroen), Nederkoorn, P.J. (Paul), Mess, W.H. (Werner), Koudstaal, P.J. (Peter), Leff, A. (Alexander), Ward, N. (Nicholas), Nachev, P. (Parashkev), Perry, R. (Richard), Ozkan, H. (Hatice), and Mitchell, J. (John)

Abstract

Background: Cerebral microbleeds are a neuroimaging biomarker of stroke risk. A crucial clinical question is whether cerebral microbleeds indicate patients with recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in whom the rate of future intracranial haemorrhage is likely to exceed that of recurrent ischaemic stroke when treated with antithrombotic drugs. We therefore aimed to establish whether a large burden of cerebral microbleeds or particular anatomical patterns of cerebral microbleeds can identify ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack patients at higher absolute risk of intracranial haemorrhage than ischaemic stroke. Methods: We did a pooled analysis of individual patient data from cohort studies in adults with recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Cohorts were eligible for inclusion if they prospectively recruited adult participants with ischaemic stroke or

Published
2019
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46. Specific detection of the gene for the extracellular neutral protease of Bacillus cereus by PCR and blot hybridization

Author

Bach, H.-J., Errampalli, D., Leung, K.T., Lee, H., Hartmann, A., Trevors, J.T., and Munch, J.C.

Subjects
Proteases -- Research, Microbial enzymes -- Research, Bacillus cereus -- Research, Biological sciences
Abstract

A pair of primers and a gene probe for the amplification and detection of the Bacillus cereus neutral protease gene (NPRC) were developed. Specificity for the npr genes of the B. cereus group members B. cereus, B. mycoides and B. thuringiensis was obtained. Restriction polymorphism patterns of the PCR products confirmed the presence of the NPRC gene in all three species. Findings indicate that the gene for neutral protease has been highly conserved during the evolution of the B. cereus group species.

Published
1999

48. Brain microbleeds, anticoagulation, and hemorrhage risk: Meta-analysis in stroke patients with AF.

Author

Imaizumi T., Veltkamp R., Flemming K.D., Srikanth V., Heo J.H., Charidimou A., Karayiannis C., Song T.-J., Orken D.N., Thijs V., Lemmens R., Kim J., Goh S.M., Phan T.G., Soufan C., Chandra R.V., Slater L.-A., Haji S., Mok V., Horstmann S., Leung K.T., Kawamura Y., Sato N., Hasebe N., Saito T., Wong L.K.S., Soo Y., Imaizumi T., Veltkamp R., Flemming K.D., Srikanth V., Heo J.H., Charidimou A., Karayiannis C., Song T.-J., Orken D.N., Thijs V., Lemmens R., Kim J., Goh S.M., Phan T.G., Soufan C., Chandra R.V., Slater L.-A., Haji S., Mok V., Horstmann S., Leung K.T., Kawamura Y., Sato N., Hasebe N., Saito T., Wong L.K.S., and Soo Y.

Abstract

Objectives: To assess the association between cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) and future spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) risk in ischemic stroke patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) taking oral anticoagulants. Method(s): This was a meta-analysis of cohort studies with.50 patients with recent ischemic stroke and documented AF, brain MRI at baseline, long-term oral anticoagulation treatment, and >=6 months of follow-up. Authors provided summary-level data on stroke outcomes stratified by CMB status. We estimated pooled annualized ICH and ischemic stroke rates from Poisson regression. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) of ICH by CMB presence/absence, >=5 CMBs, and CMB topography (strictly lobar, mixed, and strictly deep) using random-effects models. Result(s): We established an international collaboration and pooled data from 8 centers including 1,552 patients. The crude CMB prevalence was 30% and 7% for >=5 CMBs. Baseline CMB presence (vs no CMB) was associated with ICH during follow-up (OR 2.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19-6.01, p = 0.017). Presence of >=5 CMB was related to higher future ICH risk (OR 5.50, 95% CI 2.07-14.66, p = 0.001). The pooled annual ICH incidence increased from 0.30% (95% CI 0.04-0.55) among CMB-negative patients to 0.81% (95% CI 0.17-1.45) in CMB-positive patients (p = 0.01) and 2.48% (95% CI 1.2-6.2) in patients with >=5 CMBs (p = 0.001). There was no association between CMBs and recurrent ischemic stroke. Conclusion(s): The presence of CMB on MRI and the dichotomized cutoff of >=5 CMBs might identify subgroups of ischemic stroke patients with AF with high ICH risk and after further validation could help in risk stratification, in anticoagulation decisions, and in guiding randomized trials and ongoing large observational studies.Copyright © 2017 American Academy of Neurology.

Published
2018

50. Formation of nanocrystalline films of [Sr.sub.2]FeMo[O.sub.6] on Si(100) by pulsed laser deposition: observation of preferential oriented growth

Author

Jalili, Helia, Heinig, Nina F., and Leung, K.T.

Subjects
Iron alloys -- Electric properties, Ablation (Vaporization technology) -- Usage, Molybdenum -- Electric properties, Strontium -- Electric properties, Dielectric films -- Electric properties, Thin films -- Electric properties, Physics
Abstract

Nanocrystalline [Sr.sub.2]FeMo[O.sub.6] films are grown on a Si(100) substrate by pulsed laser deposition under different growth conditions including deposition temperature and time. At a higher deposition temperature, the as-grown film has displayed the same saturation magnetic moment but with a lower coercive field, which is consistent with the larger grain size obtained at a higher growth temperature.

Published
2009

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