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Affective computing focuses on recognizing emotions using a combination of psychology, computer science, and biomedical engineering. With virtual reality (VR) becoming more widely accessible, affective computing has become increasingly important for supporting social interactions on online virtual platforms. However, accurately estimating a person's emotional state in VR is challenging because it differs from real-world conditions, such as the unavailability of facial expressions. This research proposes a self-training method that uses unlabeled data and a reinforcement learning approach to select and label data more accurately. Experiments on a dataset of dialogues of VR players show that the proposed method achieved an accuracy of over 80% on dominance and arousal labels and outperformed previous techniques in the few-shot classification of emotions based on physiological signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) greatly improve the service performance of SiC‐based ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) in high‐temperature combustion chambers. Working environments with physical ablation, high temperature, and chemical corrosion require the performance of designed EBC materials and/or structures to be properly evaluated before their real applications. In this paper, EBCs' lifetime‐related phase stability, chemical compatibility, and microstructure retainability are discussed. And then, evaluation methods for basic and environmental properties of EBCs are thoroughly reviewed with newly proposed methods and improved techniques. Pros and cons of each method along with some potential strategies/techniques are also provided. We hope this article can give a timely and overall review for efficient and effective evaluation of EBCs and provide guidance not only for beginners but also for seasoned researchers when they design and develop high‐performance EBC systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hafnia doping is expected to improve the performance of the silicon‐bond layer of environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) for SiC‐based ceramic matrix composites. The optimal doping ratio, distribution of HfO2, and oxidation mechanism of the bond layer have not yet been fully addressed. A prototype Si–HfO2 bond layer with a designed HfO2‐rich area was used to examine its oxidation behavior. A random dispersion model was developed to calculate the optimal HfO2 doping ratio and its appropriate distribution state. The simulation results recommended that 20–30 vol% is the optimal doping ratio, where HfO2 is well dispersed inside Si without forming networks. This enables HfO2 to react with and consume SiO2 without accelerating oxygen diffusion inside the bond layer. This was confirmed by oxidation experiments on Si–xHfO2 tablets, in which the thinnest thermally grown oxide was achieved for the 20 vol% HfO2‐doped Si tablet. Both the microstructure design and material composition selection are highly important to further boost the performance of the EBCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interfacial strength plays a significant role in the mechanical properties of SiCf/SiC composites. The understanding of the micro-mechanisms of interfacial strength on mechanical properties at different temperature is important in application of SiCf/SiC composite. In the present work, the interfacial properties of ideal tensile strength and fracture toughness of SiC/BN interface at different temperature were studied based on molecular dynamics. It is revealed that the interfacial strength of Case Si (Si-terminated SiC/BN interface) decreases with the increase of temperature, resulting in the decrease of tensile strength and fracture toughness, while the interfacial strength of Case C (C-terminated SiC/BN interface) basically remains unchanged; so the interfacial properties of Case C are less affected by temperature. This phenomenon is well explained in terms of stress distribution and interface bonding number. Our results provide a good theoretical explanation for the high-temperature service performance of ceramic matrix composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wrist joint plays a vital role in activities of daily living. Clinical applications, e.g., therapeutic planning, prosthesis design, and wrist biomechanical analysis, require a detailed understanding of wrist maneuvers and motion. The lack of soft tissue information, motion analysis on limited carpal bones, etc., restrain the investigation of wrist kinematics. In this study, we established 3D models of carpal bones with their cartilages, and revealed the helical axes (HA) of all eight carpal bones for the first time. Both left and right hands at different positions of flexion-extension (FE) and radial-ulnar deviation (RUD) from five subjects were in-vivo imaged through a magnetic resonance imaging device. We segmented all of the bones, including cartilage information in the wrist joint, after which we explored the kinematics of all carpal bones with the HA method. The results showed that the HA of all carpal bones for FE bounded tightly and was mainly located slightly above the radius. During the RUD, carpal bones in the distal row rotated along with wrist movement while the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum primarily flexed and extended. Further results reported that the carpal bones translated greater in RUD than in FE. With the generation of more delicate wrist models and thorough investigations of carpal motion, a better understanding of wrist kinematics was obtained for further pathologic assessment and surgical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carpal bones are eight small bones with irregularities and high curvature on their surfaces. The 3D model of the carpal bone serves as the foundation of further clinical applications, e.g., wrist kinematic behavior. However, due to the limitation of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technique, reconstructed carpal bone models are discretely undersampled, which has dramatic stair-step effects and leads to abnormal meshes on edges or surfaces, etc. Our study focuses on determining the viability of various smoothing techniques for a carpal model reconstructed by in vivo gathered MR images. Five algorithms, namely the Laplacian smoothing algorithm, the Laplacian smoothing algorithm with pre-dilation, the scale-dependent Laplacian algorithm, the curvature flow algorithm, and the inverse distance algorithm, were chosen for evaluation. The assessment took into account the Relative Volume Difference and the Hausdorff Distance as well as the surface quality and the preservation of morphological and morphometric properties. For the five algorithms, we analyzed the Relative Volume Difference and the Hausdorff Distance for all eight carpal bones. Among all the algorithms, the scale-dependent Laplacian method processed the best result regarding surface quality and the preservation of morphological and morphometric properties. Based on our extensive examinations, the scale-dependent Laplacian algorithm is suitable for the undersampled carpal bone model with small volume and large curvature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Swanson silicone prosthesis was one of the first devices to realize total wrist arthroplasty (TWA). It has been used regularly since the early 1960s. This systematic review of the literature evaluated the status quos of TWA. The present study was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. A literature search was made in Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library databases. The focus of the present study was on implant survivorship and related functional outcomes. Data from 2286 TWA (53 studies) were collected. Fifteen studies were included for the analysis of implant survivorship. Fifteen studies were included for the analysis of pain. Twenty-eight studies were included for the analysis of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score. Grip strength was tracked in 16 studies. The range of motion (RoM) was evaluated in 46 studies. For supination and pronation, 18 articles were available. Despite some methodological heterogeneities, TWA may be effective and safe in pain reduction and improving function and motion. There is still a range for a future improvement of the procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A branched DETA@MUG resin that can co-crosslink PAE is obtained via DETA bridging. • Interactions of branched DETA@MUG resin in SM-based multiple networks are revealed. • DETA-induced branched structures improve toughness of SM-based resin by 64.3%. • Bridge assistance balances mechanical and biodegradation properties of biocomposite. • Water resistance of composite increases by 462% without decreasing biodegradability. The cost-effective fabrication of environmentally friendly soybean meal (SM)-based biocomposites with tailorable biodegradability, mechanical properties, and water resistance remains a challenge. Herein, a novel bridge assistance strategy to effectively balance the performance of SM-based biocomposites was designed by constructing multiple tailorable networks using diethylenetriamine (DETA), melamine-urea-glyoxal (MUG), and polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resins. The Schiff's base reaction between DETA and MUG yielded a more reactive, branched DETA@MUG crosslinker, which could efficiently form co-crosslinks with long-chained PAE. Owing to the stronger bridge interactions of DETA, the obtained PAE/DETA@MUG co-crosslinks were more stable than those formed using PAE and MUG alone. Consequently, the PAE/DETA@MUG co-crosslinker system effectively reinforced the multiple networks and the performance of the SM-based biocomposites via the formation of more DETA@MUG–protein, PAE–protein, PAE–carbohydrate, and PAE–wood crosslinks, resulting in improvements in the dry tensile strength (158.2%) and water resistance (461.9%). Moreover, the multiple networks formed by branched DETA@MUG were beneficial for balancing the interior forces of the obtained SM-based resin, thereby improving its toughness by 64.3%. The DETA bridge also decreased the numbers of stable PAE–wood and PAE–SM bonds in the SM-based biocomposites while ensuring the necessary PAE/DETA@MUG co-crosslinks, which improved the biodegradation rate by 16.2% without compromising the mechanical properties and water resistance. Therefore, this bridge assistance strategy is highly suited for the commercial production of SM-based polymers and biocomposites with balanced mechanical properties, water resistance, and biodegradability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution, Ag-modified g-C3N4 photocatalysts with different Ag loading were prepared by a facile photoreduction method. The photocatalysts prepared were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPV), respectively. The separation efficiency of photo-induced charge pairs was studied using benzoquinone (BQ) as scavenger. The activities of the photocatalysts were evaluated by decolorization of rhodamine B aqueous solution under simulated solar illumination. Compared to g-C3N4, Ag/g-C3N4 photocatalysts exhibit enhanced photocatalytic performance due to the improved separation efficiency of photo-generated charge pairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic performance of (BiO) 2 CO 3 is limited by the high recombination rate of photo-generated carriers, thus it is imperative to promote the photocatalytic activity of (BiO) 2 CO 3 . In this study, (BiO) 2 CO 3 with enhanced sunlight photocatalytic performance was prepared through a hydrothermal routine with the assistance of ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethel-3-methylimdazolium hydrosulfate ([EMIm]HSO 4 ). The photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size analyzer and surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPS). The photocatalytic activities of the samples were evaluated using methyl orange (MO) as model pollutant. The results reveal that IL-(BiO) 2 CO 3 exhibits better photocatalytic performance than the reference of (BiO) 2 CO 3 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ag 2 CO 3 /(BiO) 2 CO 3 composites have been fabricated in-situ via a facile parallel flaw co-precipitation method. The specific surface area, structure, morphology, and the separation rate of photo-induced charge pairs of the photocatalysts were characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(DRS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and surface photovoltage (SPV) spectroscopy, respectively. XRD patterns and DRS demonstrated that Ag 2 CO 3 has no effect on the crystal phase and bandgap of (BiO) 2 CO 3 . The existence of Ag 2 CO 3 in the composites enhances the separation rate of photo-induced charge pairs of the photocatalysts. The photocatalytic performance of Ag 2 CO 3 /(BiO) 2 CO 3 was evaluated by the decolorization of methyl orange (MO) aqueous solution under simulated solar irradiation. It was found that the simulated solar-induced photocatalytic activity of Ag 2 CO 3 /(BiO) 2 CO 3 copmposites was significantly improved, which was mainly attributed to the enhanced surface area and the separation rate of photo-induced charge pairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(BiO) 2 CO 3 /BiOI heterojunctions were prepared in-situ by a pore impregnating method using HI aqueous solution. The specific surface area, structure, morphology, and charge separation properties of the heterostructures prepared were characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and surface photovoltage (SPV) spectroscopy, respectively. The active species were investigated using scavengers. The photocatalytic activities of (BiO) 2 CO 3 /BiOI heterojunctions towards discoloration of rhodamine B (RhB) under simulated sun light irradiation were evaluated. Benefiting from enhanced charge separation efficiency, the composite photocatalysts exhibit higher photocatalytic performance than the pure BiOI. Finally, the possible reason was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, BiOI decorated TiO 2 photocatalysts were prepared in-situ by a facile hydrothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and surface photovoltage (SPV) spectroscopy. The reactive radicals during the photocatalytic reaction were detected by scavenger experiments. BiOI/TiO 2 composites exhibit higher performance than the pure TiO 2 towards photocatalytic decolorization of methyl orange (MO) aqueous solution, when the molar ratio of Bi/Ti is 2%, the sample has the highest photocatalytic activity. The enhanced photocatalytic performance of BiOI/TiO 2 could be ascribed to the separation properties of photo-induced charge carriers and strong interaction between BiOI and TiO 2 . Based on the observations, a Z-scheme charge separation mechanism was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SO 4 2− decorated g-C 3 N 4 with enhanced photocatalytic performance was prepared by a facile pore impregnating method using (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 solution. The photocatalysts were characterized by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and surface photovoltage (SPV) spectroscopy, respectively. The separation efficiency of photo-generated charge was investigated using benzoquinone as scavenger. The results demonstrate that sulfating of g-C 3 N 4 increases the adsorption of rhodamine B on g-C 3 N 4 , the hydroxyl content and the separation efficiency of photo-generated charge. The photocatalytic activity of SO 4 2− /g-C 3 N 4 for decolorization of rhodamine B and methyl orange (MO) aqueous solution was evaluated. The result shows that loading of 6.0 wt% SO 4 2− results in the best photocatalytic activity under simulated solar irradiation and SO 4 2− play an important role in boosting the photocatalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphate-decorated g-CN photocatalysts with enhanced photo-induced charge separation in visible light region and sun light-driven photocatalytic performance were prepared by a facile pore impregnation approach. The photocatalysts were characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and surface photovoltage spectroscopy, respectively. The results show that decorating g-CN by phosphate increases the adsorption of rhodamine B on the photocatalysts and the rate of photo-induced charges separation, especially the photo-induced charge separation rate in visible light region. The photocatalytic activities of g-CN decorated by phosphate for decolorization of rhodamine B aqueous solution were evaluated. The result shows that when the concentration of phosphate is 4 M, g-CN modified exhibits the best photocatalytic activity under simulated solar irradiation and the possible reason is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To produce flame resistance wood-based product with increased physical properties, wood were treated with nitrogen–phosphorous based flame retardant coupled with reactive urea–formaldehyde (UF) oligomer (denoting as APPUF). Flame retardancy and dimensional stability of treated wood in antiswelling efficiency (ASE) and water repellent efficiency (WRE) were evaluated. Thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) technique were used to investigate the thermal degradation of treated wood. The results indicated that the dimensional stability was significant improved with impregnation of APPUFs. The largest ASE value of 52% was obtained by treatment of APPUF1.0 with 20% concentration. The flame retardant was found to be incorporating into the cell wall structure with scanning electronic microscopic (SEM) test. Flame retardant treated wood could approach to the nonflammable material range with the highest LOI value of 78% using 25% concentration treatment. Thermal decomposition analysis demonstrated that the improvement of flame retardancy of treated wood was achieved through dehydration of polysaccharides and forming of protective char shield, terminating heat and oxygen transferring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfate (SO 4 2− ) modified silica–titania (SiO 2 –TiO 2 ) composite photocatalysts with different loadings of SO 4 2− were prepared by a facile pore impregnating method using ammonium persulfate (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 solution. The surface parameters, structure, morphology, the adsorption ability of light, the binding energy of Ti2p and O1s, and the formation rate of OH radicals produced during the photocatalytic reaction process were characterized by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and terephthalic acid photoluminescence probing technique (TA-PL), respectively. The results reveal that sulfating of SiO 2 –TiO 2 induces the shift of Ti2p and O1s, and increases the adsorption of rhodamine B on the sulfated photocatalysts and the formation rate of OH radicals produced during the photocatalytic reaction process. The photocatalytic activity of SO 4 2− /SiO 2 –TiO 2 for de-colorization of rhodamine B aqueous solution was evaluated. The result shows that when wt% of SO 4 2− is 8.6%, SO 4 2− /SiO 2 −TiO 2 exhibits the best photocatalytic activity under ultraviolet light irradiation and the possible reason is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ga-doped SnO with different molar ratios of Ga/Sn (1, 2, 3, and 4 %) was prepared by a facile co-precipitation route. The photocatalysts prepared were characterized by N adsorption-desorption measurements, X-ray diffraction, UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope. The separation efficiency of photo-generated charge was studied using benzoquinone as scavenger. Hydroxyl radicals produced during photocatalytic process were detected by a terephthalic acid photoluminescence probing technique. Doping Ga into SnO can greatly enhance the separation efficiency of photo-induced charge and the formation rate of hydroxyl radicals. The superoxide radical is the main active species during the photocatalytic process. The catalytic activity of photocatalysts for decolorization of methyl orange in aqueous solution was investigated. Among the photocatalysts prepared, Ga-doped SnO with 3 %Ga possesses the best photocatalytic activity and the underlying mechanism is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SiO2-ZnO composite photocatalysts with different ZnO content (wt%) were synthesized by sol-gel method. The specific surface area, structure, the adsorption ability of light, the relative hydroxyl content and the photo-induced charge separation rate of the photocatalysts prepared were characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and surface photovoltage. The photocatalytic performance of SiO2-ZnO for decolorization of methyl orange aqueous solution was investigated; the results demonstrate that SiO2-ZnO composite photocatalyst with 40%ZnO possesses the best photocatalytic activity and the possible reason was suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Gallium (Ga)-doped hematite (α-Fe2O3) with different molar ratios of Ga/Fe (1%, 2%, 3% and 4%) was prepared by a facile parallel flow co-precipitation method. The photocatalysts prepared were characterized by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, X-ray diffraction, UV/vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope. The photo-generated charges separation efficiency of different photocatalysts was investigated using benzoquinone as scavenger. The formation rate of OH radicals produced during the photocatalytic reaction process was studied by a terephthalic acid photoluminescence probing technique. Doping Ga3+ into α-Fe2O3 increases the specific surface area and the separation efficiency of photo-induced charges. The catalytic activity of the photocatalysts for decolorization of methyl orange aqueous solution was investigated. The results show that α-Fe2O3 doped with 3% Ga possesses the best photocatalytic activity. The underlying mechanism is suggested. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The wrist is by far the most differentiated section of the musculoskeletal system. The spectrum of wrist injuries ranges from minor injuries to complex traumas with simultaneous loss of functions, resulting in enormous economic costs. A proper understanding of the anatomy and biomechanics is essential for effective treatment, whether conservative or surgical; this applies to the wrist no less than to other parts of the human body. Here; information on the wrist anatomy; kinematics; and biomechanical behavior is presented, commencing with a brief explanation of the structure of its hard and soft tissues. Eight carpal bones in combination with two forearm bones (radius and ulna) construct the wrist joint. The motion of the wrist joint is initiated by the muscles of the forearm, and strong and short ligaments ensure the stability of the wrist. All of these components are essential to bringing functions to the wrist joint because these structures allow wrist mobility and sustainability. In addition, the kinematics of the wrist joint is presented and different biomechanical model approaches. The therapeutic (surgical) restoration of the balance between the load–bearing capacity and the actual stress on a joint is the prerequisite for a lifelong and trouble-free function of a joint. Regarding the complex clinical problems, however, a valid biomechanical wrist joint model would be necessary as assistance, to improve the success of systematized therapies based on computer–aided model–based planning and intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titania (TiO)-based photocatalysts decorated with different amounts of indium oxide (InO) were prepared by a pore impregnating method and characterized by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The separation efficiency of photogenerated charges was investigated using benzoquinone (BQ) as scavenger. The activities of the photocatalysts were evaluated by decolorization of methyl orange (MO) aqueous solution under ultraviolet-light irradiation. Compared to TiO, InO/TiO composites show improved photocatalytic performance due to the coupling effect of TiO and InO, which greatly improves the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In2O3/Bi2O3 composite photocatalysts with different In2O3 content were prepared using a pore impregnation method with Bi2O3 as the substrate. The composite photocatalysts exhibit enhanced photocatalytic activity compared to Bi2O3 for the degradation of aqueous methyl orange (MO) solution under solar irradiation. The samples were characterized in terms of BET surface area, X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and surface photovoltage (SPV). On the basis of the results, a mechanism is proposed to account for the enhanced photocatalytic activity of these In2O3/Bi2O3 composites. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Fe2O3 increases the BET surface area of photocatalysts. [•] Fe2O3 enlarges the light absorption range and decreases the band gap of composites. [•] The photo-induced charge separation efficiency has been changed. [•] The photocatalytic activity has been greatly influenced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphite carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) has caught far-ranging concern for its masses of advantages, for instance, the unique graphite-like two-dimensional lamellar structure, low cost, nontoxic, suitable bandgap of 2.7 eV and favorable stability. Whereas owing to the shortcomings of low solar absorptivity and fast recombination of photo-induced charge pairs, the overall quantum efficiency of photocatalysis for g-C 3 N 4 is suboptimal, resulting in limited practicality of g-C 3 N 4 (GCN). In our study, modified g-C 3 N 4 materials (HCN) with ample carbon vacancies (CVs) were obtained through calcinating of g-C 3 N 4 in H 2 atmosphere. Higher specific surface area and more active sites of HCN were induced by roasting of g-C 3 N 4 in H 2. CVs that occurred in the N-(C 3) bond lead to the reduction of electron density around N, thus narrowing the bandgap of HCN-3h and enlarging corresponding light response capability. Under the synergistic function of abundant pore construction and CVs on HCN, the photo-excited e−/h+ pairs can be memorably separated and transferred, which is favorable to photocatalytic efficiency. Among HCN, the HCN-3h sample has the highest H 2 generation rate of 4297.9 μmol h−1 g−1, which achieves 2.3-fold higher than that of GCN (1291.7 μmol h−1 g−1). This paper brings forward a meaningful method of boosting the photocatalytic performance of photocatalysts by constructing abundant CVs. • g-C 3 N 4 in H 2 atmosphere boosts the textural properties. • g-C 3 N 4 with abundant carbon defects was obtained by treating in H 2 atmosphere. • Carbon vacancies facilitate the separation efficiency of photo-induced charges. • The solar-driven photocatalytic H 2 evolution performance has been facilitated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The effects of flame retardant action of wood treated with flame retardants that were obtained from phosphorus acid, pentaerythritol, urea, and triethanolamine through copolycondensation were studied in this research. Flame retardancy was characterized by limiting oxygen index (LOI), and the Broido method was used to evaluate the kinetics of thermal decomposition on untreated and treated wood. The effectiveness of these flame retardants was also investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of char formed after LOI tests. The results showed that adding the flame retardant decreases the thermal activation energy at a high degree of degradation, leading to the increase of LOI values. SEM images of chars showed the formation of protective polymeric coatings on char surfaces, and such coatings protected the substrate from damaging, resulting the integrity of wood fiber morphology and improvement of flame retardancy of wood during burning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been reported that three aza crowned Schiff cobalt(II) complexes have been synthesised and characterised, and that the metallomicelles, made up of the three cobalt(II) complexes and surfactants(LSS, Brij35, CTAB) as mimic hydrolytic metalloenzyme, were used in the catalytic hydrolysis of carboxylic ester (PNPP) over a pH range of 7.0 - 8.2. The results revealed that the metallomicelles made up of the three cobalt(II) complexes and the surfactants are both efficient for catalysing PNPP hydrolysis with about three orders of magnitude in rate acceleration compared with the background rate of PNPP spontaneous hydrolysis. The effect of different surfactant micelles on the catalytic hydrolysis of PNPP in the metallomicelles follows the order: LSS>Brij35>CTAB. The results showed that using the aza crowned Schiff base cobalt(II) complexes and their metallomicelles as the hydrolase mimics exhibit good catalytic activity and similar catalytic character to natural enzyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been reported that two cobalt(II) complexes of the Schiff base with morpholino or aza-crown ether pendants were synthesized and characterized, and the metallomicelles made up of the two cobalt(II) complexes and surfactants(LSS, Brij35, CTAB), as mimic hydrolytic metalloenzyme, were used in catalytic hydrolysis of carboxylic ester (PNPP) over a pH range of 7.0-8.2. The results clearly revealed that the metallomicelles made of the aforementioned cobalt(II) complexes and the surfactants are both efficient for catalyzing PNPP hydrolysis with about three orders of magnitude in rate acceleration compared with the background rate of PNPP spontaneous hydrolysis. The effect of different surfactant micelles on the catalytic hydrolysis of PNPP in the metallomicelles follows the order: LSS > Brij35 > CTAB. The results showed that the Schiff base cobalt(II) complexes and their metallomicelles as hydrolase mimics exhibit good catalytic activity and similar catalytic character to natural enzyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, α-Fe 2 O 3 photocatalyst with enhanced solar-driven photocatalytic activity was prepared by a facile hydrothermal routine with the assistance of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The surface parameters, the distribution of particle size, structure, morphology, and the photo-induced charge separation rate of the photocatalyst prepared (CTAB-Fe 2 O 3 ) were characterized by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, particle size analyzer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface photovoltage (SPV) spectroscopy, respectively. The results reveal that CTAB alters the surface parameter and the morphology, decreases the particle size, and enhances the photo-induced charge separation rate of α-Fe 2 O 3 . The photocatalytic activity of CTAB-Fe 2 O 3 for decolorization of methyl orange (MO) solution was evaluated. The results show that the photocatalytic activity of CTAB-Fe 2 O 3 is more than five times of that of the reference Fe 2 O 3 and the possible reason was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel concept for high efficient shape alignment was proposed by transferring shapes in Cartesian coordinate system into polar coordinate system. • Various energy terms were integrated to handle poor image quality in magnetic resonance wrist images, e.g., occlusion, blurry boundary, noises, and intensity inhomogeneity. • The proposed approach was validated on 15 in-vivo acquired wrist magnetic resonance imaging datasets. • The results indicated a superior performance on accuracy and efficiency over the comparisons. Segmentation on carpus provides essential information for clinical applications including pathological evaluations, therapy planning, wrist biomechanical analysis, etc. Along with the acquisition procedure of magnetic resonance (MR) technique, poor quality of wrist images (e.g., occlusion, low signal-to-noise ratio, and contrast) often causes segmentation failure. In this work, to address such problems, a shape prior enhanced level set model was proposed. By transferring a shape contour in Cartesian Coordinate System (COS) into a curve in Polar Coordinate System (POS), parameters describing conventional shape invariance, i.e., translations, rotation, and scale were simplified into a single parameter for phase shift, which strongly improved algorithm efficiency. Given a training set in COS, a confidence interval representing the corresponding curves in POS was utilized as the shape prior set term in the model. Integrated with an edge detector, a local intensity descriptor, and a regularization term, the proposed method further possessed abilities against noise, intensity inhomogeneity as well as re-initialization problem. Images from 15 in-vivo acquired MR-datasets of the human wrist were used for validation. The performance of the proposed method has been compared with three state-of-the-art methods. We reported a Dice Similarity Coefficient of 96.88±1.20%, a Relative Volume Difference of -1.53±3.01%, a Volume Overlap Error of 6.03±2.23%, a 95% Hausdorff Distance of 1.43±0.66 mm, an Average Symmetric Surface Distance of 0.50±0.17 mm, and a Root Mean Square Distance of 0.71±0.25 mm for the proposed method. The time consumption was 36.03±19.98 s. Experimental results indicated that, compared with three other methods, the proposed method achieved significant improvement in terms of accuracy and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We aimed to evaluate platelet activation and fibrinolyis in acute atherosclerotic ischemic stroke patients to clarify the relationship between them. Plasma P-selectin antigen, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) antigen and activity, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity were determined in 60 acute atherosclerotic stroke patients and matched control subjects. All patients were examined within 72h after stroke onset. The levels of P-selectin, tPA antigen, and PAI-1 activity were all significantly higher in stroke patients compared with controls (all p <0.0001); the level of tPA activity was significantly lower in patients than that in controls (p <0.0001). These markers did not change much at different time points within 72h. In stroke group, P-selectin concentration was highly correlated to PAI-1 activity (r =0.8433, p <0.001), but not to tPA antigen (r =−0.1752, p >0.05), and tPA activity (r =0.2465, p >0.05), which was further confirmed in the multiple linear regression analysis (F =47.052, p <0.0001). Our results indicate increased platelet activation and decreased fibrinolysis in patients with acute atherosclerotic ischemic stroke. Increased platelet activation may be correlated with decreased fibrinolysis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Phenolic resins (PRs) find extensive use in adhesives and constructions, but they suffer from low curing rate and high brittleness. Herein, we drew inspiration from the lobster sclerotization process and proposed a simple approach to fabricate PRs by integrating pyrogallol‐functionalized graphene nanoplatelets (PG@GnPs), amine‐terminated hyperbranched phosphonitrilic chloride trimer (HPNC), and phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin. The resulting PRs exhibited significant improvements in comprehensive performance. The onset curing temperature decreased from 115.6 to 101.7°C, while the adhesion work increased by 126.5% and the toughness increased by 494%. Additionally, the wet bonding strength increased by 68.7% and the flexural strength increased by 208%. The accelerated curing rate was attributable to the oxidative crosslinking between catechol moieties in pyrogallol and amino groups in HPNC under alkaline conditions, as well as the high reactivity between pyrogallol or amino groups and PF chains. The outstanding mechanical properties were resulted from the synergistic enhancement effects of PG@GnPs and HPNC, which effectively transferred and absorbed energy upon loading. Overall, this work presented an attractive design strategy for developing high‐performance and multifunctional polymer composites. Highlights: A bioinspired strategy was proposed for preparing advanced phenolic resins.PG@GnPs were produced via a green and low‐cost ball milling method.Adhesion work and toughness increased by 126.5% and 494%, respectively.Bonding and flexural strength have improved by 68.7% and 208%, respectively.Significantly accelerated curing rate was achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of multifunctional bio‐adhesive plays a critical role in achieving a sustainable society, where the intrinsic sensitivity to water and poor dynamics severely bottlenecks its scale‐up application. Inspired by the microstructure of dragonfly wings, a strong and tough adhesive with excellent reprocessability is designed and developed by creating a dynamic network consisting of a lignin polyurea (LPU) framework with soybean protein (SP). The LPU framework act as the rigid nervures to slow crack propagation and transfer stress, while the SP dissipate the strain energy through the interplay from the graded hydrogen and imine bonds generated between LPU and SP. The bio‐adhesive achieves significant enhancements in fracture toughness and water resistance by ≈7 and 23 folds, respectively, compared with SP. Furthermore, the capacity for diffusion and restoration of dynamic network endows the adhesive with superior reprocessability, enabling recycled particleboard to achieve high retention of modules (over 80%). This sustainable bio‐adhesive approach offers a promising eco‐friendly alternative to the conventional petrochemical adhesive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the escalating prevalence of electromagnetic pollution, there is an urgent need for the development of high‐performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials. Herein, wood‐based electromagnetic shielding materials have gained significant popularity due to their exceptional performance as building materials. In this study, a novel wood‐based composite with electromagnetic shielding properties is developed. Through the in situ growth of zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) crystals on wood fibers, coupled with uniform integration of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), a multifunctional composite named ZIF‐8/Poplar‐CNT composite is synthesized via a one‐step thermoforming process. The incorporation of CNTs endows the composites with excellent EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE). Among these elements, despite ZIF‐8 crystals not possessing intrinsic electromagnetic shielding functionality, their distinctive dodecahedral structure proves adept at scattering and reflecting electromagnetic waves within the composites, further improving the electromagnetic shielding effect. Hence, the ZIF‐8/Poplar‐CNT composite (56.95 dB) has ≈10 dB higher EMI SE compared to that of the composites without ZIF‐8 crystals. Meanwhile, ZIF‐8 crystals endow the materials with excellent tensile strength (54.84 MPa, enhanced by 4 times). Moreover, the introduction of Zn2+ provides superior antibacterial properties. The potential applications of ZIF‐8/Poplar‐CNT composites extend to diverse areas such as building decoration, electronic products, and medical equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transparent wood (TW) combining unique anisotropic structure has broad application prospects in the field of advanced building furniture materials. Many efforts have been made to add quantum dots or nanoparticles to TW to endow it with additional functionality, such as luminescent, electrochromic, and thermochromic TW. However, luminous TW with shape‐editable functionality and its new applications have yet to be explored. Benefiting from the excellent luminescence performance in a diluted solution state, BODIPY (4,4‐difluoro‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diazas‐indacene) dyes have been widely used for bio‐sensing and bioimaging. In addition, vitrimers exhibit excellent stimuli‐responsive, shape‐memory, and reprocessing properties thanks to exchangeable dynamic covalent crosslinking networks, which are suitable for fabricating smart TW. Herein, combing these advantages, a dual‐functional transparent wood composite (P‐SEFTW) with photoluminescent and shape editable function was developed by introducing BODIPY dyes and vitrimers into the delignified wood (DW) templates. P‐SEFTW displays good UV luminescence, unique light guiding and directional scattering effects. Meanwhile, it shows excellent shape‐recovery, shape‐programming, shape‐erasing, and re‐programming capability under thermal‐stimulus. These characteristics enable TW to exhibit great prospect as an advanced smart and functional building material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of the extended state observer (ESO) in an Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) is limited by the operational load in stepper motor control, which has high real-time requirements and may cause delays. Additionally, the complexity of parameter tuning, especially in high-order systems, further limits the ESO's performance. This paper proposes a composite ADRC (LTDRO-ADRC) based on a load torque dimensionality reduction observer (LTDRO). Firstly, the LTDRO is designed to estimate abrupt load disturbances that are difficult to compensate for using the ESO. Secondly, the transfer function under the double-closed loop is deduced. Additionally, the LTDRO uses a magnetic encoder to gather the system state and calculate the load torque. It then outputs a compensating current feedforward to the current loop input. This method reduces the delay and complexity of the ESO, improving the response speed of the ADRC speed ring and the overall response of the system to load changes. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that it significantly enhances dynamic control performance and steady-state errors. LTDRO-ADRC can stabilize the speed again within 49 ms and 17 ms, respectively, in the face of sudden load increase and sudden load removal. At the same time, in terms of steady-state error, compared with ADRC and CADRC, they have increased by 94% and 88%, respectively. In terms of zero-speed starting motors, the response speed is increased by 58% compared to a traditional ADRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) has aroused wide concern in the domain of photocatalytic hydrogen production owing to its excellent advantages. However, the high recombination rate of photoinduced electron-hole pairs and finite surface area limit the photocatalytic performance of g-C 3 N 4. In this demonstration, g-C 3 N 4 photocatalytic material (VCN) with rich pore structures and carbon vacancies was obtained by heat-treating of g-C 3 N 4 in NH 3 atmosphere. The pore structures endow VCN with a higher specific surface area and new active surfaces. Meanwhile, introduction of carbon vacancies increases the electrical conductivity of VCN and the mobility of photoinduced carriers, which markedly enhances the separation efficiency of photoexcited carriers. Furthermore, VCN also shows a wider light response range and stronger visible light absorption capacity. Therefore, VCN has a better photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance with visible light than the pristine g-C 3 N 4 , and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance of VCN is approximately 4.4 times that of the pristine g-C 3 N 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To promote the application of SiC/SiC in hot-end components in aero-engines, the thermal shock behavior of SiC/SiC and SiC/SiC-EBC were investigated in gas combustion environment between 450 °C and 1200 °C. The tensile strength change, microstructure evolution and thermal cycling performance of samples after 200, 400, 1000 and 2000 cycles were studied respectively to reveal the damage and failure mechanism. Cracking damage induced by thermal stress was the main reason for performance degradation of SiC/SiC after initial thermal cycles, then oxidation/corrosion damage dominated with increasing cycles. The oxidation/corrosion damage to SiC/SiC was effectively inhibited by EBC with almost no reduction in strength. However, the poor crack resistance of SiC/SiC was the main factor affecting its thermal shock performance. Improving the crack resistance or self-healing ability of SiC/SiC and combining it with EBC is considered to be an effective strategy to increase its service lifetime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The oxidation of styrene with molecular oxygen at 25°C under normal atmospheric pressure of O2 occurs efficiently in the presence of Schiff base Mn(III) complexes bearing aza crown ether pendant. Crown ether effect on the catalytic oxidation of styrene is discussed, and the alkali metal ions and alkali earth metal ions added into the oxidation system can accelerate the conversion of styrene into benzaldehyde. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the realm of sensorless control for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), the flux observer algorithm is widely recognized. However, the estimation accuracy of rotor position is adversely impacted by the interference from DC bias and high-order harmonics. To address these issues, an advanced flux observation method, second-order generalized integrator flux observer extend (SOGIFO-X), is introduced in this paper. The study begins with a theoretical analysis to establish the relationship between flux observation error and rotor position error. The SOGIFO-X method, developed in this study, is compared with traditional methods such as the Low Pass Filter (LPF) and second-order generalized integrator flux observer (SOGIFO), employing mathematical rigor and Bode plot analysis. The emphasis is on the methodology and the general performance improvements SOGIFO-X offers over conventional methods. Simulations and experiments were conducted to assess the impact of SOGIFO-X on the steady-state and dynamic performances of sensorless control. Findings indicate that SOGIFO-X demonstrates significant enhancements in terms of reducing the reduced flux observation error, contributing to the advancement of position estimation accuracy and sensorless motor control technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of a significant amount of organic materials in the fabrication process of Al 2 O 3 ceramics using digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technology leads to a noticeable reduction in mechanical properties compared to those prepared using traditional methods. To enhance its mechanical performance of Al 2 O 3 ceramics, the addition of MgO and MgO-Y 2 O 3 sintering additives, along with a three-step curing method, has resulted in significant improvements. Al 2 O 3 ceramics fabricated with the addition of MgO exhibited a flexural strength of 454.2 MPa, Vickers hardness of 20.24 GPa and apparent porosity of 0.15 %. Similarly, the addition of MgO-Y 2 O 3 yielded Al 2 O 3 ceramics with a flexural strength of 491.6 MPa, Vickers hardness of 20.91 GPa, and apparent porosity of 0.11 %. These values exceed the typical flexural strength of Al 2 O 3 ceramics prepared using traditional methods. This research provides a fundamental basis for the production of high performance, dense, and complex shaped Al 2 O 3 ceramics using DLP 3D printing technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor dimensional stability, sensitivity to microorganisms, and flammability restrict the application of wood in certain areas where these properties are critical. Although furfurylation can improve the physical and mechanical properties of wood, the heat and smoke release of furfurylated wood during combustion are dramatic and need to be addressed. As a kind of halogen-free phosphorus flame retardant, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and its derivatives exhibit excellent performance in polymer composites. In this study, DOPO was dissolved in furfuryl alcohol (FA) and used to modify wood. The effect of DOPO on the thermal stability, combustion behavior, and physical and mechanical properties of furfurylated wood was investigated. The chemical structure, morphology, and char residue after combustion were also characterized. The studies show that DOPO can react with the FA polymer and is incorporated and homogeneously dispersed in the wood structure. Compared to untreated wood, furfurylated wood has a much higher heat and smoke release during combustion. The addition of DOPO remarkably reduces the heat release of furfurylated wood, and this effect increases as the amount of DOPO increases. When the amount of introduced DOPO of furfurylated wood is 7%, its total heat release is reduced by 37.4% and becomes comparable to the untreated wood. However, DOPO does not suppress smoke production effectively. DOPO improves the thermal stability of furfurylated wood by promoting char formation and inhibiting the diffusion of oxygen and the escape of pyrolysis products. The addition of DOPO has little effect on the physical and mechanical properties of furfurylated wood. The results indicate that the combination of DOPO and furfurylation could be an efficient way to prepare highly stable and fire-resistant wood materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of a significant amount of organic materials in the fabrication process of Al 2 O 3 ceramics using digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technology leads to a noticeable reduction in mechanical properties compared to those prepared using traditional methods. To enhance its mechanical performance of Al 2 O 3 ceramics, the addition of MgO and MgO-Y 2 O 3 sintering additives, along with a three-step curing method, has resulted in significant improvements. Al 2 O 3 ceramics fabricated with the addition of MgO exhibited a flexural strength of 454.2 MPa, Vickers hardness of 20.24 GPa and apparent porosity of 0.15 %. Similarly, the addition of MgO-Y 2 O 3 yielded Al 2 O 3 ceramics with a flexural strength of 491.6 MPa, Vickers hardness of 20.91 GPa, and apparent porosity of 0.11 %. These values exceed the typical flexural strength of Al 2 O 3 ceramics prepared using traditional methods. This research provides a fundamental basis for the production of high performance, dense, and complex shaped Al 2 O 3 ceramics using DLP 3D printing technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the research progress on soy protein (SP) film. SP film has gained significant attention due to its natural, renewable, and biodegradable characteristics. The review begins by introducing the film formation mechanisms and preparation methods of SP film, including solution casting, dry‐film formation, and other techniques, and discusses the associated preparation conditions and processes. Subsequently, the review explores the structural features, plasticization modifications, mechanical properties, antimicrobial modifications, UV shielding properties, and conductivity of SP film. Lastly, the review summarizes the current challenges and development directions in SP film research. This includes improving the mechanical performance and stability of the film, exploring novel functionalization approaches, and enhancing the sustainability of the film. Through this review of SP film, the study aims to enhance the understanding of their potential in materials science and various applications while providing guidance and insights for future research and applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two structured ytterbium monosilicate environmental barrier coatings (Si/Yb2SiO5 and Si/mullite/Yb2SiO5) were prepared on SiC/SiC composites and their performance in wet oxygen at 1350°C was investigated. After 300 h of corrosion, coating peeling occurred for Si/Yb2SiO5–SiC/SiC, while it was intact for Si/mullite/Yb2SiO5–SiC/SiC system due to the mullite intermediate coating well alleviating the thermal expansion mismatched stress. During the assessment, Yb2SiO5 and mullite gradually densified, and a thin layer of ytterbium disilicates (Yb2Si2O7) was formed at their junction as a new protective layer, which pinned into the mullite layer and significantly improved their interface bonding strength and resistance against wet oxygen. The strength retention of SiC/SiC, Si/Yb2SiO5–SiC/SiC, and Si/mullite/Yb2SiO5–SiC/SiC was 64%, 72%, and 97%, respectively, after corrosion in wet oxygen at 1350°C/300 h. Their corrosion mechanism was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interfacial solar steam generation (ISSG) is the main method to get fresh water from seawater or wastewater. The balance between evaporation rate and salt resistance is still a major challenge for ISSG. Herein, a wood aerogel island solar evaporator (WAISE) with tunable surface structure and wettability by synthesizing poly(n‐isopropylacrylamide)‐modified multi‐walled carbon nanotube photothermal layers. Compared to dense surface structure evaporators, interfacial moisture transport, thermal localization, and surface water vapor diffusion of WAISE are greatly promoted, and the evaporation rate of WAISE increased by 87.64%. WAISE allows for record performance of 200 h continuous operation in 20% NaCl solution without salt accumulation. In addition, the photo‐thermal‐electric device is developed based on WAISE with continuous water purification, power generation, and irrigation functions. This work provides a new direction for the development of multifunctional water purification systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using high‐performance polymers to replace the weak points in wood may be an efficient approach to overcoming certain drawbacks while improving the properties of wood. This study investigated the feasibility of easily replacing part of the wood matrix in poplar wood with renewable poly(furfuryl alcohol) (PFA). The wood was first treated with an alkali solution and was then immersed in a furfuryl alcohol (FA) solution followed by in situ polymerization. After delignification, a large part of hemicelluloses and lignin were removed. In addition, wood porosity increased and more PFA was polymerized in the wood cell walls, resulting in increased weight percent gain and efficient bulking. The thermogravimetric analysis results indicated that the reformation strongly affected the wood thermal stability. A transformation with 30% FA maintained the porous structure of the wood and resulted in the highest maximum degradation temperature. The dynamic mechanical analysis results also indicated that reformation allowed for greater stress transfer at the interface and resulted in a lower damping peak and a higher storage modulus. Our approach, therefore, could provide a promising method to enhance the performance of wood by reforming the wood components and structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fast-growing eucalyptus (Eucalyptus robusta Smith) and poplar (Populus tomentosa Carr.) were impregnated with melamine–urea–formaldehyde (MUF) resin by vacuum. The weight percent gain (WPG), water absorption, bulking rates, anti-swelling efficiency (ASE), and density distribution of the impregnated wood were examined. The characterization of eucalyptus and poplar was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope. WPG of the impregnated wood increased with increasing concentrations of MUF resin, however, rate of water absorption was nearly the reverse. The impregnated eucalyptus wood showed low WPG (at most 23.03%) but achieved high ASE (52.02%) values. Although a relatively high WPG (up to 59.02%) was achieved by modified poplar, the ASE (50.21%) value was not high. This was owing to the differences in the microstructure of eucalyptus and poplar. The density of impregnated wood was remarkably increased (eucalyptus from 0.48 to 0.54 g/cm3, poplar from 0.38 to 0.49 g/cm3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 3D Bi 2 SiO 5 hierarchical microspheres were successfully prepared. • Glycerol acts as a template to guide formation of the Bi 2 SiO 5 hierarchical microspheres. • The solvents play an important role in influencing the growth of Bi 2 SiO 5. • Bi 2 SiO 5 microspheres have better photocatalytic performance than the nanoplates. Self-assembled three-dimensional (3D) Bi 2 SiO 5 microspheres were synthesized via a solvothermal method using glycerol as reaction media and NH 3 •H 2 O as pH adjustment. The growth of Bi 2 SiO 5 crystal was influenced by the solvothermal time. During the preparation process, glycerol acts as a soft template to guide the formation of the hierarchical microspheres. The photocatalytic activities of Bi 2 SiO 5 microspheres toward the degradation of Rhodamine B and phenol under light irradiation were evaluated. Bi 2 SiO 5 microspheres display much higher photocatalytic activity than the Bi 2 SiO 5 nanoplates. The high photocatalytic activity of hierarchical Bi 2 SiO 5 microspheres can be ascribed to the enhanced light absorbance, the efficient separation of photo-generated electrons and holes and the large surface area. The main active species during the photocatalytic reaction are •OH and •O 2 −, proven by terephthalic acid photoluminescence probing technique and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) experiments. The Bi 2 SiO 5 microspheres are stable during the photocatalytic reaction and can be used repeatedly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ag/AgBr/AgVO 3 heterojunctions were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. The formation of Ag/AgBr/AgVO 3 heterojunctions was proven by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The separation behaviors of photoinduced carriers were investigated by surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPS), the results display that the separation rate of photoinduced carriers of Ag/AgBr/AgVO 3 heterojunctions was dramatically promoted. The photocatalytic performance of the samples was evaluated by the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB). The results reveal that Ag/AgBr/AgVO 3 heterojunctions exhibit remarkably improved sunlight photocatalytic activity for RhB degradation. The considerable improvement in the photocatalytic property of Ag/AgBr/AgVO 3 heterojunctions can be mainly ascribed to the efficient separation of photoinduced carriers. Image 10834 • Ag/AgBr/AgVO 3 heterojunctions was in-situ fabricated. • The separation rate of photoinduced carriers is promoted. • The formation of O 2 − has been accelerated. • Separation and transfer of photoexcited carriers follow a Z-scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]