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Collaborative argumentation (CA) is a prolific but challenging form of collaborative learning that requires group members to engage in a quantity of regulation to sustain the group's productive functioning. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences between the high- and low-performing CA groups in terms of (a) challenges and triggered social regulation during CA, and (b) sequential patterns of social regulation used by those groups. From that, this research aimed to reveal what may promote or constrain CA from the perspective of social regulation. The target groups were selected from a larger sample of 14 groups based on the groups' argument diagram scores after they participated in a 90-min CA activity. Videos and interview data were collected and analyzed to reveal the encountered challenges and social regulation in the activity. Several findings were obtained. First, the low-performing groups encountered far more challenges and the biggest difference between the high- and low-performing groups was the socio-emotional challenges. Second, more challenges were regulated in low-performing groups, with more cognitive and socio-emotional challenges being regulated and less motivational challenges being handled. For cognitive challenges, the effective strategies to deal with the deadlock in reaching an agreement were identified among high-performing groups. For socio-emotional challenges, although more have been regulated in low-performing groups, the tense atmosphere made social regulation less successful. For motivational challenges, low-performing groups paid little attention to other members' participation. Third, the high- and low-performing groups demonstrated different sequential patterns, such as more transitions related to socio-emotional regulation and evaluation in high-performing groups. Pedagogical implications and the need to support students to cope with socio-emotional challenges are discussed in the last.

Introduction: Atherosclerosis is the primary pathological basis of ischemic stroke, and dyslipidemia is one of its major etiological factors. Acute ischemic stroke patients exhibit imbalances in lymphocyte subpopulations, yet the correlation between these dynamic changes in lymphocyte subpopulations and lipid metabolism disorders, as well as carotid atherosclerosis in stroke patients remains poorly understood., Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the demographic data, risk factors of cerebrovascular disease, laboratory examination (lymphocyte subsets, lipid indexes, etc.), clinical features and c;/]-sity from December 2017 to September 2019 and non-stroke patients with dizziness/vertigo during the same period., Results: The results showed that peripheral B lymphocyte proportions are elevated in acute ischemic stroke patients compared with those of the control group (13.6 ± 5.3 vs. 11.7 ± 4.4%, p = 0.006). Higher B lymphocyte proportions are associated with concurrent dyslipidemia, increased levels of vascular risk factors including triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), as well as decreased levels of the protective factor high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Elevated B lymphocyte proportions are independently correlated with carotid atherosclerosis in stroke patients., Discussion: We found CD19 positive B Lymphocytes increase after ischemic stroke and correlate with Carotid Atherosclerosis. Lymphocyte subpopulations should be highlighted in stroke patients., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Zhang, Jiang, Zou, Fan, Feng, Fu, Li, Zhang, Dong, Yan and Zhang.)