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Three varieties of Kusunda, a moribund language isolate of Nepal, have been recorded in existing literature; in Hodgson (1857), in Reinhard & Toba (1970), and in several recent publications analyzing material elicited from the language’s last two fluent speakers, Gyani Maiya Sen and Kamala Khatri. Each of these varieties exhibits a set of unique phonological and morphological innovations from their latest common ancestor, Proto-Kusunda (PK). This paper seeks to reconstruct the prefixing possessive marking system of PK, using morphological evidence from the 3 attested varieties. Proto-Kusunda is found to have exhibited obligatory possessive marking on a set of inalienably possessed nouns. Possessed nouns were marked with 2 sets of preposed affixes: *t- *n- *g-, which indexed the person of the noun’s possessor, and *-i- *-a- *-u- *-ja-, a set of derivational prefixes which categorized possessed nominals into a number of semantic fields. The formal and functional characteristics of this system are strongly reminiscent of an analogous system of head-marking possession found in the Great Andamanese language family of India, prompting questions of possible areal influence or genetic inheritance in the remote past.

This paper aims to investigate the syntactic mechanisms behind the grammaticalization and lexicalization of saying verbs from the perspectives of linguistic typology and comparative syntax. It is proposed that, in addition to the evolution from lexical categories to functional categories along the clausal spine, there is also a mechanism that merges the verb shuo 'say' into a neighboring phrase/clause, which is in turn reanalyzed as either an adverbial or a complement depending on its morpho-syntactic makeups. To use an idiom, this means that "It is easier to touch the moon at a pavilion near the waterfront." The result is a plethora of usages such as quotative, clause-typing, evidential, subjunctive, concessive, topic- marking, and enumerative. They show up at various levels of syntactic structure, while heading the corresponding functional projections. At the final stage of its evolution, shuo may undergo extreme semantic bleaching and become a linker, which very often can be dropped freely. We substantiate this observation by drawing evidence from Classical Chinese, Formosan languages, and the grammaticalization of shi 'be' in Modern Mandarin, which can be seen as an excellent example of convergent evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkic Studies Journal is the property of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

AbstractWe articulate the lexicalization and extension of the meaning of kinship terms in Bantu languages spoken in Tanzania. We draw linguistic conclusion from proto-forms reconstructed in comparison with the maternal kin terms and affinal address forms in matrilineal and patrilineal societies. We assume that since societies (e.g. Luguru, Mwera, Ndendeule, Swahili) changed from matrilineal to patrilineal, the kin terms and address forms were altered to fit this transformation. Findings indicated that matrilineal societies (e.g. Luguru and Zigula) maintain the prominence of mtumba ‘paternal uncle’ irrespective of the socio-economic and political transformations which undermined the protagonist mother and elevated patriarchal relations. Findings also indicate that patrilineal societies (e.g. Ruuri and Sukuma) coin labels which indicate women as cattle and/or women as sources of children. While research in social sciences show diminishing matrilineal societies (e.g. Mwera and Sambaa), we argue in this paper that linguistically, this phenomenon unravels even societies whose matrilineal features appear to have been eroded by Islam, colonization and ujamaa policies.

By adopting a critical discourse analysis (CDA) approach, this paper explores the strategies of persuasion employed in the Saudi Arabia Vision 2030 document. More specifically, the paper attempts to identify the various persuasion strategies used in the document of the 2030 Vision, the way through which these persuasion strategies are linguistically manifested, and the different modes of persuasion used in the document. The primary research questions of this study are: first, what are the different modes of persuasion employed in the Saudi Arabia 2030 Vision? Second, what are the strategies of persuasion used in the document under investigation? Third, how are these strategies linguistically manifested in the document at hand? Findings reveal that there are five strategies that are highly representative as persuasion conduits in the Saudi Arabia 2030 Vision. These include lexical choices, the inclusive 'we', religionization, future promises, and compositional summarization. The five strategies accentuate the assumption that the process of persuasion is successfully communicated at the various levels of linguistic analysis: lexically, semantically, pragmatically, and stylistically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the first study on reflexive expressions having lexicalized an emotional meaning, as in the English example enjoy oneself. Such lexicalized forms, which we call 'reflexemes', occur in a number of genetically unrelated languages worldwide. Here we interrogate the cross-linguistic distribution and semantics of reflexemes, based on a sample of 58 languages from 6 genetic groups throughout Europe, Australia, and Asia. Reflexemes exhibit uneven distribution in this sample. Despite the presence of reflexemes across all three continents, European languages generally display much larger inventories. Based on our language sample's contrasts, we hypothesize that these disparities could be driven by: the form of reflexive markers; their semantic range, including colexifications with anticausative constructions; and their longevity, with ancient, cognate European markers fostering accumulation of reflexemes via inheritance and borrowing. As for semantics, reflexemes target comparable emotions across languages. Specifically, categories labelled 'Good feelings', 'Anger', 'Worry', 'Bad feelings' and 'Fear' are consistently most prevalent. These tendencies apply across our sample, with no sign of family- or continent-specific semantic tendency. The observed semantic distribution may reflect universal lexicalization tendencies not specific to reflexemes, perhaps combined with an emphasis on self-evaluation and other social emotions imparted by reflexive semantics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the core vocabulary of English computer lexis, examining the criteria for identifying central terms and describing their structure and characteristics. The core units represent the most relevant concepts in computer terminology, characterized by high frequency, ambiguity, stylistic neutrality and significant word-formation potential. The study distinguishes “first-level core units” like “user”, “computer” and “internet” that denote the most important notions; “second-level core units” like “smart” and “digital” that originated as synonyms but became independent; and “core elements” like cyber, tele and e- that started as abbreviations. Core units generate numerous morphological and syntactic innovations, often expanding or narrowing in meaning. The core lexeme “electronic” is especially productive, forming phrases representing computer trends and systems. Core elements undergo lexicalization into independent prefixes and word-forming components. While artificial intelligence is currently popular, related linguistic innovation remains limited. The core vocabulary has a complex structure with central concepts spawning many new terms through derivation and compounding. The paper examines the phenomena of synonymous attraction, functional homonymy in core elements, and the dualistic nature of computer lexis development. It provides a systematic analysis of the core English computer terminology and its word-formation capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the relation between lexicalization and grammaticalization in the pragmatic phraseological unit era să spun / să zic ‘I was going to say’ in Romanian. The analysis of its syntactic configurations and that of its semantic-pragmatic interpretations, as they appear in two contemporary corpora (CoRoLa and Romanian Web 2016), provide elements for an approach to the emergence of the metalinguistic marker era să spun / să zic. It is the avertive use (something is about to happen without this happening) of the structure “era + subjunctive of the verb a spune / a zice” that is at the origin of its metalinguistic discursive use: by avoiding saying something which has nevertheless been said the speaker intends to comment on his/her own discourse.

By collecting a large number of corpus, the author analyzes the meaning evolution of “皮(pi)”, “肤(fu)”and“皮肤(pifu)”. The results of synchronic deduction and diachronic verification show that“皮肤 (pifu)" does not evolve from a phrase to a word, but from the synonymous juxtaposition of the monosyllabic word “皮(pi)”and“肤(fu)” in ancient Chinese. Promoted by frequent usage, prosodic constraints, syntactic posi- tion and the objective lexicalization motivation of synonymous categories,“皮肤(pifu)” has been lexicalized through subjective psychological cognitive mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I apply the model of semantic universals in terms of informativeness/complexity trade-off (Kemp, Xu, and Regier 2018) to Boolean connectives. The model explains the crosslinguistic absence of the connective , once theoretical insights from Horn 1972 and Katzir and Singh 2013 are incorporated. The lack of follows if languages optimize the trade-off between (a) simplicity of the lexicon measured in terms of primitive symbols and (b) informativeness of the lexicon measured in terms of accurate transfer of information, given scalar implicature. The analysis demonstrates that the model provides a promising insight into the nature of lexicalization in logical vocabularies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the paper is to analyze the origin and the evolution of the explanatory value of the construction , documented in Castilian texts from the Middle Ages. Through a relatively large corpus of Latin texts (5th--12th centuries) and Spanish texts (13th--15th centuries), the Author explores the main linguistic and discursive reasons that determined its use in the Spanish language [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emojis, introduced in the US in 2011 and now ubiquitous, are a set of iconic expressive symbols that are incredibly widespread in computer-mediated communication (CMC), especially among young people. The majority of linguistic research on emojis focuses only on the semantics; however, emerging data suggest that emojis are far more linguistically interesting than merely their semantic contributions to a sentence. Data from Twitter demonstrate that emojis can actually appear as contentful morphological units that behave according to regularly predictable morphosyntactic rules. In this paper I analyze data from several languages including English, German, and Spanish and reach several conclusions about emojis that appear as words. First, these emojis are not merely replacements in text for existing words in a language, but rather they represent the morphosyntactic of a lexically-typed stem, to which inflectional and derivational affixes can be productively added. Second, these emoji stems can undergo morphological changes such lexicalization and grammaticalization. Within pro-speech emojis, I also differentiate two sub-categories of emoji according to how they are interpreted: emojis which have both an iconic and symbolic mechanism of interpreted, and emojis that are interpreted iconically. This work introduces and strengthens the idea that pictures can be part of the morphosyntactic derivation of an utterance and that they can be represented in a language user’s lexicon.

"Motion" is the fundamental basis of existence. Multiple scientific disciplines have examined and established this concept based on their own fields of study. Cognitive linguistics approaches this category from a philosophical-mental-linguistic perspective and investigates the process of how motion concepts are formed and transferred from the external world to the mind and from the mind to language. Talmy introduces the notion of motion verbs, categorizing languages as either verb-oriented (lexical) or satellite-framed based on the demonstrative direction of verbs. The present study employs an analytical-descriptive method to examine the translation of the novel Alfatah Al-Akhira from Arabic to Persian. The study focuses on the extent to which translators utilize verb-oriented verbs and satellite framing. Additionally, the study aims to investigate the reasons behind the differing translation choices made by different translators in terms of verb-oriented and satellite-framed translations. The findings of the current study indicate that two translators, when translating the novel Alfatah Al-Khaira, deemed satellite framing as a more appropriate template for conveying motion concepts from Arabic to Persian. Also, when the translations of these motion verbs were compared and looked at, it was found that being satellite-framed does not always mean that the idea is communicated better and more completely. However, taking into account the elements of association and substitution, as well as the verb's connection with other components of the phrase and the context of the text, is crucial to ensuring a more effective translation.Keyword: Cognitive Linguistics, Leonard Talmy, Lexicalization, Satellite Framing, Alfatah Al-Khaira.IntroductionThe initial indication of existence is "motion," making it the paramount element to be regarded in the context of both existence and transformation. The significance of this concept has led intellectuals in the realms of philosophy and cognitive science to assign considerable value to it and develop theories about it in recentyears. In the field of philosophy, Merleau-Ponty, a prominent phenomenologist, introduced the theory of "physicality of perception" and emphasized the role of motion in creating time and space. Contrary to popular belief, Merleau-Ponty does not argue that space and time must exist before motion. Instead, he posits that motion itself generates the required space and time. (Shokri, 1395: 113) Heidegger's concept of "being in the-world" can be understood as the origin of motion.Leonard Talmy, a distinguished professor of linguistics and philosophy at the University of Buffalo in New York, has developed a renowned theory in the field of cognitive linguistics. This theory, known as the "theory of motion verbs," focuses on the conversion of motion concepts into linguistic expressions. Talmy's expertise lies in the study of semantic communication, formal linguistic structures, and semantic taxonomy.Talmy's theory of lexicalization explains the transformation of different motion aspects, such as cause, manner, state, path, context, and body, from a physical state to a conceptual state and subsequently into words that become part of language. According to this theory, motion verbs fall into two categories: verb-oriented and satellite-framed. The initial category comprises basic verbs that "lexicalize" motion, while the subsequent category consists of complex verbs that incorporate satellite with the basic verb to convey certain nuances of motion notions. Consequently, we can conceptualize a continuum for action words, with lexicalization on one end and the satellite axis on the other end. The present study is centered around the translation of these verbs from Arabic to Persian, with a specific focus on analyzing the variations and commonalities in their translation within two different renditions of Nadia Murad's novel "Alfatah Al-Akhira.".The challenge in Thalami's theory lies in the fact that not all languages in the world adhere to the same pattern when it comes to verb-oriented or verb-oriented motion verbs. Some languages exhibit a greater emphasis on verbs, while others exhibit a lesser emphasis.However, as elucidated in the article, it is evident that when translating Arabic verbs into Persian, they can be rendered in either verb-oriented or satellite-framed forms.The current study is significant as it applies Thalami's theory of motor verbs to the field of translation. Furthermore, it not only compares verbs in two distinct languages but also expresses and evaluates their translation by two separate translators. Given the absence of prior studies on the intersection of translation and cognitive linguistics in the relevant areas, the significance of this analysis in the field of translation studies is considerable. Simultaneously, it is regarded as an innovative contribution to the present research.Literature ReviewSeveral studies have been conducted about the subject matter of this article. The following study findings are worth mentioning:In their 2019 research titled "Analysis of the use of the motion verb 'anzal' in the Qur'an based on Talamy's linguistic theory," Behrouzi et al. conducted an analysis of this verb and determined that it functions as a directed and dynamic verb. The medium that focuses on the disclosure of the Qur'an and the expression of kindness towards humanity is characterized by a significant level of occurrence.In their 2018 research titled "Comparison of verbs of motion in Persian and English from the Cognitive Point of View and Cognitive Category," Eslamipour and Sharafzadeh conducted a comparative analysis of verbs of motion in Persian and English. They determined that the Persian language differs from English in this aspect. The English language exhibits a greater inclination for satellite framing. In Farsi, dominant satellite refers to the state, but in English, it refers to the orientation.In their 2011 research titled "Lexicalization in Persian Verbs of Motion: A New Model," Ezekia and Sassani examined the concept and process of lexicalization in Persian verbs. They found that when analyzing the event of motion, two distinct approaches are taken. The first approach, known as the holistic approach, focuses solely on integrating the central conceptual structures within the action verb. The second approach, referred to as the partial approach, takes into account the peripheral conceptual structures, which also play a role in the integration with the action verb.Hamedi Shirvan and Sharifi looked at the category of satellite in Talamy's theory of language classification in their 2013 study, "Investigation of the Cognitive Category of the Category "Satellite" in the Event Construction of Motion Verbs in Persian Language." They found that the Persian language can be classified as both satellite-oriented and verb-oriented according to Talmy's division. This is because certain features of Persian align with satellite-oriented languages, while others resemble verb-oriented languages.In their study titled "Investigation of the Conceptualization of Motion in Persian Compound Verbs: A Cognitive Approach" (1401), Azgoli et al. examine the lexicalization of compound verbs of motion in the Persian language. They find that the components of motion and manner have a higher frequency of lexicalization. Ilkhanipour and Karimi Dostan looked at three semantic dimensions of facet in Persian facet attributes in their 2015 study called "Lexicalization of the Semantic Dimensions of Facet in Persian Facet Attributes." These dimensions are facet power, facet base, and source of order. They find that in Persian facet attributes, the three forces of obligation, possibility, and necessity are highly lexicalized.Upon further examination, it has been discovered that no research has been conducted in Iran thus far that explores the notion of thalamic verbs in translation. Therefore, the novelty of this current research lies in its focus on addressing this particular issue.Research MethodologyFor this study, we have chosen two Persian translations of the Arabic novel Al-Hattat al-Akhira. Subsequently, a selection of motion verbs has been haphazardly pulled from various sections of this text. Next, the translation of these verbs was extracted and assessed in a comparative manner by comparing two translations. Regarding the topic of discussion, an analysis has been conducted to determine whether the two translators exhibit a preference for verb-oriented or satellite-oriented translation while translating motion verbs. What are the reasons for selecting each one, and how does the meaning-development process occur in them?ConclusionThe outcome of the discussion is that, because the Persian language is satellite-oriented, there is a greater preference for using satellite-oriented verbs. The translation of verbs in the form of verb-oriented or satellite-oriented does not alter the semantic component.To address the initial question of the discussion and validate its hypothesis, it is important to note that a comprehensive analysis was conducted on the novel "Alfatah Al-Akhira." A total of 44 motion verbs were identified as the statistical population for this study. The translations of these 44 verbs were then compared in two different translations by Chobani and Nazari. It was noted that neither of the translators used the past tense for any of the 44 verbs translated in a verb-oriented form. This suggests that the employment of motion verbs in verb-oriented form is uncommon in the Persian language. Among the 44 verbs, Chobani and Nazari have translated 23 verbs into the satellite-oriented form. This observation highlights the prevalence of satellite-oriented motion verbs in the Persian language. In addition, Chobani translated ten verbs into a verb-oriented form, whereas Nazari translated them into a satellite-oriented version. However, Chobani has rendered eleven verbs in a satellite-oriented form and Nazari in a verb-oriented form, indicating a relatively equal distribution between the two translators. Consequently, it may be concluded that the two translators have deemed the form of satellite framing as a more appropriate paradigm for conveying motion principles from Arabic to Persian.Regarding the second question and supporting its hypothesis, it was found that being satellite-oriented does not always lead to a better and more complete way of expressing the idea through translation by comparing and looking at these motion verbs. Instead, it highlights the aspects of coexistence, substitution, and the verb's connection with other elements of the sentence. Furthermore, the context of the text plays a significant role in effectively conveying its meaning. Factors such as the verb's emphasis on action or activity, the verb'semphasis on the goal, origin, or journey, and the mental states of individuals inferred from the context of the text are some of the factors that impact the effective transmission of meaning. However, the verb being satellite-oriented does not imply that it is more comprehensive in terms of its meaning.

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of applying the Invited Inferencing Theory of Se-mantic Change in order to establish the semantic evolution of idioms with literal correlates, in particular somatisms or kinegrams. The methodology is applied to analyze the testimonies (until 1700) of Spanish somatism cerrar los ojos in a diachronic corpus of Spanish language (CORDE), so as to find out what inferences generated contextual meanings that conditioned its lexicalization as idiom, semanticizing sym-bolic meanings related to death, sleep, knowledge, irrationality, submission or trust.

Lexical suffixation is an essential feature of the Salish language family. Such suffixes form closed classes of morphemes that express various types of meaning, e.g., somatisms, locatives, natural phenomena, artefacts, phytonyms, etc. Most Salish lexical suffixes are of substantive nature. However, they hardly ever correspond with free forms of substantives, be it synchronically or diachronically. The authors reviewed a number of theories concerning the origin and development of the Salish lexical suffixes. Based on the synchronic and diachronic analysis, they put forward the following hypothesis of the origin of the Salish lexical suffixes. The suffixes stared as a dependent predicative construction, eventually compressed into a morphologically-coherent model according to the following evolution scheme: dependent predication / nominalized predicate → compounding / incorporation → lexical suffix (bound morpheme). Thus, the synchronous Salish substantives are diachronically based on verbal stems with their process semantics. The study adds to the linguistic understanding of the origin of various parts of speech and the borders between substantives and verbs.

The present article assesses the Basque Interpretation Hypothesis (BIH) of the text contained in the hand of Irulegi. Given that the basic premise of the BIH is the alleged cognacy between sorion and the Basque collocation zori on ‘good fortune’, this article examines the phonetic evolution of other lexicalized adjective phrases with on as a head. The comparative method is applied, by comparing two strings of segments that belong by hypothesis to the same language but represent two diachronic states of the same phrase. The resulting evidence is inconclusive as to whether the compared items belong to the same language, and the Basque ascription of the text is consequently not confirmed.

The conceptualization of time-frames in African societies was presumed to bear elaborate abstract past that connects to ancestors and short future that links to the present time. I argue against this claim and establish that both pasts and futures are elaborate at least in 26 Tanzanian Bantu languages. I used names of sequences of days which discretisize the actual events into eight time-frames, equally four on both sides beyond speech time. These lexical entries are either a retention of proto-Bantu forms or innovations from cosmological bodies (STAR or SUN) and existing lexical entries. I offer evidence to substantiate that points C and D on both sides of the Reichenbach linear model involve retention and innovation of names of days.

This paper adopts a corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis approach to explore the pragmatics of lexical categories in courtroom discourse. More specifically, this paper probes the extent to which courtroom interlocutors employ particular lexemes to achieve specific pragmatic purposes, which, in turn, contributes to understanding the way language operates effectively within legal settings. The data used is taken from the testimony of former American President William Clinton during his impeachment trial for the ‘Monica Lewinsky Affair’. The analytical focus is on 17 lexemes representing four lexical categories, namely nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, by highlighting their frequency distribution in the testimony and revealing their significance as conduits for particular pragmatic meanings. Two main findings are revealed in this paper: first, within particular contexts, lexical categories are not only content knowledge units but also pragmatic meaning carriers whose functions go beyond their most commonly-used semantic sense. These pragmatic functions include information confirmation, verification, elicitation, dissociation, uncertainty, and clarification. Second, applying a corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis approach to the study of courtroom discourse contributes to contextualizing the linguistic analysis of the use of language in courtrooms and offers a more functionally based discussion of the pragmatic use of language in legal settings.

Natural language does not express all connectives definable in classical logic as simple lexical items. Coordination in English is expressed by conjunction and, disjunction or, and negated disjunction nor. Other languages pattern similarly. Non-lexicalized connectives are typically expressed compositionally: in English, negated conjunction is typically expressed by combining negation and conjunction (not both). This is surprising: if ∧ and ∨ are duals, and the negation of the latter can be expressed lexically (nor), why not the negation of the former? I present a two-tiered model of the semantics of the binary connectives. The first tier captures the expressive power of the lexicon: it is a bilateral state-based semantics that, under a restriction, can express all and only the distinctions that can be expressed by the lexicon of natural language (and, or, nor). This first tier is characterized by rejection as non-assertion and a Neglect Zero assumption. The second tier is obtained by dropping the Neglect Zero assumption and enforcing a stronger notion of rejection, thereby recovering classical logic and thus definitions for all Boolean connectives. On the two-tiered model, we distinguish the limited expressive resources of the lexicon and the greater combinatorial expressive power of the language as a whole. This gives us a logic-based account of compositionality for the Boolean fragment of the language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After discussing some thus far unknown examples of inner-Tocharian borrowing processes with direction TA >> TB, the present paper argues that also the substantive B lek* 'gesture' represents a loanword from Tocharian A, in particular from the Tocharian A form lek 'shape; gesture'. Under the assumption of a semantic development 'equality, identity, correspondence' ⇒ 'figure, shape' ⇒ 'gesture' - for which parallels are available -, A lek is etymologically connected with the independently reconstructable root PIE *leg-'(be[come]) equal' and thus traced back to a nominal pre-form *lóg-u- or *lóg-o-. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From Aristotle to Roman Jakobson to George Lakoff, Mark Johnson and others, the concept of metaphor has undergone substantial changes. This paper deals with conceptual metaphor in marketing language. At the heart of metaphorical conceptualisations are mappings between different conceptual domains, linking a newer or more complex, more abstract domain with a more familiar or simpler, more accessible one. In addition to denotative terms, a vast network of conceptual metaphors operates in marketing language, helping to shape and understand its key concepts. The most numerous category of conceptual metaphors are created with the key marketing variables of product, brand, consumer, enterprise and promotion as their reference points. The most common metaphors in marketing language are the living organism metaphor, the war metaphor (including the sports metaphor), the anthropomorphic metaphor, the medical metaphor. Metaphor is not an isolated phenomenon, but a resource used systematically in marketing language, with a substantial role in building the economic reality of the field, facilitating the understanding of abstract and complex marketing concepts by analogy with familiar areas of experience.

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of applying the Invited Inferencing Theory of Semantic Change in order to establish the semantic evolution of idioms with literal correlates, in particular somatisms or kinegrams. The methodology is applied to analyze the testimonies (until 1700) of Spanish somatism cerrar los ojos in a diachronic corpus of Spanish language (CORDE), so as to find out what inferences generated contextual meanings that conditioned its lexicalization as idiom, semanticizing symbolic meanings related to death, sleep, knowledge, irrationality, submission or trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the relation between lexicalization and grammaticalization in the pragmatic phraseological unit era să spun / să zic 'I was going to say' in Romanian. The analysis of its syntactic configurations and that of its semantic-pragmatic interpretations, as they appear in two contemporary corpora (CoRoLa and Romanian Web 2016), provide elements for an approach to the emergence of the metalinguistic marker era să spun / să zic. It is the avertive use (something is about to happen without this happening) of the structure "era + subjunctive of the verb a spune / a zice" that is at the origin of its metalinguistic discursive use: by avoiding saying something which has nevertheless been said the speaker intends to comment on his/her own discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Asia-Pacific Language Variation (APLV) is the property of John Benjamins Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper describes the lexicalization processes of the expositive adverb yijing in Chinese, taking the view that the lexicalization of yijing has been achieved by both syntactic and semantic–pragmatic contexts. There are two key processes: the grammaticalization of jing is the key factor for reanalysis of the structure yijing. Originally, jing could only be combined with NP. In the structure "yi + jing + NP experiences", jing acquired the context in which it was possible to combine with VP. When the VP was an active situation, jing was grammaticalized into a manner adverb, while when VP was a semelfactive situation, jing, the same with yi, became a state adverb for the past tense and perfect aspect. The lexicalization of yijing contains two processes, namely reanalysis and cohesion. In the structure "yi[relative time] + jing +VP", when there were complex elements, it was reanalyzed as "[yi + jing] + VP", where yijing functioned as a coordinate structure. If the structure "[yi + jing] + VP" was in a sufficient conditional clause and the VP was an accomplishment situation, "yi + jing" in this context acquired the pragmatic function to confirm that an event has happened, but it was still expressing the tense–aspect meanings of the sentence. In the 7th century, when VP was an achievement situation and had a perfective verb in it, yijing no longer bore the tense–aspect function and was specialized into a confirmative expositive adverb for pragmatic function, and the lexicalization processes finished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motion is considered as a fundamental concept in human cognitive system that could be represented in all languages differently. The present paper is going to explain that how lexicalization happens in motion compound verbs. This research is analytical descriptive, and is going to study the lexical meaning of the none-verbal elements and main verb elements such as (do, give, become, hit, eat, go, take, come, pull) according to Talmy’s theory(1985) ,and to find the amount of lexicalization of these verbs in Persian language which is divided into verb-framed and satellite-framed combined verbs. Another aim is to show the semantic meaning between its constructions. Thus, 100 combined verbs collected as non-head framed construction which consisted of mentioned verbs from Fargang-e-Sokhan (Anvari,1381). The results indicate that lexicalization happens both in root and satellite. It also shows that the meaning components of each head framed construction causes that special satellite accompanied with the mentioned verbs, thus the more fertility in satellite, the more lexicalization. Other results show that Persian compound verbs are more satellite-framed than verb-framed. Another result shows that according to Slobin’s theory (1960), speakers of verb-based languages as persian languags languages tend to remove the component of path in sentences.

This article discusses the diachronic development and the different uses of the reportative word dizque (diachronically based on diz que ‘she/he/it says that’) using data from Colombian and Mexican Spanish. The study presents a predominantly qualitative analysis of diachronic, twentieth- and twenty-first-century written data. The theoretical framework applied in this article is Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG), which is particularly useful in this context as it distinguishes between the interpersonal and representational functions of language. The main points made are: (i) dizque is an adverb that arose from a process of lexicalization rather than grammaticalization; (ii) in most of its uses, dizque has an interpersonal function in the sense that the Speaker instructs the Addressee that she/he is not the source of the information provided; (iii) by means of diachronic, dialectal, and typological data, it is shown that the scope of dizque is gradually decreasing; (iv) the only scope decrease that leads to a functional change of dizque is its application outside the context of speech-reports. FDG serves to account for each step in the scope decrease of dizque by means of its hierarchical approach to the actional and descriptive functions of verbal interaction.

Cross-linguistically, very few complete sentences, as opposed to a myriad of phrases, lexicalize to become words. I here offer an account for this skewed distribution, along the lines of Construction Grammar, by analyzing a set of mono-clausal sentences in Hebrew which have indeed become – or are on the verge of becoming – words. I adopt the distinction between categorical and thetic propositions, and show that only the latter can evolve into words. A thetic – unlike a categorical – proposition, much like a verb-phrase, enables a tight semantic bonding between its components to form an 'interpretatively cohesive' unit, which may lead to semantic change. An evaluative thetic – unlike a categorical – proposition is comment-like, hence 'semantically-incomplete', and in need of a topic from prior discourse to predicate on, which may lead to a change in grammatical status. All verb-phrases meet these two criteria but only few sentences do, hence, I argue, the skewed distribution of sources from which new words evolve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkic languages are critical in studies on evidentiality, since it is one of the language groups that have grammatical markers to indicate the source of information as the basis of a proposition. In this conceptual framework, -mIš, seen since Old Turkic, is considered as an aspect-tense marker or evidential, and er-miš as an evidential. The particle e(r)mish, which has been grammaticalized in most Turkic languages, is used for hearsay in Uzbek and then it was lexicalized as mish-mish(lar) by reduplication in the semantic domain of hearsay under evidentiality. The lexicalized morpheme is defined with the synonyms of 'rumor' as a lexical entry. Similar uses are found in other Turkic languages such as Kyrgyz, Kazakh and the Cypriot dialect of Turkish. The evolution of these items in four languages shows that grammatical markers of hearsay tend to lead to lexicalization. In this study, the lexicalization of the grammatical evidential is discussed in terms of the hearsay under evidentiality in Uzbek. The study aims to present data about lexicalized structures in Turkic languages, to explain the importance of evidentiality in communication and the role of the semantic domain in this process. Qualitative and quantitative research methods were used in the analysis. The findings indicate that mish-mish(lar) evolved from a bound-morpheme to a free-morpheme by reduplication over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the CCL corpus and the full-text retrieval system of Chinese books, the author investigates the lexicalization process, motivation and mechanism of " (zhishi)” from a diachronic perspective. The results show that the cross-layer structure" (zhishi)" first appeared in the Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty, it was lexicalized into adverbs under the joint action of prosodic constraints, the expansion of subsequent components, the change of syntactic position and the increase of frequency of use. Reanalysis is an important mechanism for the lexicalization of “(zhishi)”. Similarly, in the Tang Dynasty, the adverb “ (zhishi)" was also grammaticalized into a conjunction under the mechanism of context absorption. “ (zhishi)" as a cross-layer structure, an adverb and a conjunction is all used in modern Chinese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss a well-known puzzle about the lexicalization of logical operators in natural language, in particular connectives and quantifiers. Of the many logically possible operators, only few appear in the lexicon of natural languages: the connectives in English, for example, are conjunction and, disjunction or, and negated disjunction nor; the lexical quantifiers are all, some and no. The logically possible nand (negated conjunction) and Nall (negated universal) are not expressed by lexical entries in English, nor in any natural language. Moreover, the lexicalized operators are all upward or downward monotone, an observation known as the Monotonicity Universal. We propose a logical explanation of lexical gaps and of the Monotonicity Universal, based on the dynamic behaviour of connectives and quantifiers. We define update potentials for logical operators as procedures to modify the context, under the assumption that an update by ϕ depends on the logical form of ϕ and on the speech act performed: assertion or rejection. We conjecture that the adequacy of update potentials determines the limits of lexicalizability for logical operators in natural language. Finally, we show that on this framework the Monotonicity Universal follows from the logical properties of the updates that correspond to each operator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Terminologies’ Conceptual Normalization (P. I. Coulibaly, 2018, p. 429), a linguistic approach of terminology normalization within the theoretical framework of optimal terminology (P. I. Coulibaly, 2016) is based on the morphological (K. O. Yéo, 2012) and syntactic rules (A. D. Assanvo, 2010) of the language to be enriched with specific terminologies for a given terminological domain. In fact, the conceptual normalization is applied to the education domain in order to formalize into orthographic scripture the educational concepts’ denominations in senar language for teaching/learning senar language in Côte d’Ivoire modern educational system. The objective of Optimal Terminology Conceptual Normalization is the adaptation of the «mental lexicon» (I. Plag, 2003) collected from senar speaking community to the senar specialized lexicon of teaching/learning domain.

This study is an exercise in micro-scale comparison based on the semantic map approach. A semantic map is constructed for meanings associated with the word for ‘grain’ in four closely related South Mande languages: Dan Blowo, Tura, Mwan, and Wan. Although non-cognate, the words show remarkable similarity in their range of meanings, suggesting that newly introduced words are associated with the same networks of meanings as the words they come to replace. Differences between the languages boil down to the unavailability or reduced productivity of particular uses in one or two of the languages (Wan and to some extent Mwan). The original network is shown to have become significantly reduced in Wan, and to a lesser extent in Mwan.

The question of the semantic motivation of denominative relatives — significant units in the prepositional function is raised in the article. The influence on the volume and structure of the lexical part of the meaning of denominative relatives and their adverbial homonyms of the same semes inherited from the deriving name is comprehended. Peculiarities of semantization of adverbial and prepositional meanings are considered on the examples of relatives as a result and bypassing. It is proved that the ambiguity of ideas about semantic motivation largely determines the non-systematic fixation of homonymous service and significant units in dictionaries: adverbs are interpreted mainly through only one synonym and do not have a descriptive component in the definition, while prepositions are characterized by more detailed descriptive-synonymous definitions, including at least two partial synonyms. The analysis of dictionary entries and materials of the National Corpus of the Russian allows us to conclude that denominative relatives have a more complexly organized lexical part of the meaning than homonymous adverbs with the same generating base. It has been established that with the expansion of the system of meanings of a service language unit, there is a simplification of the seme composition of each individual meaning.

The conditions under which the borrowing and diffusion of Carpathian vocabulary of Romanian origin in the mountain dialects of Lesser Poland and the Sub-Carpathian region, as well as the morphological properties of Romanian nouns, seem to favor the phenomenon of agglutination (integration) of a definite article in loanwords. The study of lexemes (common nouns and toponyms) considered by some linguists to be of Romanian origin has led to the conclusion that the agglutination of the Romanian definite article is a sporadic phenomenon in the case of toponyms present in the Polish part of the Western Carpathians (region of Polish dialects). As for the common nouns, none continue the Romanian articulated form, and the endings that can be confused with the masculine definite article are Polish suffixes of Slavic origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Cuadernos de Filología Clásica: Estudios Griegos e Indoeuropeos is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present research endeavors to examine the distinct contextual settings of physicality within which motion events are articulated by Vietnamese speakers. The underlying theoretical framework of this study draws upon Talmy's lexicalization patterns, offering a solid foundation for analysis. To investigate this phenomenon, a corpus of motion event verbs was compiled from ten narratives and subsequently subjected to comprehensive scrutiny using the software tools Wordsmith and Endnote. The empirical findings of this investigation reveal that within the aerial domain, motion events are primarily expressed through the utilization of path-lexicalized verbs. Conversely, within the aquatic and terrestrial realms, these events are predominantly conveyed by employing manner-lexicalized verbs. To be more precise, Vietnamese speakers exhibit a proclivity towards the use of manner-lexicalized verbs when expressing motion, as opposed to path-lexicalized verbs. It is hoped that this study will make a valuable contribution to the field of Vietnamese linguistic typology by dissecting the semantic attributes inherent in these two distinct categories of motion verbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper takes up the issue of creating meanings, focusing the dynamic relation between lexicalization and conceptualization on the example of prepositions. By providing a systematic view of the specific meanings of the Contact Sense of the German preposition an (on, at) and its Polish, Spanish and English counterparts, the interface between the given real spatial relation of two objects, its lexicalization and the emerging conceptualization is highlighted. Special attention is paid to the role of the particular pieces of knowledge and experience being activated in creating these meanings in order to look closely at the concept of context as this context is usually interpreted differently by different researchers. The attempt to show what happens step by step when conceptualizing a real spatial relation and its linguistic expression fixed in the lexicalization pattern is motivated by the finding that the difficulty with clear determination and separation of the context information from the information actually creating the meaning is one of the reasons why studies on the cognitive aspects of the semantics of prepositions have been abandoned over time. The paper aims to contribute to the elaboration of an authoritative method of establishing and identifying meanings of prepositions, and to contribute to the discussion about the language-thought relation providing arguments supporting the view of language as a trigger for conceptualizations provided by the embodied cognition rather than as a tool shaping thoughts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]