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This paper focus on chewing betel quid habit that dominantly happen in the Asia to Pacific region. Betel quid leaves traces of reddish-brown colour on the teeth. It was identified that dental stain was very common on teeth of prehistoric skeletal remains, for example in Thailand and Vietnam. Several studies have shown that chewing betel nut can cause diseases in the teeth and oral cavity. The purpose of this study is to describe the relationship between betel nut chewing and the emergence of tooth pathology in teeth from the prehistoric population from Lewoleba and Liang Bua. Ten individuals were observed using the macroscopic method. The results showed that consumption of betel nut (based on dental stains) was followed by attrition, periodontitis and even antemortem tooth loss.

Lewoleba Public Health Center and Waipukang Public Health Center are included in several Public Health Centers in Lembata District which show the high rates of malaria based on microscopic diagnosis methods. To see if there is a decrease in malaria cases, it is necessary to do a positive rate slide check to calculate the number of malaria positive patients. In order for the results of the examination to be truly valid, effective and efficient, it is carried out by a screening method to obtain True Positive and True Negative numbers, so that the results can be used as a database at the Public Health Center. This study aims to get a real picture of positive malaria cases after treatment, eradication and prevention efforts carried out by the government and donor sector. This type of research is a study of Analytical Epidemiology with screening methods and using a cross-sectional study design. Screening results of malaria sufferers in the Lewoleba Public Health Center with a sample of 600 people: True positive = 29 people, True negative = 555 people, Sensitivity (Sens) = 82.85%, Specificity = 98.20%, prevalence = 6, 51%. Screening results of malaria sufferers in Waipukang Public Health Center with a sample of 574 people: True positive = 537 people, True negative = 10 people, Sensitivity (Sens) = 95.8%, Specificity = 71.4%, prevalence = 94, 25%. The number of positive malaria cases in the Lewoleba Public Health Center work area was 29 people, while the positive malaria case in the Waipukang Public Health Center work area was 537 people., Puskesmas Lewoleba dan Puskemas Waipukang termasuk dalam beberapa puskemas di Kabupaten Lembata yang menunjukkan tingginya kasus malaria berdasarkan metode diagnosis (konfirmasi) secara mikroskopik. Untuk melihat apakah ada penurunan kasus malaria maka perlu dilakukan pemeriksaan slide positive rate untuk menghitung jumlah penderita yang positif malaria. Agar hasil pemeriksaan benar-benar valid, efektif dan efisien, maka dilakukan dengan cara screeningtest agar diperoleh angka True Positive (benar-benar sakit) dan True Negative (benar-benar sehat), sehingga hasilnya dapat digunakan sebagai data base di puskesmas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran data riil kasus malaria positif setelah dilakukan tindakan pengobatan, pemberantasan serta upaya pencegahan yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah dan sektor lembaga donor. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian Epidemiologi Analitik dengan metode skrining dan menggunakan rancangan cross sectional study. Hasil skrining penderita malaria di wilayah Puskesmas Lewoleba dengan jumlah sampel sebesar 600 orang: True positive = 29 orang, True negative = 555 orang, Sensitifitas (Sens) = 82,85%, Spesifisitas = 98,20%, prevalensi = 6,51%. Hasil skrining penderita malaria di wilayah Puskesmas Waipukang dengan jumlah sampel sebesar 574 orang: True positive = 537 orang, True negative = 10 orang, Sensitifitas (Sens) = 95,8%, Spesifisitas = 71,4%, prevalensi = 94,25%. Jumlah kasus malaria positif di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Lewoleba adalah sebesar 29 orang, sedangkan kasus malaria positif di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Waipukang adalah sebesar 537 orang.

Leprosy is a chronic, mildly communicable disease of man which primarily affects the skin, mucous membranes, peripheral nerves, eyes, bones and testes due to Mycobacterium leprae. Some researches show the evidence of leprosy spread worldwide in recent human history. Therefore, it is important to put leprosy’s case on the map to build broader knowledge, not only about the spread of leprosy, but also about human dispersal. The aim of the present study is to detect the M.leprae from ancient population in order to know its relevance to the peopling of Indonesia. Macroscopic method was performed based on Ortner method and Aufderheide and Rodriguez-Martin method to identify leprosy on the cranium of Lewoleba specimen (LLI/5), from Lembata Island, Indonesia. The antiquity of Lewoleba specimen is 2990+/-160BP. The results of the macroscopic method show that the specimen has suffered from leprosy in her lifetime. Some researchers concluded that emergence of leprosy related to human migration, in term of modern human dispersal, some researchers proved that the spread of leprosy worldwide consistent with the source of modern human (East Africa) and the spread of leprosy is also fit with the pattern of modern human dispersal. This fact provides an important clue how the M. leprae spread worldwide. Because the leprosy spread through human migration, this means also that leprosy could be infected the ancient people of Indonesia. This is because Indonesia was one of modern human migration’s route