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This study sets out to analyze residents' support for sustainable tourism through perceived benefits and costs, community attachment and community participation, measuring the influence of the level of education of residents in a tourist destination where three tourism-related typologies coexist. We tested our conceptual model using survey data from 323 residents of the city of Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic. The results based on PLS-SEM show that the perceived benefits, the perceived costs, community attachment and community participation are antecedents to the support for sustainable tourism development, although no significant differences were found between the residents' level of education (university or basic). This study opens an interesting debate, as previous research has found differences between residents and their support for tourism according to their level of education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Fibromyalgia (FM) affects up to 5% of the global population and is a leading cause of significant social and economic consequences. Higher health literacy leads to better understanding of treatment plans, improved self-care, and adherence to recommendations, enhancing overall quality of life. This study aims to determine whether different aspects of the disease are influenced by patients' education level and literacy when applying the same therapy and to assess how patients' perceptions of therapy outcomes vary over time based on their educational level. Methods: This study involved 140 fibromyalgia (FM) patients diagnosed using the 2016 ACR criteria, with 128 completing the study. Participants attended three visits over 28 weeks and were stratified into four groups based on educational level: Group 1—secondary school or less; Group 2—high school graduates; Group 3—college graduates; Group 4—university graduates. Patients were assigned to groups (n = 32, 32, 30, and 34, respectively) after the initial evaluation (T0). The treatment was assessed (T1) and followed up three months later (T2) to evaluate changes in functional status and quality of life. All patients underwent the same rehabilitation program, cognitive therapy, and kinesiotherapy. Results: Significant differences in disease impact on the patient's life (FIQ total score) were observed between groups from the initial evaluation (p = 0.000). The overall FIQ score was notably affected by non-pharmacological therapy in patients with higher education. These differences continued to be significant even three months after the treatment ended (p = 0.000). Functional limitations were evident from the start (p = 0.000) and improved significantly post-treatment in patients with higher education (p = 0.000). However, subjective evaluations of disease impact (assessed by the first item of FIQ) did not consistently align with objective findings (hand grip strength). Functional limitations did not significantly differ in subjective evaluations (F1Q1) across educational levels (p = 0.045), and inverse correlations were noted between functional status and SF-12 well-being components. Conclusions: This study underscores that higher education enhances fibromyalgia management and functional outcomes, particularly when combined with non-pharmacological therapies. However, subjective perceptions may not always align with objective improvements, indicating that factors beyond education, such as personal and external influences, also impact disease management. Thus, improving health literacy through educational interventions could further benefit FM patients' quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the study of the educational level of Udmurt women in the 1920s–1980s. The methodology of the study is based on the theory of modernisation. The transition from the traditional society to modern is considered through the prism of the cultural changes that took place in the Soviet society, the most important component of which was the increase of the level of education within the population. The authors used general scientific methods (analysis, generalisation, description, systematisation), special-historical methods (historicalchronological, historical-genetic and historical-systematic), as well as statistical methods used in demography. As the main sources, the study employed population census materials, including those unpublished (Russian Census of 1920 and Soviet Censuses of 1926, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, and 1989). Some of the documents containing information about the population are introduced into scientific discourse for the first time. The authors distinguish and characterise 3 stages. In the 1920s, the most important objective was to combat illiteracy and create national schools. It is concluded that the level of education of the Udmurt population, especially Udmurt village women, was significantly lower than that in the region and in the Russian Republic in general. This tendency would manifest itself throughout the entire study period. In the 1930s–1950s, there was a gradual change of the objectives of educating people of particular nationalities, among other, under the influence of the wartime factors. In the 1950s–1980s, there was a gradual increase in the level of education of Udmurt women, including professional education, and dilution of ethnic and gender differences, whilst the age differences in the level of education remained.

The evolution of the insurance market in relation to certain economic, social, educational factors is the central point of our research work. Thus, starting from statistical data from the period 2015 – 2022 on the eight development regions in Romania, we analyzed the existing correlation level between the insurance market represented by the density of gross premiums in the case of general insurance, viewed as a dependent variable and other factors such as: growth economic represented by GDP/capita; the standard of living reflected by the average net salary and the average/family income, but also the level of education of people from a certain region on bachelor's, master's and doctoral study cycles, as independent variables. With the help of the statistical program Eviews, we highlighted the level and type of correlation between the variables, at the same time, after testing with certain statistical methods, reaching the outline of a regression model.

The prevalence of aggressive behavior in traffic represents a pressing issue in contemporary society. In recent times, there has been a notable surge in aggressive conduct among drivers, ranging from excessive honking to involvement in road accidents. The statistical data regarding accident rates in Romania and the Republic of Moldova underscore the necessity of investigating the underlying causes of this behavioral deviation among drivers and devising strategies for revention or intervention to mitigate this maladaptive behavior. This article presents the findings of an experimental study examining two variables that may influence the occurrence and expression of aggressive behavior among drivers in traffic: religious affiliation and level of driver education. The experimental hypothesis tested is as follows: We posit that statistically significant differences exist in the level of aggressive behavior exhibited in traffic—such as aggressive driving, dangerous driving, and risky driving—depending on the drivers’ level of education and their religious affiliation.

This study investigated the impact of public debt on insecurity in Nigeria. In the analysis, the study also sought to estimate how poverty, unemployment and level of education can affect insecurity in Nigeria. The study however, used annual time-series data covering the period from 1982-2023 using Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) as technique of data analysis. From the econometrics results the study revealed that unemployment, poverty have a significant positive influence on insecurity in Nigeria. Further, public debt and level of education also have a significant positive effect on insecurity in Nigeria over the sampled period. Based on the results, the study recommended that government should tackle corruption in the defense sector this is because the correlation between corruption and insecurity is positive. The need to provide and improve education and job opportunities to teaming graduates should also be prioritized. With access to quality education and job opportunities youth and fresh graduates will be able to lead production lives and make positive contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the non-agricultural sector has been recognized as a tool to reduce rural poverty and create employment for rural labor. In Iran, non-agricultural activities in rural areas due to recent droughts, people's water resources crisis and the tendency of rural people to non-agricultural activities has grown so much that, according to the census of Population and housing in 2017, 49.7% of rural employees have been employed in the non-agricultural sector. This study investigates the factors affecting the employment of farmers in nonagricultural activities in Sabzevar city. Data were obtained from a simple random available sampling method from 208 farmers in this city in the year 2021-2022 and were analyzed using the logit model.The results showed that 112 farmers had non-agricultural activities, of which about 19.6% had government activities, 30.4% were private, and the largest number of farmers are freely engaged in non-agricultural activities. The results of the logit model showed that factors, including the level of education and the number of members of the farmer's household, have a positive effect of 0.34 and 0.22 units, respectively, and the variables of the age of the farmer, the cultivation level, the experience of agricultural activity, the diversity of agricultural activity and the amount of agricultural income respectively, 0.03, 0.05, 0.42, 0.27 and 0.19 units have a negative effect on farmers' employment in non-agricultural activity. The government has taken action by raising the level of technical and skill abilities of villagers by providing technical and professional education services in accordance with the creation of entrepreneurship in rural areas at the level of schools and universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Survey research was carried out in 378 enterprises in order to obtain information about socio-economic situations of the cattle farms established in Hınıs district of Erzurum province in this study. It was revealed that owners of the enterprises were generally within a range between 31 and 40 years old. It was a streaking result that 95.5% of the owners of the enterprises was capable of the reading and writing, but 70.0% of these farmers left from primary school before the graduation. It was also found out that owners of the cattle enterprises generally had experience with their job between 11 and 20 years, and they had families mostly consisting of 6 individuals. Number of people dealing with animals excluding owner of the enterprise was maximum 1-4 persons, and the people were generally from their families. Percentages of foreign workers were fairly low (2.5%). Only 12% of the enterprises was member of any association. The enterprises preferred mostly crossbred cattle (77.2%) and they indicated that the reason of their preference is due to their habits. Educational and training activities in Hınıs district should be executed in order to solve the problems as well as the low education level and not being a member in an association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the impact of educational attainment on psychological traits such as self-efficacy, introversion, and agreeableness. The primary goal of this study is to see whether there are significant variations in these traits according to the educational level of the participants and to identify relationships between educational level and psychological traits. A number of hypotheses were formulated, anticipating that self-efficacy would be higher in participants with higher levels of education, while introversion would be lower. Agreeableness was also hypothesized to be influenced by level of education, with higher means in those with higher levels of education. To test these hypotheses, a questionnaire was completed by a sample of 238 respondents, who were grouped according to their level of education. Data analysis revealed significant differences between education groups on self-efficacy, introversion, and agreeableness. The findings were explored in light of current ideas, with a focus on their theoretical and practical consequences. Finally, the study underlines the role of education in forming personality characteristics and the necessity for more research in this area. The study's limitations were also acknowledged, and future research objectives were offered to help us better grasp this complicated link. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the areas of empirical research that has remained largely underexplored is the role of research intensity on labour productivity. To bridge this gap, this study investigates the impact of research intensity on labour productivity in 15 OECD countries using a new dynamic instrumental variable estimation approach while providing for financial development and education level as additional control variables for the 1890–2018 period. The results reveal that in most cases, research intensity, financial development, and level of education have positive impacts on labour productivity. In the model containing all the control variables and dummies, it is observed that for every 1 percentage point increase in research intensity, the labour productivity grows by 0.614 points. The results of the dummies suggest mixed evidence for the impact of World War I on labour productivity. The results further suggest that both World War II and the oil price crisis of the 1970s led to positive changes in labour productivity. For the purpose of robustness, we have also used a new Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood estimation approach to estimate the impact of research intensity on labour productivity, but the results are not materially different. The policy implications of the empirical results are detailed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing life expectancy, the prevalence of dementia is increasing worldwide. Dementia is among the greatest challenges for healthcare and social systems of the future. Approximately 40% of newly diagnosed cases of dementia are associated with risk factors that can potentially be influenced by preventive measures. Based on the evidence from longitudinal studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, the Lancet commission on dementia prevention, intervention and care has defined 12 risk factors that are associated with an increased risk for dementia: low level of education, hearing impairment, traumatic brain injury, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, depression, obesity, social isolation, and air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Eastern is an area that tends to be lagging in terms of health development in Indonesia, including delivery services. Objectives: The study aims to analyzes the effect of education level on delivery at home in eastern Indonesia. Methods: The study employed secondary data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). The samples of this study were women of childbearing age, who labored in the last five years, and there were 2,299 respondents. Apart from education level as an exposure variable, the study used seven control variables, i.e., residence, age, employment, marital, parity, health insurance, and wealth status. In addition, the study employed binary logistic regression in the final stage. Results: The results inform women with primary education have a 1.520 times higher probability than women with higher education to deliver at home (AOR 1.520; 95% CI 1.520-1.521). Moreover, women with secondary education are 1.206 times more likely than women with higher education to deliver at home (AOR 1.206; 95% CI 1.206-1.207). Thus, the results of this analysis inform the lower the education level, the higher the possibility for delivery at home. Apart from education level, the study also found other control variables significantly related to maternal delivery at home in eastern Indonesia. Seven control variables are proven to be related to home delivery in Eastern Indonesia. The first lives in the countryside, the second is younger, the third does not work, the fourth has a partner, the fifth is multiparous, the sixth has no insurance, and the seventh is very poor. Conclusions: The study concluded that education level affects maternal delivery at home in eastern Indonesia.The recommendation from this research is the need for policies that can minimize the limitations of vulnerable groups in utilizing help in hospitals.

Teamwork skills are considered essential for personal, academic and professional achievement, so universities are increasingly integrating them into their syllabuses. Within this context, teamwork skills have been gaining close attention, as they are considered essential competencies in an increasingly more globalised, dynamic and complex world. New employees are asked if they have teamwork skills, can resolve specific work issues or have the required skills to handle the new challenges posed by today’s society. In this study, we aimed to investigate the differences between students regarding their demographic characteristics (age category, education level) according to the level of development of their teamwork skills. The results revealed statistically significant differences between the different categories of students and the level of development of teamwork skills. It is important that teamwork skills are developed from the years of undergraduate studies. Both in our sample, but also in other studies from the literature, these students obtain low scores for this competence.These results can be used to create training programs for teachers and students in the development of teamwork skills.

The evolution of the insurance market in relation to certain economic, social, educational factors is the central point of our research work. Thus, starting from statistical data from the period 2015 - 2022 on the eight development regions in Romania, we analyzed the existing correlation level between the insurance market represented by the density of gross premiums in the case of general insurance, viewed as a dependent variable and other factors such as: growth economic represented by GDP/capita; the standard of living reflected by the average net salary and the average/family income, but also the level of education of people from a certain region on bachelor's, master's and doctoral study cycles, as independent variables. With the help of the statistical program Eviews, we highlighted the level and type of correlation between the variables, at the same time, after testing with certain statistical methods, reaching the outline of a regression model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the article is to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the competitiveness of the labour market in Hungary on the economically most developed central as well as the rural areas to illustrate discrepancy. Indicators related to the effectiveness of recovery regarding both human resource management and corporate management are also analysed. A questionnaire survey on recovery from the pandemic was filled in 2021 by 1184 company managers: 61% were received from the central region while 39% from rural areas. The crosstab analysis was applied while processing data. According to our findings, the backlog has decreased in six Hungarian regions except Western Transdanubia, which has been hit harder by the closures and restrictions. The more moderate development of the central region can be due to the presence of its companies on the global market while the catching up of the rural areas was aided by the wage subsidy of businesses operating there. It is worth examining the impact of economic crises on how the differences between the central and rural regions change and also which regions can benefit from the downturn. In conclusion, a crisis might also serve as an opportunity to achieve a balanced economy and regain competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employers are demanding ever higher levels of training. Higher level qualifications offer the possibility of accessing those opportunities that appear on the labor market. Changes are occurring in all areas of social life. As a consequence of these changes, education is becoming more and more important. Employment rates can be increased by applying flexible learning pathways. Technological changes occur in economic systems, which are based on the updating of skills, abilities and knowledge. Both pre-university education, and especially higher education, have in mind the development of skills and competences. Sustainable development can be achieved through quality education. Through the analysis carried out, the statistical data related to students enrolled in pre-university education, as well as to people who have a tertiary level of education, are highlighted. The comparative analysis gives us a picture of the evolution of these educational indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the tools with which the state can influence the level of income of freelance professionals in Kazakhstan. Foreign methods and ways of state regulation of the freelance market in terms of freelancers’ income, the infrastructure of Kazakhstan’s remote work market reviewed and analyzed in this article, identified the main characteristics of independent professionals in 2021: working hours, income level, length of service of freelancers, etc. It is noted that freelancers’ incomes depend on the influence of the state policy in the field of education and length of service as a freelancer. The stereotype that the more a freelancer works, the more he earns is refuted. In this case, the well-known eight-hour workday standard established by the state is the most optimal option for freelancers to earn more income, which is confirmed by the data of our study. Information is provided on the educational structure of freelancers, the amount of personal monthly income by type of freelancer employment, the experience of freelancers by type of employment, and the average number of hours allocated to work during the week. Multiple regression models of the dependence of freelancers’ pay on their education level, work experience, and number of hours worked per week are presented and analyzed in this article. The authors propose recommendations for state regulation that would ensure an effective impact on the level of freelancers’ income both in Kazakhstan and in former Soviet Union.

Background and purpose. Various studies have investigated Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) in children and factors that might improve them. However, studies examining FMS in children of indigenous tribes remain limited. Thus, this research aims to identify and analyze the relationship between sociocultural life, parenting, and level of education among indigenous tribe children who live on Mentawai Island. The research is also keen on comparing FMS between genders. Materials and methods. This research employed qualitative and quantitative methods. It was grounded by phenomenology and FMS tests. A total of 15 parents, 3 teachers, and 70 young children (aged 5-7 years) participated voluntarily. The children’s genders comprised boys (n=38) and girls (n=32). Data in this research were collected from observation, semi-structured interviews, and FMS tests (locomotor, non-locomotor and manipulative). Then, they were analyzed using a thematic method and t-test to compare the level of FMS among the children. Results. Based on the analysis, parents stated they involved their children in socio-cultural life. Also, children were educated to live independently and given freedom to play. However, the study did not find any relationship between parent’s educational level and FMS. This was evidenced by statistical analysis, in which the mean score of FMS among early childhood in Mentawai Island was 35.46 (good). Following that, boys had better FMS than girls (P33.53. Conclusions. Children need to be given the freedom to actively take part in physical activities in order to gain physical experiences and better FMS. This study recommends future research involving other factors and comparing FMS between children of indigenous tribes and those who live in urban areas.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the social factors affecting democratic relations in the family among married women in Andimeshk city. The research method is survey and the unit of analysis is the respondent and the level of analysis is micro. The sampling method is multi-stage clusters and the sample size according to Cochran's formula is 375 people. Data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire and using SPSS software for data analysis. The results showed that the level of democratic relations in the family in the respondents is relatively low and there is a significant level of inequality. There is a positive and direct relationship between the variables of religiosity, education and gender socialization with the degree of democratic relations. Regression analysis shows that 58.1% of the changes in the degree of democratic relations are related to independent variables and the variables of the degree of religiosity and the level of female education have a greater impact on the degree of democratic relations. Also the variable of gender stereotypes had the least effect on the degree of democratic relations in the family. Increasing religiosity and gender socialization increase democratic relations and greater equality of decision-making power in the family and social dimensions.

This study aims to investigate the effect of board attributes (level, field, and place of education) on corporate financial risk disclosure in the Saudi energy sector. The research focuses on four energy companies listed between 2009 and 2021, resulting in 52 firm-year observations. Panel regressions were implemented to control for heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation. The study's results revealed that education level positively influences financial risk disclosure, whereas the impacts of place and field of education are not well-established. Moreover, the study explored the moderating role of education attributes in financial risk disclosure, indicating that companies with fewer highly educated board members who received their education from foreign universities other than those in Saudi Arabia are more inclined to disclose financial risks transparently. These findings suggest an essential need to diversify the level and place of education among directors, which holds significant implications for corporate governance policy-makers.

The article presents the contribution of socio-demographic, socio-economic, employment status and level of education of parents/guardians to students' school success. The aim of this article is to discover the causes of school (un)success given the contribution of predictor variables. The predictor set of variables consists of four scales: socio-demographic status (total number of brothers, total number of sisters, marital status of parents, distance from home to school and number of members households), socio-economic status (total monthly income of parents/guardians, place to study in the house/apartment, possession of laptop/computer, constant internet access in the house/apartment and the way they come to school), employment status of parents/guardian and educated status of parent/guardian. In addition to the set of predictors, a criterion variable was used, which consists of three dimensions, namely school success at the end of the sixth, seventh and eighth grade of primary school. The results of the research confirm a statistically significant correlation between sociodemographic, socio-economic, employment status and the level of education of parents/guardians and school success of children, provided that socio-demographic status has a higher predictive power on students' school success. It was confirmed that students have a positive attitude about the importance of the grade as well as that they perceive that their parents have the same attitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For years, women's access to and consumption of quality education has been the outcry of the feminist movement and modern-day development initiatives like the Millennium Development Goals and the Sustainable Development Goals. Even with progress such as the introduction of free elementary and secondary education, the gender gap nevertheless widens at higher levels of education (tertiary levels). This is evident in Uganda where men tend to achieve higher levels of educational qualifications than women. This study, therefore, aims at establishing the extent to which women's educational achievement influences their voices during parliamentary deliberations. By employing a qualitative phenomenological and retrospective research design, women's voices in two bills are analysed. Additionally, one-on-one interviews were carried out with long-serving Ugandan parliamentarians to identify their opinions on the influence of women's educational achievement on their voices during legislative deliberations in parliament. Findings reveal that education as a whole, and most importantly higher levels of tertiary education, significantly influenced the voices of women legislators. As such, the study appreciates the need for the provision of alternative educational options to enhance women's voices in parliament. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study is to find new emerging lines of research in education with the use of information and communication technologies (ICT). To this end, we carried out a meta-analysis selecting an index, which contained scientific articles, and which provided free access to complete documents. The search covered five years, 2017-2021 in which 748 were identified. For the analysis the articles were read in order to identify information and record it. Previously, categories were established such as the date, country, continent, language, level of schooling or demographics of the population of publication and the kind of study and area of research. With respect to the demographics we identified that the aged were the category, which had been studied the least. With reference to years of schooling, pre-school and graduate levels had the fewest articles. That said, we found that the majority of the articles were aimed at education and technology in general. However, it is important to point out that the areas with limited research such as autism, rural area, inclusive education, disabilities, cyberbullying, Indigenous affairs, social exclusion, and down syndrome. These findings show the emerging lines of research to which studies should be expanded with further knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The level of education has been recognized as a cardiovascular risk factor; nevertheless, it is often neglected in cardiovascular risk prediction. Objectives: To evaluate the psychobiological correlates of the level of education and if it could predict incident major adverse cardiovascular events in men consulting for erectile dysfunction. Methods: Total 3733 men (49.8 ± 13.7 years old) attending an andrology outpatient clinic for erectile dysfunction were studied. Sexual and psychological symptoms, hormonal and metabolic, as well as instrumental (penile color Doppler ultrasound) parameters were evaluated according to the education level (university, upper secondary, lower secondary, and primary degree). For a subset of 956 patients, data on incident major adverse cardiovascular events were retrospectively collected for 3.9 ± 2.4 years. Results: As compared with men with university degree, those with a lower education had an increased frequency of moderate–severe erectile dysfunction (odds ratio = 1.21 [0.99;1.48], 1.41 [1.14;1.73], 1.70 [1.26;2.30] for upper secondary, lower secondary, and primary school, respectively) and reduced flaccid peak systolic velocity at penile color Doppler ultrasound. Men with a lower level of education tend to suffer from metabolic syndrome (odds ratio = 1.38 [1.06;1.79], 1.73 [1.34;2.24], 1.72 [1.24;2.37] for upper secondary, lower secondary, and primary school, respectively) and were more likely to have history of previous cardiovascular events. In the longitudinal study, men with a higher level of education had a significantly lower incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events. The role of higher education as an independent predictor of major adverse cardiovascular events was established by multivariable Cox regressions (hazard ratio = 2.14 [1.24–3.69]). Discussion: In erectile dysfunction subjects, lower level of education is associated with a more severely impaired erectile function with atherogenic pathogenesis and with a worse cardio‐metabolic profile. In addition, a lower level of education predicts forthcoming major adverse cardiovascular events. Therefore, education level should be considered as a costless but valuable information in the assessment of cardiovascular risk in patients with erectile dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the features of strategic development in the regions of the Russian Federation. The main purpose of the study was to study the prerequisites for the formation of the country’s human resources potential. An article are evaluated the potential labor resources. An assessment of potential labor resources is being carried out. The analysis of population indicators in the subjects of the Russian Federation was carried out, age groups of the population were studied, the level of education of people of working age was studied. The indicators of the level of employment and unemployment are analyzed, the level of development of the personnel potential of the regions is revealed. The analysis of regional development strategies is carried out. In the course of the study, the most promising regions of Russia were identified. The vectors for solving the problems of regional development are determined, taking into account the construction of a socially-oriented personnel policy. A model of the effectiveness of the economic development of the region is presented. Reasonable conclusions are made about the need to increase investments in the human resources potential of the regions for the stable development of the country in the long term.

Purpose of the study: The purpose of the study was to assess the factors associated with adherence to Anti-Retroviral Therapy among pregnant mothers attending the ART clinic at China Uganda Friendship Hospital, Naguru To assess the knowledge, demographic factors, and socio-economic factors associated with the adherence to Anti-retroviral therapy among pregnant mothers attending the ART clinic at China-Uganda Friendship Hospital, Naguru. Method: The descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2022 to January 2023 where study data was collected at once and there were no follow-up of respondents after the study. The participants in the study were selected using a purposive sampling method. Open and close-ended questionnaires were used in data collection. Results: Many (55.9%) of the well-adherent mothers were 30 years and above. The majority (97%) of the well-adherent mothers were urban dwellers. The majority (60%) of the respondents earned less than Ush500,000 per month while the minority (7%) earned above Ush300,000 per month. Mothers with a relatively high monthly income were found to adhere better than those with a low monthly income. A majority (96.8%) of the well-adherent respondents had good social support. Conclusion: Knowledge about ART adherence and PMTCT is associated with the level of adherence to ART among pregnant mothers attending the ART clinic at China-Uganda Friendship Hospital, Naguru. Demographic factors such as the respondent’s age, place of residence, and level of education were found to be associated with ART adherence. The mother’s financial status, social support, and HIV-associated stigma were some of the socioeconomic factors found to be associated with the adherence to ART. Recommendations: Consistent attendance of routine health education and counseling, prescription of drugs for quite a long duration, male partner involvement, and starting up of small scale income generating projects should be advocated for to improve medication adherence.

Background and purpose. Various studies have investigated Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) in children and factors that might improve them. However, studies examining FMS in children of indigenous tribes remain limited. Thus, this research aims to identify and analyze the relationship between sociocultural life, parenting, and level of education among indigenous tribe children who live on Mentawai Island. The research is also keen on comparing FMS between genders. Materials and methods. This research employed qualitative and quantitative methods. It was grounded by phenomenology and FMS tests. A total of 15 parents, 3 teachers, and 70 young children (aged 5-7 years) participated voluntarily. The children's genders comprised boys (n=38) and girls (n=32). Data in this research were collected from observation, semi-structured interviews, and FMS tests (locomotor, non-locomotor and manipulative). Then, they were analyzed using a thematic method and t-test to compare the level of FMS among the children. Results. Based on the analysis, parents stated they involved their children in socio-cultural life. Also, children were educated to live independently and given freedom to play. However, the study did not find any relationship between parent's educational level and FMS. This was evidenced by statistical analysis, in which the mean score of FMS among early childhood in Mentawai Island was 35.46 (good). Following that, boys had better FMS than girls (P<0,05), with a mean score of 37.08>33.53. Conclusions. Children need to be given the freedom to actively take part in physical activities in order to gain physical experiences and better FMS. This study recommends future research involving other factors and comparing FMS between children of indigenous tribes and those who live in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the tools with which the state can influence the level of income of freelance professionals in Kazakhstan. Foreign methods and ways of state regulation of the freelance market in terms of freelancers’ income, the infrastructure of Kazakhstan’s remote work market reviewed and analyzed in this article, identified the main characteristics of independent professionals in 2021: working hours, income level, length of service of freelancers, etc. It is noted that freelancers’ incomes depend on the influence of the state policy in the field of education and length of service as a freelancer. The stereotype that the more a freelancer works, the more he earns is refuted. In this case, the well-known eight-hour workday standard established by the state is the most optimal option for freelancers to earn more income, which is confirmed by the data of our study. Information is provided on the educational structure of freelancers, the amount of personal monthly income by type of freelancer employment, the experience of freelancers by type of employment, and the average number of hours allocated to work during the week. Multiple regression models of the dependence of freelancers’ pay on their education level, work experience, and number of hours worked per week are presented and analyzed in this article. The authors propose recommendations for state regulation that would ensure an effective impact on the level of freelancers’ income both in Kazakhstan and in former Soviet Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kufa Journal for Nursing Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study explored how the core problems (e.g., parenting, economy, and education level) of single-parent women affect their mental health. Although parenting guilt, economic well-being, and level of education are important variables that affect the mental health of single parents, there is no study that examines the interaction effect between them together. Therefore, this study examined the moderating effects of economic well-being and level of education on the relationship between parenting guilt and mental health in 419 single-parent women. In addition, it was verified whether there was a multiple additive modulation effect when they were put in at the same time. As a result, the higher the parenting guilt and the lower the economic well-being, the higher the level of mental health pain, but the level of education had no statistical significance. However, the interaction term between parenting guilt and education level had statistical significance, while the interaction term between parenting guilt and economic well-being did not produce significant results. These findings suggest the importance of education for single-parent women's mental health as well as the need to establish policies that allow them to have sufficient time and room for child rearing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In old age, many people experience a period of functional decline and require long-term care. Sweden has a universal largely tax-financed health and social care system that is used by all societal groups. However, few studies have investigated if educational groups use publicly paid long-term care equitably. The aim of this study was to explore educational differences in the use of long-term care, including both home care and institutional care, during the last two years of life in Sweden. Methods: We used linked register data on mortality and long-term care use, including all adults aged ⩾67 years who died in Sweden in November 2015 (N =6329). We used zero-inflated negative binomial regression models to analyse the number of months with long-term care by educational level, both crude and adjusted for age at death and cohabitation status. Men and women were analysed separately. Results: People with tertiary education died more commonly without using any long-term care compared to primary educated people (28.0% vs. 18.6%; p <0.001). In the adjusted model, educational differences in the estimated number of months with long-term care disappeared among men but remained significant among women (primary educated: odds ratio=17.3 (confidence interval 16.8–17.7); tertiary educated: odds ratio=15.8 (confidence interval 14.8–16.8)). Conclusions: Older adults spend considerable time in their last two years of life with long-term care. Only minor educational differences in long-term care use remained after adjustment for cohabitation status and age at death. This suggest that Sweden's publicly financed long-term system achieves relatively equitable use of long-term care at the end of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effect of education of firm managers on labour productivity in Uganda's manufacturing sector using enterprise survey data. Like in many Sub-Saharan economies, Uganda is grappling with labour productivity associated with deficiencies and mismatch in skills, which limit the adaptation of new production technologies. The human capital theory (HCT) and the endogenous growth theory (EGT) underpinned this investigation. On the basis of a Cobb-Douglas function we estimated a labour productivity equation. The paper found that attainment of higher levels of education by firm managers improved labour productivity, and mean productivity of individual workers at firm level. The strong linkage between managers' education and labour productivity implies that the government should focus on policies that improve higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyzes the relationship between education level, accounting understanding, and readiness level of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Central Jakarta in the activity of preparing financial reports according to SAK EMKM. The research is based on the importance of preparing financial reports to support MSMEs and enhance access to capital and markets. However, many MSMEs face difficulties in preparing financial reports, especially due to the low education level, accounting knowledge, and readiness to adopt SAK EMKM. The research employed a survey method, with 260 respondents from MSMEs in Central Jakarta. Data analysis was conducted using multiple regression. The results show that education level and accounting abilities have a significant influence on the ability to prepare financial reports according to SAK EMKM. Furthermore, readiness level does not have a significant influence on the skills of MSMEs in preparing financial reports. Therefore, MSMEs need to improve their education and accounting understanding to effectively prepare financial reports in accordance with SAK EMKM [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education plays a crucial role in the individual’s critical thinking, knowledge, behavior, values, morals, and integrity and is considered an essential qualification in the workplace. On the other hand, moral integrity is to do the right thing and not to be involved in dishonest practices for personal or further gains, even when not being monitored. he presents study investigated the impact of the level of education on individuals’ moral integrity and, later, its reflection in the workplace. This study also investigated the mediation effect of job experience on this relationship. Differences in moral integrity between males and females were further analyzed to compare. For data collection, three hundred and fifty-three executives from different industries were approached through convenience sampling. Data was then analyzed through SPSS 24.0 using inferential statistics. The findings showed that the educational level of employees impacts moral integrity, and the mediating effect of job experience was found significant. Moreover, no gender difference could be found, concluding that moral integrity was equally essential for employees of both genders. The study revealed the aspects that can contribute to the moral integrity of individuals, and education seemed to be the most important one. The study further strengthened the HR department to improve their hiring, placement policies and policymakers to invest in education more to combat corruption and keep moral integrity high among employees. It will also help the originations consider individuals’ educational levels before hiring. Furthermore, the present study emphasized the inclusion of moral education from the very beginning, so individuals can understand the importance of morals and moral integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Employers are demanding ever higher levels of training. Higher level qualifications offer the possibility of accessing those opportunities that appear on the labor market. Changes are occurring in all areas of social life. As a consequence of these changes, education is becoming more and more important. Employment rates can be increased by applying flexible learning pathways. Technological changes occur in economic systems, which are based on the updating of skills, abilities and knowledge. Both pre-university education, and especially higher education, have in mind the development of skills and competences. Sustainable development can be achieved through quality education. Through the analysis carried out, the statistical data related to students enrolled in pre-university education, as well as to people who have a tertiary level of education, are highlighted. The comparative analysis gives us a picture of the evolution of these educational indicators.

Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) includes identifying and solving problems. Besides, it is an effort to organize a case, reorganize it according to new ideas, and concretize and rediscover the case to understand it better. This research aims to determine the effect of RME-based teaching against traditional methods, develop a general opinion, and contribute to the literature. In the study, the meta-analysis method was used to synthesize the results of independent experimental studies examining RME's effect on academic achievement. The data set of the research was created in September 2022. Necessary searches were carried out within the ULAKBİM TR Index, YÖK Thesis, ERIC and Web of Science databases. As a result of these searches, 54 studies met the selection criteria to be included in the meta-analysis. The random-effects model was used in the research. As a result of the analysis, the calculated effect sizes were all positive. In the light of this finding, it has been concluded that in all studies, RME-based teaching was more effective than traditional methods on students' academic achievement in mathematics. A moderator analysis was also carried out to determine whether the effect sizes differed statistically significantly according to the variables "publication type, sample size, and educational stage." As a result of the moderator analysis, it was concluded that all moderator variables obtained from the GME-based teaching practices significantly affected the combined effect size.

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It has been reported that small and medium-sized companies contribute to the reduction of poverty and the development of countries. Moreover, managers unique characteristics have also been analyzed to see their influence of firm performance. However, there has been inconclusive results, and this has been commonly studied in developed countries. Based on the literature review, an innovative theoretical model was established to determine the influence of age, level of education and negotiation skills of the manager on the performance of small and medium-sized companies in Peru. Managers' negotiation abilities have been reported to be as a relevant factor for the success of a company in Peru. This study followed the post-positivist paradigm and quantitative approach. The population consisted of SMEs from different sectors in Lima-Peru. A probability sample group was chosen involving the managers from 215 SMEs. A five-point Likert scale questionnaire was designed based on the literature review which was piloted and validated by five experts. For data collection, participants were reached by telephone to respond the study survey. The data analysis was conducted using the descriptive reporting and the PLS-SEM structural equation modeling in order to test the significance and causal relationships from the tested variables. The results indicated that only manager's negotiation skills positively influence SMEs performance in Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, third in a series of studies of the relationships between the dominant type of the Word Meaning Structure (WMS) and various psychic processes, response patterns on personality questionnaires with Likert-type response format of individuals with different levels of education (including adult illiterates) in Brazil (N = 102) and in Estonia (N = 520) were assessed with person oriented methods of data analysis. We found that responses to two personality questionnaires (International Personality Item Pool Questionnaire, IPIP-Q60 and Estonian Collectivism Scale, ESTCOL) are inconsistent and do not correspond to theories that underlie construction and interpretation of such assessment tools. Two novel ways to assess inconsistent response patterns were developed. The Consistency Index (CI) characterizes between-item inconsistency and the Determinacy Index (DI) characterizes within-item inconsistency. The dominant type of the WMS and the level of education were related to both CI and DI. Higher level of between-item inconsistency characterizes everyday conceptual thinkers with lower levels of education and higher level of within-item inconsistency was observed among logical conceptual thinkers with higher levels of education. Systematic relationships between WMS and inconsistent patterns of responses indicate that responses on personality questionnaires cannot be interpreted in terms of personality characteristics. The results of our study also provide further support to the idea that dominant type of the WMS is a pervasive characteristic of the psyche and determines qualitatively possibilities and limits of the psychic processes. The results of this study are in agreement with the idea that WMS defines the "Great Divide." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between financial literacy, educational attainment, and income level and financial management behavior. Individuals must demonstrate excellent financial management abilities in order to avoid financial difficulties. The level of financial literacy can be used to assess financial management behavior. Along with financial literacy, there are educational and income levels to consider. As a result, the researchers included variables for education level and income level. Customers of the BRI bank branch in Madiun City were included in this study. The sample consisted of 205 respondents who were chosen through a process known as purposive sampling. The study gathered data from primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected from respondents through a questionnaire, while secondary data were gathered from the literature. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to process the data in this study, along with the SmartPLS application program. This study found that financial literacy positively impacts financial management behavior. On the other hand, neither education nor income has an effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to show the effect of financial literacy, education level, and income level on family financial planning in Banjar Balam village, Lirik sub-district, Indragiri Hulu regency, and Riau province. The research method was developed quantitatively. The population of this study was all heads of families in the Banjar Balam village, as many as 504 people. The sampling technique used purposive sampling in order to obtain 80 samples. Research shows that financial literacy and income level positively and significantly affect family financial planning. In contrast, the level of education does not affect family financial planning. Simultaneously financial literacy, education level, and income level significantly affect family financial planning by 34 percent. This research can be a reference for local governments in disseminating family financial planning in Indragiri Hulu regency.

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are business activities that can be carried out by everyone, as long as that person can manage and develop the business. SMEs also have a role in economic independence, which can later lead to national independence. SMEs in running their business are sure to be pursued is related to income and profits. The purpose of this study was to analyze how the direct effect of length of business and level of education on the income of Furniture SMEs in Menganti, Gresik, and the indirect effect of financial behavior as intervening variables. The study used 155 furniture SMEs in Menganti Gresik with financial behavior as an intervening variable. The exogenous variable uses the length of business and education level, and the endogenous variable is SME income. using Structured Equation Model (SEM). Based on the results of the study, it shows that each variable for its direct effect shows that all variables have an effect on endogenous variables, while for indirect it shows that financial behavior is capable of intervening between business length and income, and education level and income.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between financial literacy, educational attainment, and income level and financial management behavior. Individuals must demonstrate excellent financial management abilities in order to avoid financial difficulties. The level of financial literacy can be used to assess financial management behavior. Along with financial literacy, there are educational and income levels to consider. As a result, the researchers included variables for education level and income level. Customers of the BRI bank branch in Madiun City were included in this study. The sample consisted of 205 respondents who were chosen through a process known as purposive sampling. The study gathered data from primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected from respondents through a questionnaire, while secondary data were gathered from the literature. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to process the data in this study, along with the SmartPLS application program. This study found that financial literacy positively impacts financial management behavior. On the other hand, neither education nor income has an effect.

This exploratory study investigated whether factors such as gender, age, level of education, monthly income, and the number of family members are associated with verbal and non-verbal communication in Saudi Arabian families. A convenience sampling procedure was used to recruit 182 Saudi Arabian adults who responded to a self-report survey. Verbal and non-verbal communication was categorized into positive and negative communication. Descriptive and ordinal regression analyses were conducted to assess the relationships of familial variables with communication. Female gender status had a small negative association with positive communication, whereas the number of family members, level of education, monthly income, and age did not correlate with positive communication or negative communication. The Discussion section addresses the limitations of the current study and identifies several directions for future research, with special attention to the Saudi Arabian family context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]