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In this study, oleogels were prepared with rapeseed oil and coconut oil as oil phase and monoglyceride (MG), beeswax, rice bran wax, carnauba wax or candelilla (CLW) wax as gelling agent, and the effects of different concentrations of gelling agent (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) on the oil-holding capacity, textural properties and rheological properties of oleogels were investigated. The results showed that the oil-holding capacity of the oleogels prepared with 15% and more gelling agent was more than 96%; the melting characteristics of MG were most similar to those of butter, but the textual properties of oleogels prepared with a single gelling agent were not comparable to that of butter. Therefore, mixtures of MG and CLW in different proportions by mass were used to prepare oleogels with 15% oleogels and plant-based patties. The results showed that the oleogel prepared with a 3:7 mixture of MG and CLW was the closest to butter in terms of textural and rheological properties, and the resulting patty had the highest sensory quality, showing that this oleogel has a better potential for use as a fat substitute.

With the industrialization and urbanization of modern society as well as the diversified development of entertainment forms, the inheritance of shadow puppetry as a folk art is facing great challenges. Based on this, this paper uses modern digital technology to help traditional shadow play quickly realize digital transformation and adapt to the current era. The YOLOv5 model is used to recognize the body movements of a person manipulating shadow puppets in virtual space, monitor the interaction status between the person and the virtual shadow puppet characters in virtual space, and at the same time, use the loss function to calculate and categorize the data loss in the recognition process. In order to avoid the data loss caused by the action moving too fast or the light, this paper introduces the Kalman filter algorithm to recover the lost and incoherent actions. It thus constructs the interaction recognition model based on the Kalman filter to improve YOLO. After conducting experiments in this paper, it was found that the model built in this paper has an accuracy of 94% in recognition of unobstructed actions, and it takes 1.31 seconds to recognize them. For occluded actions, the recognition accuracy rate is 86%. Overall, the recognition interaction model constructed in this paper maintains a recognition accuracy rate of more than 85% for actions. In the experiment on processing virtual shadow play characters, the average generation time of the virtual models of any shadow play character is no more than 0.5 seconds. The model constructed in this paper has a superior performance in action recognition and virtual shadow play character processing.

Speciation events often occur with adaptive radiation. The factors that promote these adaptive radiating species diversity patterns have intrigued biologists for more than a century. In the present study, we used the adaptive radiated genus Ligustrum to evaluate the relative contributions of the environment, species interactions, phylogenetic diversity, and diversification rates in generating extant species diversity patterns. Using complete chloroplast genome data, we reconstructed the highly supported and dated backbone phylogenetic relationships of Ligustrum. Biogeographic results indicated that Ligustrum originated in Southwest China during the Oligocene and spread to suitable areas that were warm and humid via 18 dispersal events. For the overlapping ranges of species pairs, a smaller phylogenetic distance was detected in high species overlap than in low species overlap, which is consistent with no significant difference in niche among the different species. We found that the phylogenetic diversity and interspecies competition induced by insignificant niche divergence shaped the global pattern of Ligustrum diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caragana sensu lato (s.l.) includes approximately 100 species that are mainly distributed in arid and semi-arid regions. Caragana species are ecologically valuable for their roles in windbreaking and sand fixation. However, the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the genus Caragana are still unclear. In this study, we sequenced and assembled the chloroplast genomes of representative species of Caragana and reconstructed robust phylogenetic relationships at the section level. The Caragana chloroplast genome has lost the inverted repeat region and wascategorized in the inverted repeat loss clade (IRLC). The chloroplast genomes of the eight species ranged from 128,458 bp to 135,401 bp and contained 110 unique genes. All the Caragana chloroplast genomes have a highly conserved structure and gene order. The number of long repeats and simple sequence repeats (SSRs) showed significant variation among the eight species, indicating heterogeneous evolution in Caragana. Selective pressure analysis of the genes revealed that most of the protein-coding genes evolved under purifying selection. The phylogenetic analyses indicated that each section forms a clade, except the section Spinosae, which was divided into two clades. This study elucidated the evolution of the chloroplast genome within the widely distributed genus Caragana. The detailed information obtained from this study can serve as a valuable resource for understanding the molecular dynamics and phylogenetic relationships within Caragana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]