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Red mold rice (RMR) generally contains gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), which has several physiological functions. Monascus purpureus M162, with a high GABA production of 15.10 mg/g was generated by atmospheric and room temperature plasma mutation. Furthermore, we conducted a response surface methodology to produce a premium hongqu starter. The results revealed that under optimal conditions, that is, a substrate containing brown rice and bran in a brown rice: bran ratio of 9:1 (wt/wt), an inoculation size of 21.50 mL/100 g, a mixing frequency of one time/9 h, and a cultivation time of 7.20 days, the number of active spores, α‐amylase activity, and saccharification power activity was 4.15 × 107 spores/g, 155 U/g, and 3260 U/g in the high‐quality starter, respectively. These values were 224.32‐fold, 139.64%, and 141.74% higher than those obtained with M. purpureus M162 inoculated into steamed indica rice, respectively, and 153.70‐fold, 267.24%, and 151.63% higher than those obtained with the parent strain M. purpureus M1, respectively. The premium hongqu starter of M. purpureus M162 was inoculated into steamed indica rice to produce RMR with 15.93 mg/g of GABA. In conclusion, we proposed a novel strategy for functional RMR production with high GABA concentrations by solid‐state fermentation with Monascus spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanisms by which thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates the expression and activity of sodium iodide symporter (NIS) through cAMP-PKA have been partially elucidated by many studies. However, the effects of the TSH-mediated PLC-IP3 signaling pathway on the expression of NIS and how intracellular iodinated compounds interfere with these signaling pathways are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of the TSH-mediated cAMP-PKA and PLC-IP3 pathways on the expression of NIS in the presence of various intracellular iodinated compounds. The intracellular iodinated compounds were formed by treating cells with different concentrations of iodine with or without methimazole (MMI), an inhibitor of iodine organification, in a pig monolayer thyrocyte in vitro. A high concentration of iodine increased NIS expression at the mRNA and protein levels; however, this phenomenon was not observed in the presence of MMI. Both the cAMP-PKA and PLC-IP3 signaling pathways inhibited the expression of NIS at low iodine concentrations; however, in thyrocytes treated with high concentrations of iodine, the effect of cAMP-PKA on the expression of NIS changed from inhibition to promotion, while the PLC-IP3 pathway continued to inhibit NIS expression. These findings indicate that intracellular iodinated compounds affect NIS expression through the TSH-mediated cAMP-PKA and PLC-IP3 pathways.