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Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic non-infectious rhinitis disorder worldwide, especially in pediatric population. It affects 10%–40% of adults and 2%–25% of children globally. It manifests as rhinorrhea, excessive sneezing, nasal pruritus, nasal itching, nasal congestion, and runny nose. It also accompanies by other associated symptoms, such as asthma, sinusitis, and conjunctivitis . If they can not be treated timely and effectively, it can result in poor quality of daily life in children with AR. Thus, its effective management is very urgent. Smart medical health education (SMHE) is reported to help manage children with AR . It is defined as the Smart Medical (WeChat platform) comprising of medication treatment guidance, clinical effect supervision, daily life management, and health management for pediatric AR involving digital, integrated, and people-oriented intervention. It is more convenience to collect various real clinical data, providing comprehensive, correctly and timely health information for families of children with AR, and improving the AR management capabilities of families with children. Previous studies have reported that SMHE can benefit children with AR. However, no systematic review has explored this topic. Thus, this study will firstly investigate the effect of SMHE for the treatment of pediatric AR systematically.

Additional file 3: Supplementary tables. Table S1. Sensitivity analysis between patients with or without biomarker data. Table S2. Diagnostic accuracy of different cutoff values of biomarkers (n = 2349). Table S3. Diagnostic accuracy of simultaneously elevated biomarkers. Table S4. Diagnostic accuracy of the combination of FeNO and B-Eos count for asthma in randomly selected verification cohorts.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. ROC curves of biomarkers for asthma diagnosis in different categories. (A) The ROC curve of FeNO for asthma diagnosis when including patients with incomplete data. (B) Comparison of ROC curves between B-Eos count and B-Eos percentage when including patients with incomplete data. (C) Comparison of ROC curves of these two biomarkers in patients who underwent the bronchial provocation test. (D) Comparison of ROC curves of two biomarkers in patients who underwent the bronchial dilation test. (E) Comparison of ROC curves of these two biomarkers in women (who hardly smoke). (F) Comparison of ROC curves of these two biomarkers in non-obese patients (BMI < 25 kg/m2). Abbreviations: %B-Eos, percentage of blood eosinophils; BMI, body mass index. *Data were analyzed using the Hanley–McNeil non-parametric method.

Additional file 2: Figure S2. Adjusted odds ratios of having asthma or decreased FEV1 in different categories when including patients with incomplete data. (A) Adjusted odds ratios of having asthma based on progressively increasing FeNO. (B) Adjusted odds ratios of having asthma based on progressively increasing B-Eos counts. (C) Adjusted odds ratios of having decreased FEV1 based on progressively increasing FeNO. (D) Adjusted odds ratios of having decreased FEV1 based on progressively increasing B-Eos counts. Notes: Logistic regression models were used. P values were calculated by the Wald test. Estimates were adjusted. The Cochran–Armitage trend test was used to test whether there is a certain trend between two categorical variables. Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Purpose: To explore the structural characteristics and antioxidant properties of proteins extracted by salt extraction and ammonium sulfate precipitation (SEAP) from the larvae of Bombyx mori L. (PLB) that died due to infection with Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill.Methods: The extraction yield of PLB was measured, and protein patterns were examined by SDSPAGE. The amino acid composition of PLB was analyzed using an automatic amino acid analyzer while the structural characteristics of PLB were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and UV techniques. In addition, the antioxidant properties of PLB were investigated in vitro.Results: The extraction yield of PLB was 2.16 ± 0.04 %. PLB protein was mainly present in 10 – 20 and 25 – 35 kDa fractions. PLB consisted of 15 types of amino acids. Glu (12.45 ± 0.06), Ala (6.87 ± 0.11) and Val (4.55 ± 0.11) contents of PLB were significantly (p < 0.05) higher relative to that of other amino acids. PLB exhibited the FT-IR and UV spectra characteristics of proteins. In addition, PLB exhibited significant antioxidant effects (p < 0.05).Conclusion: The results indicate that PLB exhibits significant antioxidant effects and may be suitable for development into antioxidant drugs.Keywords: Bombyx mori L., Proteins, Structural characteristics, Antioxidant, Beauveria bassiana

Purpose: To explore the possible mechanism of Maillard reaction (MR) involvement in the steam processing of Panax notoginseng (PN) root.Methods: PN root was soaked in water for 24 h and then steamed at 100 °C using an autoclave for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h, respectively. Several indicators associated with MR during steam processing were measured. The pH and absorbance at 420 nm (A420) of samples were measured using a pH meter and an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, respectively. The contents of 5-hydroxy-methyl-furfural (5-HMF) and sugars were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) while amino acids were evaluated using an automatic amino acid analyzer.Results: During PN root steam processing (0 - 6 h), pH value gradually decreased from 6.35 ± 0.02 to 5.88 ± 0.03 while A420 value gradually increased from 0.23 ± 0.01 to 0.44 ± 0.02. The levels of reducing sugars (maltose and glucose) and amino acids (aspartic acid, glutamate, cysteine, lysine and arginine) in PN root decreased after steaming for 6 h. However, the content of 5-HMF in PN root increased with increase in steaming time.Conclusion: The results indicate that MR occurs during steam processing of PN root, and the reaction mechanism might be closely related to the reaction between the reducing sugars and amino acids.Keywords: Panax notoginseng, Steaming, Reducing sugars, Amino acids, Maillard reaction

Numerous reports have confirmed the effect of ApoE knockout in the induction of cardiovascular diseases and the protective effect of adiponectin against the progression of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to reveal the roles of adiponectin signaling in the progression of cardiovascular diseases induced by ApoE knockout and to analyze the healthy effects of aerobic exercise on ApoE knockout mice (ApoE(-/-) mice) through observing the changes of adiponectin signaling caused by ApoE knockout and aerobic exercise. A twelve-week aerobic exercise program was carried out on the male ApoE(-/-) mice and the C57BL / 6J mice (C57 mice) of the same strain. Results show that the body weights, blood lipid level, plasma adiponectin level and adiponectin-related proteins in myocardial tissue were all significantly changed by ApoE knockout. A twelve-week aerobic exercise program exerted only minimal effects on the body weights, blood lipid levels, and plasma adiponectin levels of ApoE(-/-) mice, but increased the expressions of four adiponectin-related proteins, AdipoR1, PPARα, AMPK and P-AMPK, in the myocardial tissue of the ApoE(-/-) mice. In summary, adiponectin signaling may play an import role in the progression of cardiovascular diseases induced by ApoE knockout, and the beneficial health effects of aerobic exercise on ApoE(-/-) mice may be mainly from the increased adiponectin-related protein expression in myocardial tissue. Key pointsA twelve-week aerobic exercise program exerted only limited effects on the body weights and the plasma adiponectin levels of both the normal mice and the ApoE(-/-) mice but did effectively regulate the blood lipid levels of the normal mice (but not the ApoE(-/-) mice).After 12 weeks of aerobic exercise, expression of the adiponectin-related proteins in the myocardial tissue of the ApoE(-/-) and normal mice was increased, but the increased amplitudes of these proteins in the ApoE(-/-) mice were much larger in the ApoE(-/-) mice than in the normal mice.Aerobic exercise might not alter the plasma adiponectin levels and blood lipid levels of ApoE(-/-) mice, but improve myocardial energy metabolism and relieve cardiovascular disease symptoms by increasing adiponectin-related protein expression in myocardial tissue.