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SnO₂-based CO sensors have garnered significant attention due to their remarkable potential in gas sensing applications. This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the recent advances and future directions in SnO₂-based CO sensor development. A detailed examination of various synthesis methods, nanostructured designs, and innovative strategies to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity is provided. The study highlights the pivotal role of advanced fabrication techniques, such as quasi-molecular imprinting and doping with noble metals in improving sensor performance. A comparative analysis with other metal oxide-based sensors, including ZnO, In₂O₃, and WO₃, elucidates on SnO₂`s advantages in terms of the sensitivity and stability. However, challenges including the manufacturing complexity, scalability, stability, and cross-sensitivity are addressed, emphasising the need for continued research in these areas. The review also underscores the potential of AI and ML integration for enhanced sensor performance and real-time data analysis. The paper concludes by outlining future directions, including the exploration of hierarchical and composite structures, advancements in catalysts and dopants, scalable manufacturing processes, and applications in various sectors such as healthcare, industrial automation, and environmental monitoring.

This study presents an in-depth review of non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) sensors for methane detection, focusing on their principles of operation, performance characteristics, advanced signal processing techniques, multi-gas detection capabilities, and applications in various industries. NDIR sensors offer significant advantages in methane sensing, including high sensitivity, selectivity, and long-term stability. The underlying principles of NDIR sensors involve measuring the absorption of infrared radiation by the target gas molecules, leading to precise and reliable methane concentration measurements. Advanced signal processing techniques, such as single-frequency filtering and wavelet filtering algorithms, have been explored to improve the performance of the sensor by reducing noise, enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio, and achieving more accurate results. In the context of multi-gas detection, NDIR sensors face challenges due to overlapping absorption spectra. However, various solutions, including narrow-band optical bandpass filters, gas filter correlation techniques, and machine learning algorithms, have been proposed to address these issues effectively. This study delves into specific applications of NDIR sensors in various industries, such as coal mines, wastewater treatment plants, and agriculture. In these settings, NDIR sensors have demonstrated their reliability, accuracy, and real-time monitoring capabilities, contributing to environmental protection, safety, and energy recovery. Furthermore, the anticipated future trends and developments in NDIR methane detection technology are explored, including increased miniaturization, integration with artificial intelligence, improvements in power efficiency, and the development of multi-gas NDIR sensors. These advancements are expected to further enhance the capabilities and widespread adoption of NDIR sensors in methane detection applications.

Radiotherapy is a pivotal means of cancer treatment, but it often leads to radiation dermatitis, a skin injury caused by radiation-induced excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). Scavenging free radicals in the course of radiation therapy will be an effective means to prevent radiation dermatitis. This study demonstrates a novel double network hydrogel doped with MoS2 nanosheets for the prevention of radiation-induced dermatitis. The resultant SPM hydrogel constructed from polyacrylamide (PAM) and sodium alginate (SA) nanofiber presented favorable mechanical and adhesion properties. It could conform well to the human body's irregular contours without secondary dressing fixation, making it suitable for skin protection applications. The in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that the antioxidant properties conferred by MoS2 nanosheets enable SPM to effectively mitigate excessive ROS and reduce oxidative stress, thereby preventing radiation dermatitis caused by oxidative damage. Biosafety assessments indicated good biocompatibility of the composite hydrogel, suggesting SPM's practicality and potential as an external dressing for skin radiation protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Purpose Methods Results Conclusions Cardiac stereotactic body radiotherapy (CSBRT) is an emerging and promising noninvasive technique for treating refractory arrhythmias utilizing highly precise, single or limited‐fraction high‐dose irradiations. This method promises to revolutionize the treatment of cardiac conditions by delivering targeted therapy with minimal exposure to surrounding healthy tissues. However, the dynamic nature of cardiorespiratory motion poses significant challenges to the precise delivery of dose in CSBRT, introducing potential variabilities that can impact treatment efficacy. The complexities of the influence of cardiorespiratory motion on dose distribution are compounded by interplay and blurring effects, introducing additional layers of dose uncertainty. These effects, critical to the understanding and improvement of the accuracy of CSBRT, remain unexplored, presenting a gap in current clinical literature.To investigate the cardiorespiratory motion characteristics in arrhythmia patients and the dosimetric impact of interplay and blurring effects induced by cardiorespiratory motion on CSBRT plan quality.The position and volume variations in the substrate target and cardiac substructures were evaluated in 12 arrhythmia patients using displacement maximum (DMX) and volume metrics. Moreover, a four‐dimensional (4D) dose reconstruction approach was employed to examine the dose uncertainty of the cardiorespiratory motion.Cardiac pulsation induced lower DMX than respiratory motion but increased the coefficient of variation and relative range in cardiac substructure volumes. The mean DMX of the substrate target was 0.52 cm (range: 0.26–0.80 cm) for cardiac pulsation and 0.82 cm (range: 0.32–2.05 cm) for respiratory motion. The mean DMX of the cardiac structure ranged from 0.15 to 1.56 cm during cardiac pulsation and from 0.35 to 1.89 cm during respiratory motion. Cardiac pulsation resulted in an average deviation of –0.73% (range: –4.01%–4.47%) in V25 between the 3D and 4D doses. The mean deviations in the homogeneity index (HI) and gradient index (GI) were 1.70% (range: –3.10%–4.36%) and 0.03 (range: –0.14–0.11), respectively. For cardiac substructures, the deviations in D50 due to cardiac pulsation ranged from –1.88% to 1.44%, whereas the deviations in Dmax ranged from –2.96% to 0.88% of the prescription dose. By contrast, the respiratory motion led to a mean deviation of –1.50% (range: –10.73%–4.23%) in V25. The mean deviations in HI and GI due to respiratory motion were 4.43% (range: –3.89%–13.98%) and 0.18 (range: –0.01–0.47) (p < 0.05), respectively. Furthermore, the deviations in D50 and Dmax in cardiac substructures for the respiratory motion ranged from –0.28% to 4.24% and –4.12% to 1.16%, respectively.Cardiorespiratory motion characteristics vary among patients, with the respiratory motion being more significant. The intricate cardiorespiratory motion characteristics and CSBRT plan complexity can induce substantial dose uncertainty. Therefore, assessing individual motion characteristics and 4D dose reconstruction techniques is critical for implementing CSBRT without compromising efficacy and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the possible catalytic effect of black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) with specific exposed planes on chemiluminescence (CL) to improve CL intensity and achieve excellent analytical performance is one of the latest research hotspots. Herein, uniform BPQDs with highly exposed (113) facets and an average size of 2.2 nm were fabricated via a facile ultrasonic exfoliation strategy. The enhanced CL intensity in the BPQDs–luminol–K3Fe-(CN)6 system is attributed to the catalytic effect of BPQDs. The catalytic mechanism of BPQDs involved in luminol–K3Fe-(CN)6 CL is revealed by theoretical calculations, which show an adsorption Gibbs free energy for oxygen of −0.86 eV, accompanied by the separation of electron–hole pairs (e––h+). In other words, after being irradiated by the CL generated from luminol and K3Fe-(CN)6, the BPQDs effectively catalyze the decomposition of dissolved oxygen to produce superoxide radical anions, which further react with luminol to increase CL emission. The noticeable suppression of the CL signal in the presence of dopamine acquired under mild conditions makes it attractive for biosensor applications, deepening the understanding of BPQDs as efficient catalysts and promoting the potential development of BPQD-based materials in the fields of photonics, biomedicine, and electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]