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We measure the star formation rate (SFR) per unit gas mass and the star formation efficiency (SFE$_{\rm gas}$ for total gas, SFE$_{\rm mol}$ for the molecular gas) in 81 nearby galaxies selected from the EDGE-CALIFA survey, using $^{12}$CO(J=1-0) and optical IFU data. For this analysis we stack CO spectra coherently by using the velocities of H$\alpha$ detections to detect fainter CO emission out to galactocentric radii $r_{\rm gal} \sim 1.2 r_{25}$ ($\sim 3 R_{\rm e}$), and include the effects of metallicity and high surface densities in the CO-to-H$_2$ conversion. We determine the scale lengths for the molecular and stellar components, finding a close to 1:1 relation between them. This result indicates that CO emission and star formation activity are closely related. We examine the radial dependence of SFE$_{\rm gas}$ on physical parameters such as galactocentric radius, stellar surface density $\Sigma_{\star}$, dynamical equilibrium pressure $P_{\rm DE}$, orbital timescale $\tau_{\rm orb}$, and the Toomre $Q$ stability parameter (including star and gas $Q_{\rm star+gas}$). We observe a generally smooth, continuous exponential decline in the SFE$_{\rm gas}$ with $r_{\rm gal}$. The SFE$_{\rm gas}$ dependence on most of the physical quantities appears to be well described by a power-law. Our results also show a flattening in the SFE$_{\rm gas}$-$\tau_{\rm orb}$ relation at $\log[\tau_{\rm orb}]\sim 7.9-8.1$ and a morphological dependence of the SFE$_{\rm gas}$ per orbital time, which may reflect star formation quenching due to the presence of a bulge component. We do not find a clear correlation between SFE$_{\rm gas}$ and $Q_{\rm star+gas}$., Comment: 24 pages, 12 figures, 1 Table

We present new 3 mm observations of the ionized gas toward the nuclear starburst in the nearby (D ~ 3.5 Mpc) galaxy NGC 253. With ALMA, we detect emission from the H40-alpha and He40-alpha lines in the central 200 pc of this galaxy on spatial scales of ~4 pc. The recombination line emission primarily originates from a population of approximately a dozen embedded super star clusters in the early stages of formation. We find that emission from these clusters is characterized by electron temperatures ranging from 7000-10000 K and measure an average singly-ionized helium abundance = 0.25 +/- 0.06, both of which are consistent with values measured for HII regions in the center of the Milky Way. We also report the discovery of unusually broad-linewidth recombination line emission originating from seven of the embedded clusters. We suggest that these clusters contribute to the launching of the large-scale hot wind observed to emanate from the central starburst. Finally, we use the measured recombination line fluxes to improve the characterization of overall embedded cluster properties, including the distribution of cluster masses and the fractional contribution of the clustered star formation to the total starburst, which we estimate is at least 50%., Comment: ApJ Accepted. 20 pages, 8 figures

We present a new characterization of the relations between star-formation rate, stellar mass and molecular gas mass surface densities at different spatial scales across galaxies (from galaxy wide to kpc-scales). To do so we make use of the largest sample combining spatially-resolved spectroscopic information with CO observations, provided by the EDGE-CALIFA survey, together with new single dish CO observations obtained by APEX. We show that those relations are the same at the different explored scales, sharing the same distributions for the explored data, with similar slope, intercept and scatter (when characterized by a simple power-law). From this analysis, we propose that these relations are the projection of a single relation between the three properties that follows a distribution well described by a line in the three-dimension parameter space. Finally, we show that observed secondary relations between the residuals and the considered parameters are fully explained by the correlation between the uncertainties, and therefore have no physical origin. We discuss these results in the context of the hypothesis of self-regulation of the star-formation process., Comment: 21 pages,7 figures, accepted to be published in the MNRAS

We present the relation between the star formation rate surface density, $\Sigma_{\rm SFR}$, and the hydrostatic mid-plane pressure, P$_{\rm h}$, for 4260 star-forming regions of kpc size located in 96 galaxies included in the EDGE-CALIFA survey covering a wide range of stellar masses and morphologies. We find that these two parameters are tightly correlated, exhibiting smaller scatter and strong correlation in comparison to other star-forming scaling relations. A power-law, with a slightly sub-linear index, is a good representation of this relation. Locally, the residuals of this correlation show a significant anti-correlation with both the stellar age and metallicity whereas the total stellar mass may also play a secondary role in shaping the $\Sigma_{\rm SFR}$ - P$_{\rm h}$ relation. For our sample of active star-forming regions (i.e., regions with large values of H$\alpha$ equivalent width), we find that the effective feedback momentum per unit stellar mass ($p_\ast/m_\ast$),measured from the P$_{\rm h}$ / $\Sigma_{\rm SFR}$ ratio increases with P$_{\rm h}$. The median value of this ratio for all the sampled regions is larger than the expected momentum just from supernovae explosions. Morphology of the galaxies, including bars, does not seem to have a significant impact in the $\Sigma_{\rm SFR}$ - P$_{\rm h}$ relation. Our analysis suggests that self regulation of the $\Sigma_{\rm SFR}$ at kpc scales comes mainly from momentum injection to the interstellar medium from supernovae explosions. However, other mechanism in disk galaxies may also play a significant role in shaping the $\Sigma_{\rm SFR}$ at local scales. Our results also suggest that P$_{\rm h}$ can be considered as the main parameter that modulates star formation at kpc scales, rather than individual components of the baryonic mass., Comment: 19 pages, 12 figures, submitted to MNRAS November 16 2020

Understanding how galaxies cease to form stars represents an outstanding challenge for galaxy evolution theories. This process of "star formation quenching" has been related to various causes, including Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) activity, the influence of large-scale dynamics, and the environment in which galaxies live. In this paper, we present the first results from a follow-up of CALIFA survey galaxies with observations of molecular gas obtained with the APEX telescope. Together with EDGE survey CARMA observations, we collect $^{12}$CO observations that cover approximately one effective radius in 472 CALIFA galaxies. We observe that the deficit of galaxy star formation with respect to the star formation main sequence (SFMS) increases with the absence of molecular gas and with a reduced efficiency of conversion of molecular gas into stars, in line with results of other integrated studies. However, by dividing the sample into galaxies dominated by star formation and galaxies quenched in their centres (as indicated by the average value of the H$\alpha$ equivalent width), we find that this deficit increases sharply once a certain level of gas consumption is reached, indicating that different mechanisms drive separation from the SFMS in star-forming and quenched galaxies. Our results indicate that differences in the amount of molecular gas at a fixed stellar mass are the primary driver for the dispersion in the SFMS, and the most likely explanation for the start of star-formation quenching. However, once a galaxy is quenched, changes in star formation efficiency drive how much a retired galaxy separates in star formation rate from star-forming ones of similar masses. In other words, once a paucity of molecular gas has significantly reduced star formation, changes in the star formation efficiency are what drives a galaxy deeper into the red cloud, retiring it., Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures, 1 table

We present a kpc-scale analysis of the relationship between the molecular depletion time ($\tau_\mathrm{dep}^\mathrm{mol}$) and the orbital time ($\tau_\mathrm{orb}$) across the field of 39 face-on local galaxies, selected from the EDGE-CALIFA sample. We find that, on average, 5% of the available molecular gas is converted into stars per orbital time, or $\tau_\mathrm{dep}^\mathrm{mol}\sim20\tau_\mathrm{orb}$. The resolved relation shows a scatter of $\sim0.5$ dex. The scatter is ascribable to galaxies of different morphologies that follow different $\tau_\mathrm{dep}^\mathrm{mol}-\tau_\mathrm{orb}$ relations which decrease in steepness from early- to late-types. The morphologies appear to be linked with the star formation rate surface density, the molecular depletion time, and the orbital time, but they do not correlate with the molecular gas content of the galaxies in our sample. We speculate that in our molecular gas rich, early-type galaxies, the morphological quenching (in particular the disc stabilization via shear), rather than the absence of molecular gas, is the main factor responsible for their current inefficient star formation., Comment: 18 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

The open source ALPS (Algorithms and Libraries for Physics Simulations) project provides a collection of physics libraries and applications, with a focus on simulations of lattice models and strongly correlated systems. The libraries provide a convenient set of well-documented and reusable components for developing condensed matter physics simulation code, and the applications strive to make commonly used and proven computational algorithms available to a non-expert community. In this paper we present an updated and refactored version of the core ALPS libraries geared at the computational physics software development community, rewritten with focus on documentation, ease of installation, and software maintainability., Comment: 26 pages, 2 figures, 15 code listings

COVID has highlighted significant weaknesses in how the education system in England is currently managed and resourced. England needs to build a more resilient education system post-pandemic. The Institute of Education's project, "Learning Through Disruption," set out to explore what headteachers, teachers, other school staff and parents in English primary schools had made of keeping education going during the pandemic; and whether any more general lessons could be learnt for the education system going forward from their experiences. In a context where a relatively modest amount of funding had been committed for recovery in English schools the authors also wanted to understand whether such funding had been targeted at the issues that schools and parents considered most important. This report shares their findings and offers recommendations based on those findings. [For the main report, "Learning through Disruption: Using Schools' Experiences of COVID to Build a More Resilient Education System," see ED615116.]

During the COVID pandemic, schools have found new ways of working with children and, crucially, their families. This has far-reaching implications for how schools and policy-makers consider homeschool communication as a means of developing parental and community engagement in the future. The Institute of Education's project, "Learning Through Disruption," explored schools' communication with children, families and communities during the pandemic, and the nature of the home-school relationships that have been so crucial across the different phases of the crisis. As part of the authors' research, they asked parents about their experiences of the periods of home-schooling, as well as the range of challenges that families faced within their reconfigured home contexts. This report shares the findings and offers recommendations based on those findings. [For the main report, "Learning through Disruption: Using Schools' Experiences of COVID to Build a More Resilient Education System," see ED615116.]

The pandemic has shown how important schools are as networks of support for children and families. Our project, "Learning Through Disruption," also shows that schools have a particularly vital role in addressing the needs of high poverty communities, both directly and indirectly. Yet this work goes largely unrecognised and underfunded. This needs to change. [For the main report, "Learning through Disruption: Using Schools' Experiences of COVID to Build a More Resilient Education System," see ED615116.]

The COVID pandemic has led to a prolonged period of educational disruption with few precedents from the recent past to guide recovery. The Institute of Education's project, "Learning Through Disruption," set out to explore the knowledge schools have acquired from working with children and families during the crisis. The authors found that schools adapted what they were doing as they became more aware of local circumstances and found new ways to address the diversity of pupils' and families' needs. In the process they have developed a deep and sophisticated understanding of their communities. This provides the basis for deciding how teaching and learning can best rebuild going forward. This brief report highlights their findings and offers recommendations. [For the main report, "Learning through Disruption: Using Schools' Experiences of COVID to Build a More Resilient Education System," see ED615116.]

The preamplifier is a critical component of gyrometer's electronics. Indeed the resolution of the sensor is limited by its signal to noise ratio, and the gyrometer's thermal stability is limited by its gain drift. In this paper, five different kinds of preamplifiers are presented and compared. Finally, the design of an integrated preamplifier is shown in order to increase the gain stability while reducing its noise and size., Comment: Submitted on behalf of EDA Publishing Association (http://irevues.inist.fr/EDA-Publishing)

In the paper one considers the local structure of the Fredholm joint spectrum of commuting $n$-tuples of operators. A connection between the spatial characteristics of operators and the algebraic invariant of the corresponding coherent sheaves is investigated. A notion of Weyl joint spectrum of commuting $n$-tuple is introduced., Comment: 13 pages

In the recent preprint (OA/0006224) S. Parrott proved the equality between the Arveson`s curvature and the Fredholm index of a "pure" contraction with finite defect numbers. In the present note one derives a similar formula in the "non-pure" case., Comment: 3 pages