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Metalized plastic current collectors (MPCCs) have shown potential in improving the energy density and safety of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, the poor mechanical strength, weak interfacial adhesion force, and surface metal corrosion have impeded the practical application of MPCCs. Here, an innovative engineering of MPCCs is proposed by incorporating halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) as fillers into polyimide (PI) polymer layer, which is further coated with two thin copper (Cu) layers. Because of the strong bonding between HNTs surface and the PI precursor, HNTs improve the mechanical strength of PI‐HNTs composite film, reinforce the interfacial adhesion force between the PI‐HNTs film and the coated Cu layer, and suppress the Cu corrosion by electrolyte. The prepared MPCCs exhibit a low mass density and only account about one‐fifth of the density of commercial Cu CCs. Furthermore, the PI‐HNTs‐Cu composite demonstrates significantly enhanced interfacial adhesion force doubled to 4 N cm−1 along with prolonged stability under electrolyte immersion and electrochemical reaction conditions, and delivers a high fracture strength of 125 MPa. LIBs assembled with MPCCs deliver a twice higher discharge capacity compared to battery with Cu CCs and reach a long‐term cycle capacity retention as high as 92.9% at 0.5 C after 500 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From integrated textural and compositional studies of auriferous and barren pyrite/marcasite in the epithermal Axi gold deposit, China, we have identified a relationship between multiple gold mineralizing events, mafic magma recharge, and fluid-rock reactions. Three generations of pyrite (Py1–3) and four generations of marcasite (Mar1–4) record episodic gold mineralizing events, followed by silver-copper-lead-zinc-cadmium enrichment. The gold mineralizing events are recorded by high concentrations of subnanometer-sized gold in Py1, Py3, and Mar3 (max. = 147, 129, and 34 ppm, med. = 39, 34, and 12 ppm). Based on previous Re-Os age determinations of pyrite and U-Pb zircon ages of the andesitic wallrock, these gold events slightly postdate pulsed mafic magma recharge and represent the incursion of Au-As-S-rich magmatic volatiles into circulating meteoric water. Silver-Cu-Pb-Zn-Cd enrichment in Py2, Mar2, and Mar4 are consistent with quiescent degassing and gradual Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn-Cd enrichment in an evolved felsic magma. Barren Mar1 records the dominance of meteoric water and a limited magmatic fluid contribution. High-Co-Ni-V-Cr-Ti contents in porous cores of Py1 and Mar2 are attributed to wall rock alteration and dissolution-reprecipitation. The results provide convincing evidence that the metal budget (especially for Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, Sb) of the hydrothermal fluids and sulfides in epithermal systems are controlled by the influx of magmatic fluids and associated magma, whereas the enrichment of certain fluid-immobile elements, such as Co, Ni, V, Cr, and Ti, is caused in part by fluid-rock interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charge and spin transports through a normal lead coupled to an s‐wave superconductor and Majorana fermions at the ends of the nanowire are investigated using the Green's function method. In the limit of the superconducting gap Δ→∞, the analytical expressions of charge conductance Gc and spin conductance Gsn^ are obtained at zero temperature. For different values of coupling constant x between the normal lead and s‐wave superconductor, the impacts of Majorana fermions coupling energy εm, temperature kT, and superconducting gap Δ on charge conductance Gc and spin conductance Gsz are discussed. As x increases, Gc changes from peak to valley and then to peak at bias eV=±εm. The conductance of peaks and valleys is equal to quantum conductance 2e2/h, which corresponds to Majorana fermions. Moreover, Gsz decreases as x increases. For kT>0, the charge (spin) conductance of peaks and valleys cannot reach 2e2/h(e/4π). These results can help probe and understand Majorana fermions in experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The image classification precision is vastly enhanced with the growing complexity of convolutional neural network (CNN) structures. However, the uneven visual separability between categories leads to various difficulties in classification. The hierarchical structure of categories can be leveraged to deal with it, but a few CNNs pay attention to the character of data. Besides, a network model with a hierarchical structure is promising to extract more specific features from the data than current CNNs, since, for the latter, all categories have the same fixed number of layers for feed-forward computation. In this paper, we propose to use category hierarchies to integrate ResNet-style modules to form a hierarchical network model in a top-down manner. To extract abundant discriminative features and improve the computation efficiency, we adopt residual block selection based on coarse categories to allocate different computation paths. Each residual block works as a switch to determine the JUMP or JOIN mode for an individual coarse category. Interestingly, since some categories need less feed-forward computation than others by jumping layers, the average inference time cost is reduced. Extensive experiments show that our hierarchical network achieves higher prediction accuracy with similar FLOPs on CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100, SVHM, and Tiny-ImageNet datasets compared to original residual networks and other existing selection inference methods. • The hierarchy of classes is used to form a hierarchical network. • The selective computation based on coarse category is proposed for the first time. • The proposed network model helps inference acceleration and accuracy improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to evaluate the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of rice–tartary buckwheat composite (RTBC) as affected by in vitro digestion to explore the structure-activity relationship of the release of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) with the antioxidant activity of RTBC during in vitro oral, gastric, and intestinal digestion stages. The release of TPC and TFC from RTBC increased significantly after in vitro digestion (P < 0.05), and the change of antioxidant activity was consistent with that of TPC and TFC. Compared with the initial stage of digestion, the antioxidant activity of RTBC was increased after digestion (P < 0.05), and there was a strong correlation between antioxidant activity and the release of TPC and TFC (0.954 < R < 0.997; P < 0.05). The phenolic compounds released in the oral, gastric, and intestinal digestion stages varied, and eight phenolic compounds were identified by UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS, namely, quercetin-3-O-robinoside-7-O-sophoroside, quercetin-3-O-neohesperidoside-7-O-glucoside, forsythobiflavone A, forsythobiflavone B, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside-7-O-glucoside, rutin, isoquercetin, and ferulic acid. These results indicated that in vitro digestion significantly increases the release of phenolic compounds and flavonoids from RTBC and there is a higher antioxidant activity after digestion than before digestion. The phenolic compounds released after digestion of RTBC are beneficial to health protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a major epigenetic modification, DNA methylation plays an important role in coordinating plant responses to environmental changes. Methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) technology was used in this study to investigate the epigenetic diversity of fifty japonica rice samples from five regions in Heilongjiang Province, China. In addition, the phenotypic indicators of japonica rice samples and the environmental conditions of the sampling sites were investigated and analysed. Based on the MSAP analysis technique, using eight pairs of selective primers, we identified a total of 551 amplified loci, of which 267 (48.5%) were classified as methylation loci. The methylation status and levels of the japonica rice genome in different regions differed significantly (p < 0.05). The results of the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that most of the molecular variation (91%) came from within the groups (regions) and was caused by individual variation within the region. Furthermore, the results of principal coordinates analysis (PCoA), cluster analysis, and population structure analysis indicated that there was no obvious correlation between the epigenetic differences and geographical locations, which may have been due to the limited range of sampling sites. When environmental factors, phenotypic indicators, and epigenetic data analysis are combined, it is easy to conclude that japonica rice grown in the same latitudinal region has increased epigenetic and phenotypic similarities due to similar climatic conditions and production practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspergillus niger (A. niger) spores can induce numerous health problems. Once the airflow-imposed drag force on an A. niger spore exceeds its binding force with the colony, the spore is detached. Turbulent flow may considerably increase the spore detachment. No method is currently available for prediction of the drag force on a spore and its detachment in turbulent flows. This investigation measured the turbulent velocities and detachment of A. niger colonies in a wind tunnel. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was employed to model an A. niger unit subjected to turbulent flow blowing. The top 1 % quantile instantaneous velocity of the turbulent flow was specified as the steady entry flow boundary condition for solving the peak velocity distribution and the peak drag forces onto spores. The predicted spore detachment ratios were compared with the measurement data for model validation. The results revealed that the spore detachment ratios with a turbulence intensity of 17 % to 20 % can be twice to triple the ratio with a turbulence intensity of approximately 1 %, when the average velocity for blowing remains the same. The proposed CFD model can accurately predict the detachment ratios of the A. niger spores. Some people are sensitive to the Aspergillus niger (A. niger) spores, and excessive exposure can cause nasal congestion, skin tingling, coughing, and even asthma. Turbulent flow can considerably increase the spore detachment, due to the increased airflow-imposed drag force on the spores during turbulence. This investigation developed a numerical model to solve for the peak velocity distribution and the peak drag forces onto spores in turbulent flows to predict the spore detachment. With the numerical tool, the airborne fungal spore concentrations would be predictable, which paves a way for intelligent and precise control of fungal aerosol pollution. [Display omitted] • Detachment of A. niger spores in turbulent flow was measured and predicted. • Peak drag force by turbulent flow was solved to predict the spore detachment. • The top 1 % quantile of the instantaneous velocity can be deemed the peak velocity. • Turbulence can increase the spore detachment ratio by several times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social recommendation has been an effective approach to solve the new user recommendation problem based on user-item interactions and user-user social relations. Although lots of research has been done, it is still an emergent and challenging issue to predict the behaviors of new users without any historical interaction. Firstly, the previous methods fail to consider social structures and social semantics when looking for potential social neighbors for new users, resulting in inconsistent preferences of these neighbors. Secondly, existing methods employ deterministic modeling way to represent and aggregate neighbors, limiting the diversity and robustness of new user representations. Therefore, we present a novel new user preference uncertainty modeling framework, named D isentangled-feature and C omposite-prior VAE (DC-VAE), to predict the behaviors of new users without any interaction. Concretely, a length-adaptive similarity metric considering the length of user behaviors and social relationships is designed for all users to choose more analogous neighbors, especially more effective for new users due to the metric incorporating the social structures and social semantics. Then the Neighbor-based Disentangled Features module is proposed to disentangle different types of neighbor characteristics and model more diversified new user representations. Next, unlike traditional Gaussian prior constraint, the Neighbor-based Composite prior module is proposed to fuse the priors of neighbors and obtain more expressive and robust new user representations. Finally, we theoretically prove the advantages of composite prior and disentangled features. Extensive experiments on three datasets demonstrate that our model DC-VAE is remarkably superior to other baselines. • A user preference uncertainty modeling method on social recommendation for new users. • A length-adaptive similarity metric to choose more analogous neighbors. • The composite prior and disentangled feature for more diverse features for new users. • The codes: https://codeocean.com/capsule/8500843/tree/v1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycoside hydrolases (GHs) are known to depolymerize polysaccharides into oligo-/mono-saccharides, they are extensively used as additives for both animals feed and our food. Here we reported the characterization of IDSGH5-14(CD), a weakly-acidic mesophilic bifunctional mannanase/glucanase of GH5, originally isolated from sheep rumen microbes. Biochemical characterization studies revealed that IDSGH5-14(CD) exhibited preferential hydrolysis of mannan-like and glucan-like substrates. Interestingly, the enzyme exhibited significantly robust catalytic activity towards branched-substrates compared to linear polysaccharides (P < 0.05). Substrate hydrolysis pattern indicated that IDSGH5-14(CD) predominantly liberated oligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 3–7 as the end products, dramatically distinct from canonical endo -acting enzymes. Comparative modeling revealed that IDSGH5-14(CD) was mainly comprised of a (β/α) 8 -barrel-like structure with a spacious catalytic cleft on surface, facilitating the enzyme to target high-DP or branched oligosaccharides. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations further suggested that the branched-ligand, 64-α-D-galactosyl-mannohexose, was steadily accommodated within the catalytic pocket via a two-sided clamp formed by the aromatic residues. This study first reports a bifunctional GH5 enzyme that predominantly generates high-DP oligosaccharides, preferentially from branched-substrates. This provides novel insights into the catalytic mechanism and molecular underpinnings of polysaccharide depolymerization, with potential implications for feed additive development and high-DP oligosaccharides preparation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• When calcined, the hydrothermal product of watermelon pulp can react with CoFe 2 O 4. • The CoFe 2 O 4 was converted to Co 3 Fe 7 in the co-calcination process. • The Co 3 Fe 7 was uniformly embedded in the WPC lamellar layers. • The Co 3 Fe 7 produced large number and areas of interfaces with WPC. • The effective absorption bandwidth is 6.0 GHz (12–18 GHz) covering the Ku band. Bio-char decorated with inorganic magnetic component has shown great potential as a microwave absorbent because of the synergistic effect of two components. This composite holds promising prospects for applications in both military and civilian sectors. However, the composition and structure design of magnetic material/bio-char composites is still a challenge. Herein, the Co 3 Fe 7 /watermelon pulp biomass carbon (WPC) composite was designed. CoFe 2 O 4 was converted into Co 3 Fe 7 when co-calcined with pre-treated watermelon pulp (PWP). The EAB of Co 3 Fe 7 /WPC reaches 6.00 GHz at the thickness of 2 mm. The results show that this exceptional absorption performance of Co 3 Fe 7 /WPC is owed to its optimal impedance matching, multiple polarization and superior conductive loss. This work provides reference value for the preparation strategy of sustainable high-efficiency electromagnetic wave absorbing materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questions in Community Question Answering (CQA) sites are recommended to users, mainly based on users' interest extracted from questions that users have answered or have asked. However, there is a general phenomenon that users answer fewer questions while pay more attention to follow questions and vote answers. This can impact the performance when recommending questions to users (for obtaining their answers) by using their historical answering behaviors on existing studies. To address the data sparsity issue, we propose AskMe, which aims to leverage the rich, hybrid behavior interactions in CQA to improve the question recommendation performance. On the one hand, we model the rich correlations between the user's diverse behaviors (e.g., answer, follow, vote) to obtain the individual-level behavior interaction. On the other hand, we model the sophisticated behavioral associations between similar users to obtain the community-level behavior interaction. Finally, we propose the way of element-level fusion to mix these two kinds of interactions together to predict the ranking scores. A dataset collected from Zhihu (1126 users, 219434 questions) is utilized to evaluate the performance of the proposed model, and the experimental results show that our model has gained the best performance compared to baseline methods, especially when the historical answering behaviors data is scarce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present meta-analysis of propensity score-matching studies aimed to compare the long-term survival outcomes and adverse events associated with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Electronic databases were searched for studies comparing CABG and PCI in patients with CKD. The search period extended to 13 February 2021. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality, and the secondary endpoints included myocardial infarction, revascularization, and stroke. Odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to express the pooled effect. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale. The analyses were performed using RevMan 5.3. Thirteen studies involving 18,005 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Long-term mortality risk was significantly lower in the CABG group than in the PCI group (HR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.70–0.83, p <.001), and similar results were observed in the subgroup analysis of patients undergoing dialysis and for different estimated glomerular filtration rate ranges. The incidence rates of myocardial infarction (OR: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.12–0.54, p <.001) and revascularization (OR: 0.17, 95% CI: 0.08–0.35, p <.001) were lower in the CABG group than in the PCI group, although there were no significant differences in the incidence of stroke between the two groups (OR: 1.24; 95% CI: 0.89–1.73, p >.05). Subgroup analysis among patients on dialysis yielded similar results. Our propensity score matching analysis revealed that, based on long-term follow-up outcomes, CABG remains superior to PCI in patients with CKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dear Editor, Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common form of alopecia in men. Therefore, temporal angle, baihui acupoint, and hair whorl represent different hair loss regions in male AGA, while occipital tuberosity is the marker of no hair loss region. [Extracted from the article]

• Preparatory activity reflects activity states representing specific actions. • Preparatory activity is dependent on cortico-cerebellar interactions. • The cerebellum learns to use one neocortical activity state to drive the next. • Transitions between activity states enable flexible and appropriate actions. Preparatory activity is observed across multiple interconnected brain regions before goal-directed movement. Preparatory activity reflects discrete activity states representing specific future actions. It is unclear how this activity is mediated by multi-regional interactions. Recent evidence suggests that the cerebellum, classically associated with fine motor control, contributes to preparatory activity in the neocortex. We review recent advances and offer perspective on the function of cortico-cerebellar interactions during goal-directed behavior. We propose that the cerebellum learns to facilitate transitions between neocortical activity states. Transitions between activity states enable flexible and appropriately timed behavioral responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-sulfur (Li–S) batteries are considered among the most promising systems for next-generation energy storage because of their high theoretical energy density, inexpensiveness, and the environmentally friendliness of the sulfur cathode material. Carbon nanotube (CNT) has been used widely for separator modification to overcome the shuttle effect of polysulfides. This strategy based on CNT can improve the performance of Li–S batteries in terms of their cycling stability and rate capability. However, the performance improvement has not been assessed under various mass loadings of CNT, which would significantly affect the entire battery energy density and manufacturing cost. In this study, we prepared CNT-modified polypropylene (CNT-PP) separators and explored the effects of different CNT mass loadings on the performance of Li–S batteries. We also developed an approach to reduce the amount of CNTs required while maintaining high performance. The results showed that the CNT-PP separator significantly improved the electrochemical performance of the pure sulfur cathode compared with the PP separator, and a CNT mass loading of 0.6 mg cm−2 obtained the optimal battery performance. Moreover, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was added to reduce the CNT mass loading, which promoted the dispersion of the CNT in aqueous solution and also enabled the chemical interaction between the CNT and polysulfides to inhibit the shuttling effect. When CNT/PVP was applied to modify the PP separator, the mass loading could be reduced by about 33% compared with the pure CNT while maintaining the optimal battery performance. At a CNT/PVP mass loading of 0.4 mg cm−2, the cells had a much higher initial capacity (1226 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and 936 mA h g−1 at 2 C) and cycling stability (617 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at 1 C) than the cells containing pure CNT-modified separators with a CNT mass loading of 0.6 mg cm−2. These findings could facilitate the development of a facile approach for the practical application of Li–S batteries. Image 1 • CNT and CNT/PVP-modified PP separators were fabricated via vacuum filtration. • CNT mass loading of 0.6 mg cm−2 obtains optimal lithium sulfur battery performance. • Mass loading reduced by about 33% when CNT/PVP was applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shuttling of polysulfide is still a major issue which greatly hinders the practical application of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. Here, we report a multifunctional separator for trapping polysulfide and reusing the active sulfur species in Li-S batteries. The multifunctional separator was fabricated by coating the commercial polypropylene (PP) separator with a three-dimensional (3D) interwoven framework structure composed of 1D carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and 2D Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene nanosheets. Taking advantages of the excellent electrical conductivity and strong chemical interaction with polysulfide of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene, the ability in immobilizing and reusing of polysulfide for the multifunctional separator was significantly enhanced compared with pure CNTs modified separator. At mean time, the presence of CNTs effectively helps avoid the restacking of MXene nanosheets, resulting in an interfacial layer between separator and cathode with an interconnected conductive network, which can facilitate fast Li ion and electron transport and thus improve the rate capabilities and sulfur utilization. Moreover, the effect of MXene content on the structure and electrochemical performance were systematically investigated. At MXene content of 5% and CNTs/MXene mass loading of 0.16 mg cm−2, the cell with CNTs/MXene-PP (CMP) separator delivered an initial capacity of 1415 mA h g-1 at 0.1 C, a capacity retention of 614 mA h g−1 after 600 cycles at 1 C with a low capacity decay of 0.06% per cycle in the 0.8–2.5 mg cm−2 sulfur-loaded cathode. Such 3D carbon nanotubes/MXene conductive framework provides great potential for developing efficient functional separator for high-performance Li-S batteries and can be easily applied in electrode materials for other electrochemical energy storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buffering techniques have been commonly used in mobile video streaming systems to handle the bandwidth fluctuation and to mitigate the impact of the stochastic characteristic of wireless channels on a mobile user’s quality of experience. However, it has been shown by measurement study that users tend to abort when watching videos with mobile devices, which results in a significant wastage of the video data in the buffer. Therefore, one important problem in mobile video streaming is how to manage the buffer at each mobile user. On the other hand, mobile users generally share the wireless media to download the video data, i.e., mobile users compete with each other for the bandwidth to download the video data. Thus, another important problem in mobile video streaming is how to allocate bandwidth among mobile users. In this paper, we propose to optimize the resource management, i.e., to design buffer management strategy at each mobile user and bandwidth allocation strategy among mobile users, for the multiuser mobile video streaming systems. Specifically, we optimize the long-term average total cost of data wastage and quality of experience of mobile users with certain constraints. By introducing virtual queues and employing the Lyapunov optimization theory, we transform the original optimization problem into the drift-plus-penalty minimization problem. Then, we adopt the primal decomposition to decouple the relationship among different mobile users, which decomposes the problem into a master problem with multiple subproblems. A one-dimension full search algorithm is applied to find the global optimal solution to each subproblem, and the subgradient descent algorithm is utilized to update the solution to the master problem. Finally, simulations are conducted to show that the proposed algorithm is effective for the buffer management and bandwidth allocation in a multiuser mobile video streaming system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The matrix modulus and critical porosity in rocks are two critical parameters to seismic rock physics models; however, the critical porosity is difficult to obtain. Based on the linear relation between the effective bulk modulus and porosity, we propose a fast method for calculating the matrix modulus and critical porosity by least square fitting of effective bulk modulus and porosity data measured in laboratory or field. The proposed method is well suited for samples with wide porosity range. The calculation results accurately reflect the differences in clay content, pressure, and saturation state. Samples with high clay content have low matrix modulus and critical porosity. The matrix modulus is independent of pressure, whereas the critical porosity increases with increasing pressure. The calculated matrix modulus for water-saturated samples is higher than that for dry rock samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Pyrite and arsenopyrite display complex textural and compositional evolution. • Pyrite incorporates significant amounts of refractory Au, up to 1.02 wt.%. • Arsenopyrite incorporates significant amounts of refractory Au, up to 1.75%. Apy3 was formed at 325–385 °C based on arsenopyrite geothermometer. Abstract The Axi deposit is the largest low-sulfidation epithermal gold deposit in Chinese Western Tianshan, Central Asian Orogenic Belt. In this contribution, combined petrological observations, electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) and X-ray backscattered electron images (BSE) have been conducted on Fe-S-As minerals to reveal their textural and compositional evolution. Pyrite and arsenopyrite are ubiquitous. Their texture and composition show gradual changes with time. Four generations of pyrite can be identified, named Py1, Py2, Py3 and Py4 from early to late. The coarse-grained, euhedral to subhedral Py1 (mostly 100–300 μm) from the quartz-chalcedony stage is the earliest, and predates gold mineralization. Sometimes they contain silicate and arsenopyrite (Apy1) inclusions. Compositionally, they are enriched in Pb (up to 0.60 wt%), but depleted in As (0.06–7.61 wt%, mostly <0.30 wt%) and Au (0.01 wt%–0.25 wt%, mostly <0.10 wt%). Subhedral to anhedral Py2 grains (50–1000 μm) coexist with other sulfides such as chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena and tetrahedrite in the quartz-polymetallic sulfides stage. They are unusually rich in Au (with a mean value of 0.06 wt%), Ag (with a mean value of 0.04 wt%), Cu (with a mean value of 0.21 wt%) and As (with a mean value of 3.06 wt%), implying a syn -mineralization feature. Subsequent Py3 occurs as very fine-grained disseminations of euhedral crystals (10–50 μm) in quartz-polymetallic sulfides stage and carbonate-quartz stage. They display clear oscillatory zoning and contain arsenopyrite (Apy3), sphalerite and Sb-Te mineral inclusions. Their Au content vary greatly from 0.02 wt% to 1.02 wt%, with corresponding As content varying from 0.07 wt% to 8.28 wt%. The post-mineralization Py4 crystals (30–5000 μm) mainly occur as foliated, sheaf, or radiaxial aggregates in carbonate-quartz stage. They have the lowest Au (with a mean value of 0.04 wt%), As (with a mean value of 0.32 wt%), Co (with a mean value of 0.04 wt%) and Ni (with a mean value of 0.04 wt%) concentrations, although dramatically high S contents (with a mean value of 52.72 wt%). Correspondingly, there are three generations of arsenopyrite: Apy1 (20–50 μm) and Apy3 (3–15 μm) mainly occur as inclusions in Py1 and Py3, respectively, whereas the latest Apy4 (<5–60 μm) can occur either as serrated grains surrounding Py4 or overgrowth Py1 and Py3, or as individual euhedral to sub-euhedral grains. They also contain considerable, but much higher Au contents than pyrite, with the values of 0.6 wt%–1.1 wt% for Apy1, 0.18 wt%–1.32 wt% for Apy3 and 0.50 wt%–1.75 wt% for Apy4, respectively. Besides, they also contain considerable amounts of trace elements such as Co, Zn, Pb, Sb and Se. Arsenopyrite geothermometer constrains the ore-forming temperature responsible for Apy3 formation to 325–385 °C. Our result reveals that significant invisible gold accommodated by sulfides is the main cause of refractory ores at the Axi deposit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • The Kuruer Cu-Au deposit is hosted by volcanic and volcano-sedimentary rocks. • It displays porphyry-type hydrothermal alteration and mineralization. • The ore-forming fluids are magmatic water mixed with meteoric water. • The deposit is a transition from high sulfidation epithermal to porphyry system. Abstract Western Tianshan along the southwestern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt is well-endowed with epithermal and porphyry Au deposits. The Kuruer Cu-Au deposit, recently discovered in the eastern part of Western Tianshan, was considered as a high sulfidation epithermal deposit. However, our geological, fluid inclusion and stable isotopic studies indicate that it actually formed in transition from high sulfidation to porphyry. The host rocks include the Dahalajunshan Formation volcanic and volcano-sedimentary rocks such as andesite, rhyolite, ignimbrite and tuff. Cu-Au mineralization mainly occurs as quartz-dominated stockworks or disseminations, with abundant pyrite and chalcopyrite and minor galena and sphalerite. Gold occurs as invisible phase in sulfides. Hydrothermal alteration includes a silicic core, surrounded by phyllic alteration and peripheral propylitic alteration. Based on field observations, paragenetic and crosscutting relationship, the mineralization process can be roughly divided into three stages. The early stage is characterized by the assemblage of quartz + pyrite + chalcopyrite while the middle stage contains quartz and chalcopyrite at absence of pyrite. The late stage is characterized by calcite ± quartz ± chlorite ± chalcopyrite veins. Fluid inclusions at the early stage are mainly liquid-rich aqueous and CO 2 -rich inclusions and minor vapor-rich aqueous and solid-bearing inclusions. Their homogenization temperatures and salinities can be up to 420 °C and 39 wt.% NaCl eq., respectively, indicating that the initial ore-forming fluids are high temperature, high salinity, H 2 O-CO 2 -NaCl systems. In the middle stage, there are only liquid-rich aqueous inclusions, with homogenization temperatures and salinities of 130–190 °C and 0.18 to 10.7 wt.% NaCl eq., respectively. Liquid-rich aqueous inclusions in the late stage display much lower temperatures and salinities, ranging from 110 to 130 °C and 0.18–2.7 wt.% NaCl eq., respectively. Obtained δD H2O and δ18O H2O values of quartz from the middle stage are −98 to −107‰ and −2.1 to 0.74‰, respectively. The δ34S values of 9 chalcopyrite samples range from −10.2 to −2.4‰, with an average of −4.1‰. We conclude that the initial ore-forming fluids are magmatic in origin, and further cooled and diluted by mixing with meteoric water. Intensive fluid boiling and mixing facilitated hydrothermal alteration and mineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Qinling Orogen in central China is a complex collage built through the closure of the northernmost Paleo-Tethys and the suturing of the Yangtze and the North China cratons. In this contribution, geochronological, geochemical and isotopic data of Late Mesozoic granitoids are compiled, which in turn allow for a broad overview on their petrogenesis with respect to tectonic regime of the Qinling Orogen. After a magmatic hiatus during 160–195 Ma, extensive Late Mesozoic granitoids were emplaced, with an age range of 108–160 Ma. They are dominated by I-type granites that indicate formation through remelting crustal rocks at mid to lower crustal levels, although the magma temperatures are generally lower than 800 °C. The Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic data have provincial characters, which could be a reflection of regional differences in the compositions of their source rocks, and hence of the deep crust. Late Mesozoic granitoids occur in three pulses without any magmatic quiescence: i.e. 108–125 Ma, 125–140 Ma and 140–160 Ma. There is a marked variation between granitoids aged pre- and post-125 Ma in terms of spatial distribution, petrology, geochemistry and isotopic features. The older suite displays a northward younging trend if taking the Mian-Lue suture as the boundary line. Rocks in this suite are composed of quartz diorite-granodiorite-monzogranite-granite association, and occur widespread between 109°E and 112°E. The younger suite occurs only in the easternmost part of the orogen (between 111°E and 113°E), and is dominated by monzogranite, granite and syenogranite. Compared with the older suite, the younger suite is characterized by evolved composition (with higher silica but lower Al 2 O 3 , FeO T , MgO and CaO contents) and involved juvenile crust. The magma has a much shallower source as evidenced by low Sr/Y ratios and pronounced Sr, Ba and Eu negative anomalies. The above features indicate that the Late Mesozoic tectonic regime of the Qinling Orogen was an integrated effect of post-collisional compression-extension transition, the back-arc extension related to paleo-Pacific subduction and/or a Cretaceous Pacific superplume event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurons in motor cortex and connected brain regions fire in anticipation of specific movements, long before movement occurs. This neural activity reflects internal processes by which the brain plans and executes volitional movements. The study of motor planning offers an opportunity to understand how the structure and dynamics of neural circuits support persistent internal states and how these states influence behavior. Recent advances in large-scale neural recordings are beginning to decipher the relationship of the dynamics of populations of neurons during motor planning and movements. New behavioral tasks in rodents, together with quantified perturbations, link dynamics in specific nodes of neural circuits to behavior. These studies reveal a neural network distributed across multiple brain regions that collectively supports motor planning. We review recent advances and highlight areas where further work is needed to achieve a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying motor planning and related cognitive processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Western Tianshan in NW China is one of the most important gold provinces in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). The recently discovered Kuruer Cu-Au deposit has been interpreted to represent a transition from high-sulfidation epithermal to porphyry mineralization system. In this study, we present new LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb ages for the many magmatic rock types at Kuruer, including the Dahalajunshan Formation andesitic tuff (333.2 ± 1.6 Ma), diorite porphyry (269.7 ± 2.0 Ma), slightly-altered (264.4 ± 2.6 Ma) and intensively-altered (270.5 ± 2.5 Ma) albite porphyry. These ages reveal two distinct magmatic episodes: The Early Carboniferous Dahalajunshan Formation (wall rocks) andesitic tuff samples contain narrow ranges of SiO 2 (60.29–61.28 wt.%), TiO 2 (0.96–0.98 wt.%), Al 2 O 3 (16.55–16.57 wt.%) and Fe 2 O 3 T (5.36–5.57 wt.%). The tuff is characterized by LREE enrichment and HFSE depletion, as well as LREE/HREE enrichment ((La/Yb) N = 8.31–8.76) and negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.64–0.76). Zircon ε Hf (t) values are 5.4–8.2, and two-stage Hf model ages ( T DM2 ) are 821–1016 Ma, indicating partial melting of a moderately depleted mantle wedge with Precambrian continental crustal input. The ore-forming Middle Permian diorite porphyry and (quartz) albite porphyry have variable major oxide compositions (e.g., SiO 2 = 53.09–53.12 wt.% for the diorite porphyry, 70.84–78.03 wt.% for the albite porphyry, and 74.07–75.03 wt.% for the quartz albite porphyry) but similar chondrite-normalized REE and primitive mantle-normalized multi-element patterns. These porphyries display LREE enrichment and HFSE depletion, as well as elevated LREE/HREE enrichment and negative Eu anomalies. The positive zircon ε Hf (t) values (11.7–15.9 for the diorite porphyry, 8.9–14.9 for the albite porphyry) and young two-stage Hf model ages ( T DM2 ) (282–542 Ma for the diorite porphyry, 337–717 Ma for the albite porphyry) indicate a major juvenile continental crustal involvement. We propose that the Carboniferous and Middle Permian magmatism was formed in a continental arc and post-collisional settings, respectively, with the latter episode responsible for the Cu-Au mineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution, the largest porphyry Mo deposit in NE China, Chalukou, is selected to provide insights into the tectonic evolution of NE China. The deposit was considered to be rift-related (or Climax-type) porphyry Mo deposit developed in an extensional setting, while other researchers attributed its formation to the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Ocean. In view of different granite petrogenesis between rift-type and subduction-type porphyry Mo deposits, geochronological and zircon Lu–Hf isotope studies have been carried out on granitic rocks associated with the Chalukou deposit. Zircon grains from the ore-host monzogranite and ore-causative granite porphyry yield weighted mean 206 Pb/ 238 U ages of 166 ± 2 Ma and 152 ± 2 Ma, with molybdenite samples yielding a Re–Os isochron age of 150 ± 2 Ma, indicating a Jurassic age for both granitic intrusion and Mo mineralization. Zircon εHf(t) values of monzogranite and granite porphyry range from 0.9 to 3.0 and from − 1.4 to 0.5, respectively. When integrated with published zircon Lu–Hf isotopic data, our data suggest that the barren granites (both pre- and post-ore) were mainly derived from mantle-derived juvenile rocks, whereas the syn-ore granite requires additional involvement of old continental crust. Thus, a contribution of continental crust to Mo mineralization is suggested. The petrogenesis and geochemical data reveal that the Chalukou deposit is a subduction-related porphyry Mo deposits and not rift-related. Integrated evidence links its formation to the southeastward subduction of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean, instead of the westward subduction of the Paleo–Pacific Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the most important Mo provinces in the world, the Qinling Orogen is host to mainly Late Mesozoic (Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous) porphyry Mo systems. Recently, additional Early Mesozoic (mainly Triassic plus minor Early Jurassic) Mo deposits have been identified, which occur as fault-controlled quartz veins or as carbonatite veins and as such, they are fundamentally different from the commonly observed porphyry systems. Furthermore, Early Mesozoic porphyry systems are also present but they are different from those of Late Mesozoic age. Thus, Early Mesozoic Mo systems not only offer a new and comprehensive view of the Mo metallogenesis, but also provide unique insight into the tectonic evolution of the Qinling Orogen taking into consideration the role of mineral deposits as ideal probes of the geodynamic evolution. The known Early Mesozoic Mo deposits in Qinling can be classified into three types based on their geological and geochemical features: porphyry, carbonatite, and orogenic systems. Porphyry Mo systems, including porphyry, porphyry-skarn and intrusion-related veins, are spatially and genetically associated with granitic porphyries. They display typical porphyry type alterations and are formed by magmatic water. Carbonatites are considered as mantle-derived igneous rocks, and Mo mineralization is associated with magmatic fluids. Orogenic Mo systems occur as fault-controlled quartz lodes, and the ore-forming fluids are medium-high temperature, CO 2 -rich metamorphic fluids. Spatially, Early Mesozoic porphyry Mo systems are concentrated in the western and middle part of the Qinling Orogen, whereas carbonatite veins and orogenic Mo systems are located in the northeastern part. Temporally, orogenic Mo deposits were the earliest (mainly between 220 and 250 Ma), followed by carbonatite veins (mainly between 205 and 225 Ma) and porphyry Mo systems (mainly between 190 and 205 Ma). With some exceptions, there is generally a trend of decreasing deposit ages toward the western part of the orogen. Detailed comparison reveals that the Early Mesozoic porphyry Mo systems in the Qinling Orogen are different from the Late Mesozoic ones in terms of their economic importance, spatial distribution, ore-causative intrusions, hydrothermal alteration and the ore-forming fluids. To explain the above geological and geochemical features, the Triassic Qinling is considered as an active continental margin caused by the northward subduction of the Mian–Lue oceanic plate. A transition from continental arc to back-arc basin is suggested for the formation of Triassic orogenic and carbonatite vein Mo deposits, whereas continental arc is host to the Early Mesozoic porphyry Mo systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes are promising tools for industrial hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass; however, the regulatory network underlying their production is not well understood. The recent discovery of the transcriptional activators ClrB and McmA in Aspergillus nidulans implied a novel regulatory mechanism driven by their interaction, experimental evidence for which was obtained from transcriptional and DNA-binding analyses in this study. It was found that ClrB was essential for induced expression of all the genes examined in this study, while McmA dependency of their expression was gene-dependent. DNA-binding studies revealed McmA assisted in the recruitment of ClrB to the cellulose-responsive element (CeRE) in the promoters of eglA and eglB, expression of which was significantly reduced in the mcmA mutant. The CCG triplet within the CeRE served as the recognition sequence for the ClrB monomer. In contrast, ClrB did not require McmA for binding as a homodimer to the CGGN8CCG sequences in the promoter of mndB, expression of which was affected less in the mcmA mutant than in all other examined genes. Thus, there are two types of ClrB-mediated regulation: McmA-assisted and McmA-independent. This novel McmA-ClrB synergistic system provides new insights into the complex regulatory network involved in cellulase and hemicellulase production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SRF-MADS proteins are transcription factors conserved among eukaryotes that regulate a variety of cellular functions; however, their physiological roles are still not well understood in filamentous fungi. Effects of a mutation in mcmA gene that encodes the sole SRF-MADS protein in the fungus Aspergillus nidulans were examined by RNA sequencing. Sequencing data revealed that expression levels of cellulase genes were significantly decreased by the mutation as reported previously. However, expression levels of various hemicellulolytic enzyme genes, several extracellular protease genes, the nosA and rosA genes involved in sexual development, and AN4394 encoding an ortholog of EcdR involved in Aspergillus oryzae conidiation, were also significantly decreased by the mutation. As expected from the RNA sequencing data, the mcmA mutant had reduced protease production, cleistothecial development, and conidiation. This is the first report describing the involvement of SRF-MADS proteins in protease production in fungi, and asexual and sexual development in Aspergillus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to extreme toxicity of the element of thallium (Tl), increasing aqueous Tl pollution incidents have aroused growing concerns. As the prevalent and stable form, i.e. , monovalent Tl, the highly efficient removal methodologies of Tl(I) from (waste)water remains limited and challenging. In this study, an advanced oxidation method, the feasibility of using zero valent iron (Fe0) coupled with persulfate (PS) to treat Tl(I)-containing synthetic wastewater was investigated. Its influence parameters, including reaction time, initial Tl concentration, dosages of PS and Fe0, initial and coagulation pH, temperature, coexisting ions and organic matter (NO 3 −, SO 4 2−, Cl− and HA) were examined. The results revealed that the system can be applied to a wide range of pH and temperature and the reaction equilibrium can be reached in about 30 min. Favorable Tl(I) removal rate (>98%) was observed in the synthetic wastewater with medium and relatively high Tl(I) concentration (≤0.250 mM). The analyses of characterization results including electron spin resonance spectrometer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that ·OH played a vital role in the removal of Tl(I), which was oxidized and removed by co-precipitation. Fe0 can be served as a stable source of Fe2+ to efficiently catalyze PS. The remaining Fe0 can be easily separated because of its magnetism, assuring the promising reusability of the reactant. The study aims to provide references for treatment of real Tl polluted wastewater. [Display omitted] • Zero valent iron (Fe0)-persulfate (PS) was first used to treat Tl(I) in wastewater. • Fe0-PS system can efficiently treat Tl(I) in wastewater. • Initial pH and temperature have little effect on Tl(I) removal. • Hydroxyl radical played a vital role in the removal of Tl(I) via oxidation. • Fe-containing hydroxide played a vital role in the removal of Tl(I) via co-precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activity in motor cortex predicts specific movements seconds before they occur, but how this preparatory activity relates to upcoming movements is obscure. We dissected the conversion of preparatory activity to movement within a structured motor cortex circuit. An anterior lateral region of the mouse cortex (a possible homologue of premotor cortex in primates) contains equal proportions of intermingled neurons predicting ipsi- or contralateral movements, yet unilateral inactivation of this cortical region during movement planning disrupts contralateral movements. Using cell-type-specific electrophysiology, cellular imaging and optogenetic perturbation, we show that layer 5 neurons projecting within the cortex have unbiased laterality. Activity with a contralateral population bias arises specifically in layer 5 neurons projecting to the brainstem, and only late during movement planning. These results reveal the transformation of distributed preparatory activity into movement commands within hierarchically organized cortical circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The southern Great Hinggan Range in northeast China, mainly bounded by the Kangbao-Chifeng Fault to the south and the Hegenshan-Heihe Suture to the north, is a Palaeozoic subduction-related accretionary belt added to the northern margin of the North China Craton. The area has been considered as a Yanshanian metallogenic province, with more than 20 Mo deposits being discovered. Recently, six of the Mo deposits were proven to have formed during the Indosinian (Triassic) Orogeny, indicating the significance of the Indosinian mineralization, orogeny and magmatism. In this contribution, we summarize available data of the Indosinian Mo deposits, and show that Triassic Mo mineralization occurred in the time range of 248-232 Ma, coincident with a regional granitic event, and was presented as porphyry and intrusion-related quartz vein systems. The Indosinian ore-related granitoids show geochemical features of high-K calc-alkaline metaluminous-peraluminous and adakitic rocks, and have been formed by partial melting of thickened lower crust in a post-subduction tectonic setting. Rhenium contents of molybdenite crystals and sulphur-lead isotopic compositions indicate that the ore-forming materials originated from continental crust with some mantle components involved. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Taishanmiao was constructed by three pulses of magmatism at 125, 123 and 116 Ma. • The latest porphyritic syenogranite induced Mo mineralization at Zhuyuangou. • The highly fractionated I-type granite results from partial melting of ancient crust. • Small porphyry can concentrate Mo from batholith and then effectively deposit it. The Qinling Orogen is well known for its huge Mo resource. The porphyry Mo deposits are associated with small granite porphyries, albeit great batholiths accommodate limited Mo mineralization. In this study, detailed geochemical, isotopic, and geochronological studies were carried out to constrain the petrogenesis of the Taishanmiao batholith and time framework of magmatism and associated Mo mineralization at Zhuyuangou. Zircon geochronology reveals gradually decreasing emplacement ages, from 124.8 ± 1.0 Ma for the medium- to coarse-grained syenogranite, through 122.8 ± 1.4 Ma for fine- to medium-grained syenogranite, to 115.1 ± 0.95 Ma for porphyritic syenogranite. The last two phases hosted the Zhuyuangou Mo mineralization with a molybdenite Re-Os isochron age of 117.7 ± 1.0 Ma. Major and trace element features support highly fractionated I-type affinity for Taishanmiao. Zircon Lu-Hf isotopic studies yield ε Hf (t) values of −19.6 − -8, and two-stage Hf model ages (T DM2) of 1679–2408 Ma. It thus supports ancient continental crust, especially Taihua Supergroup and Xiong'er Group, as the primary source. Compared to the source rock, the low Mo concentrations of the batholith are attributed to the massive fluid flux that contributes to the formation of the Zhuyuangou and Donggou deposits. Small porphyries can effectively concentrate exsolved fluids and metal compared with great batholith. Their shallow emplacement depths result in greater temperature/pressure/composition gradient with the wall rocks, higher cooling rate, more fractures or even breccia, and fluid boiling and mixing, facilitating intensive hydrothermal alteration and mineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Western Tianshan along the southwestern Central Asian Orogenic Belt is well-endowed with epithermal and porphyry Au-Cu deposits. The Kuruer Cu-Au deposit, recently discovered in the eastern part of Western Tianshan, represents a transition from a high-sulfidation epithermal to a porphyry system. In this contribution, we explored the capacity of chalcopyrite to record direct mineralization time and fluids evolution in the Kuruer deposit, by presenting Re-Os isotopic data and the concentration range of 16 trace elements obtained through LA-ICP-MS. The chalcopyrite Re-Os isochron age of 256 ± 12 Ma (MSWD = 2.6) is comparable within error with the U–Pb age of the ore-causative albite porphyry which demonstrates a Permian porphyry-epithermal system instead of the previously proposed Carboniferous epithermal mineralization. The initial 187Os/188Os ratio of 0.81 ± 0.17 for chalcopyrite implies mixing between crust and mantle. Both pyrite and chalcopyrite can host trace elements in considerable amounts, where pyrite primarily hosted Co, As, Au, V, and Bi, but chalcopyrite concentrated more Zn, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Mo. The study also highlighted systematic variation of trace element concentrations and Cd/Zn ratios in chalcopyrite and pyrite that can be powerful indicators of fluid phase separation and fluid mixing with meteoric water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Xiaoqinling gold field in central China is the second largest orogenic Au province in China. In the Xiaoqinling area, the Dahu Au-Mo deposit is typical because it is one of the five early-discovered large gold deposits, but also unique for its northernmost location and Mo-association. This study shows that the deposit is a fault-controlled lode system formed by a three-stage hydrothermal process. The early-stage pyrite-quartz veins are structurally deformed and broken. The middle-stage molybdenite-pyrite-quartz stockworks (mostly coaxial) infill the cracks of the early-stage veins and minerals. The late-stage open-space filling quartz-carbonate veinlets show a comb-like texture. The early- and late-stage quartz only contains the fluid inclusions of CO2-H2O and H2O-NaCl types, respectively, suggesting an evolution from CO2-rich to CO2-poor; whereas the middle-stage quartz contains fluid inclusions of CO2-H2O, H2O-NaCl, pure CO2 and daughter mineral-bearing types, supporting a boiling fluid system, because they can occur in a microscopic domain of a single crystal, homogenize divergently at similar temperatures clustering between 293 and 410 °C, and show contrasting salinities of <13.6 wt.% and >26.3 wt.% NaCl equiv. The inclusions in early-stage quartz are homogenized at 402-503 °C, with salinities of 4.5-10.4 wt.% NaCl equiv.; and those in late-stage quartz are homogenized at temperatures of <251 °C, with salinities of 14.4-14.8 wt.% NaCl equiv. The trapping pressures of inclusions are estimated to be 138-331 MPa in the early stage and 78-237 MPa in the middle stage, implying that the fluid system alternately fluctuated from lithostatic to hydrostatic, which was controlled by a fault-valve mechanism at depths of >11 km and ~7.8 km, respectively. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope signatures indicate that the fluids originated from metamorphic devolatilization in the early stage, then mixed with meteoric water in the middle stage, and finally replaced by meteoric water in the late stage. Hence, it is concluded, that metal precipitation at the Dahu deposit was mainly caused by fluid boiling, followed by fluid mixing, along with a trans-compressing at the transitional zone from a magmatic arc to back-arc basin, which resulted from the Triassic northward subduction of the Mian-Lue oceanic slab. © 2014 The Authors. Geological Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Perceptual decisions involve distributed cortical activity. Does information flow sequentially from one cortical area to another, or do networks of interconnected areas contribute at the same time? Here we delineate when and how activity in specific areas drives a whisker-based decision in mice. A short-term memory component temporally separated tactile “sensation” and “action” (licking). Using optogenetic inhibition (spatial resolution, 2 mm; temporal resolution, 100 ms), we surveyed the neocortex for regions driving behavior during specific behavioral epochs. Barrel cortex was critical for sensation. During the short-term memory, unilateral inhibition of anterior lateral motor cortex biased responses to the ipsilateral side. Consistently, barrel cortex showed stimulus-specific activity during sensation, whereas motor cortex showed choice-specific preparatory activity and movement-related activity, consistent with roles in motor planning and movement. These results suggest serial information flow from sensory to motor areas during perceptual decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mo deposits from the Qinling-Dabie area, central China, which are characteristic for a new type of porphyry Mo deposits named the Collision-type, were formed in CO 2 -rich magmatic-hydrothermal environments. Yet the effects of CO 2 on molybdenum transport and precipitation are still poorly known. To fill this gap and provide insight into the formation of Collision-type porphyry Mo deposit, we performed high pressure experiments to systematically quantify the role of CO 2 on the solubility of molybdenum-bearing phases. Molybdenite was placed together with a single-phase H 2 O-CO 2 -NaCl fluid (8 wt% NaCl Eq.) at 600 °C and 200 MPa. The experiments were buffered by the pyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite assemblage. At such conditions, combined microthermometric and LA-ICP-MS analysis of synthetic fluid inclusions reveals that the molybdenite solubility in the fluids coexisting with molybdenite decreases slightly (from 87 ± 17 ppm to 38 ± 13 ppm Mo) with increasing CO 2 (from X CO2 = 0.10 to 0.25 M fraction). Such a Mo solubility is comparable to that determined in CO 2 -free fluids (61 ± 14 ppm) with the same salinity. At X CO2 = 0.33, fluid immiscibility is observed and Mo would partition preferentially into the brine phase, with a D Mo liq / vap (= C Mo liquid / C Mo vapor ) value of 2.9 ± 1.0 (1σ). The evolution of molybdenite solubility with increasing CO 2 in the fluid may be explained by changes of the dielectric constant of the solvent. Our results demonstrate that at the studied experimental temperature and pressure, CO 2 -rich fluids can transport comparable amounts of molybdenum as in H 2 O-dominated solutions. Combined with existing literature data over a broad range of pressure, temperature, and oxygen fugacity conditions, our data indicate that decreasing temperature and oxygen fugacity facilitate molybdenite precipitation. Albeit the nil-to-negative effect of CO 2 on molybdenum solubility, the presence of CO 2 would affect significantly fluid saturation of silicate melts. Notably, boiling is expected to occur at higher pressure in the presence of CO 2 , which may explain the deeper mineralization depth observed for the Collision-type porphyry molybdenum deposit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yuchiling Mo deposit is a recently discovered giant porphyry system in the East Qinling Mo belt, China. Its apparent causative intrusion, i.e., the Yuchiling granite porphyry, is the youngest intrusion (phase 4) of the Heyu multiphase granite batholith, which was emplaced between 143 and 135 Ma. New robust constraints on the formation of the Yuchiling porphyry Mo system are provided by combined zircon U-Pb, biotite Ar/Ar, and molybdenite Re-Os dating. Zircon grains from the Mo-mineralized granite porphyry yield weighted Pb/U age of 134.0 ± 1.4 Ma ( n = 19, 2 σ error, MSWD = 0.30). Magmatic biotite from the same sample yield a Ar/Ar plateau age of 135.1 ± 1.4 Ma (2 σ error), and an inverse isochron age of 135.6 ± 2.0 Ma ( n = 7, 2 σ error, MSWD = 10.8), which are effectively coincident with the zircon U-Pb age within analytical error. Three pulses of mineralization can be deduced from the molybdenite Re-Os ages, namely: ∼141, ∼137, and ∼134 Ma, which agree well with the zircon U-Pb ages of granitic phases 1, 2, and the Yuchiling porphyry (phase 4), respectively. These well-constrained temporal correlations indicate that Mo mineralization was caused by pulses of granitic magmatism, and that the ore-forming magmatic-hydrothermal activity responsible for the Yuchiling porphyry Mo system lasted about 8 Ma. The Yuchiling Mo deposit represents a unique style of porphyry Mo system formed in a post-collision setting, and associated with F-rich, high-K calc-alkaline intrusions, which differ from convergent margin-associated porphyry Mo deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Yuchiling Mo deposit, East Qinling, China, belongs to a typical porphyry Mo system associated with high-K calc-alkaline intrusions. The pure CO2 (PC), CO2-bearing (C), aqueous H2O-NaCl (W), and daughter mineral-bearing (S) fluid inclusions were observed in the hydrothermal quartz. Based on field investigations, petrographic, microthermometric and LA-ICP-MS studies of fluid inclusions, we develop a five-stage fluid evolution model to understand the ore-forming processes of the Yuchiling deposit. The earliest barren quartz±potassic feldspar veins, developed in intensively potassic alteration, were crystallized from carbonic-dominant fluids at high temperature (>416°C) and high pressure (>133MPa). Following the barren quartz±potassic feldspar veins are quartz-pyrite veins occasionally containing minor K-feldspar and molybdenite, which were formed by immiscible fluids at pressures of 47–159MPa and temperatures of 360–400°C. The fluids were characterized by high CO2 contents (approximately 8mol%) and variable salinities, as well as the highest Mo contents that resulted in the development of quartz-molybdenite veins. The quartz-molybdenite veins, accounting for >90% Mo in the orebody, were also formed by immiscible fluids with lower salinity and lower CO2 content of 7mol%, at temperatures of 340–380°C and pressures of 39–137MPa, as constrained by fluid inclusion assemblages. After the main Mo-mineralization, the uneconomic Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization occurred, as represented by quartz-polymetallic sulfides veins consisting of pyrite, molybdenite, chalcopyrite, digenite, galena, sphalerite and quartz. The quartz-polymetallic sulfide veins were formed by fluids containing 5mol% CO2, with minimum pressures of 32–110MPa and temperatures of 260–300°C. Finally, the fluids became dilute (5wt.% NaCl equiv) and CO2-poor, which caused the formation of late barren quartz±carbonate±fluorite veins at 140–180°C and 18–82MPa. It is clear that the fluids became more dilute, CO2-poor, and less fertile, with decreasing temperature and pressure from quartz-pyrite to late barren veins. Molybdenite and other sulfides can only be observed in the middle three stages, i.e., quartz-pyrite, quartz-molybdenite and quartz-polymetallic sulfide veins. These three kinds of veins are generally hosted in potassic altered rocks with remarkable K-feldspathization, but always partly overprinted by phyllic alteration. The traditional porphyry-style potassic–phyllic–propylitic alteration zoning is not conspicuous at Yuchiling, which may be related to, and characteristic of, the CO2-rich fluids derived from the magmas generated in intercontinental collision orogens. Among the fluid inclusions at Yuchiling, only the C-type contains maximum detectable Mo that gradationally decreases from 73ppm in quartz-pyrite veins, through 19ppm in quartz-molybdenite veins, and to 13ppm in quartz-polymetallic sulfide veins, coinciding well with the decreasing CO2 contents from 8mol%, through 7mol%, to 5mol%, respectively. Hence it is suggested that decreasing CO2 possibly results in decreasing Mo concentration in the fluids, as well as the precipitation of molybdenite from the fluids. This direct relationship might be a common characteristic for other porphyry Mo systems in the world. The Yuchiling Mo deposit represents a new type Mo mineralization, with features of collision-related setting, high-K calc-alkaline intrusion, CO2-rich fluid, and unique wall-rock alterations characterized by strong K-feldspathization and fluoritization. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Nannihu Mo–W deposit, located in the Henan Province of China, is a giant porphyry deposit formed in the Qinling Orogen during the Jurassic continental collision between the North China and Yangtze Cratons. Mo–W mineralization is associated with the Nannihu porphyritic monzogranite, occurring as numerous stockwork veinlets in the altered wallrocks and the causative porphyry. Both the porphyry stock and wallrocks underwent intense hydrothermal alteration, ranging outwardly from potassic to phyllic alteration, and to carbonation zones with increasing distance from the intrusion. The hydrothermal ore-forming process can be divided into four stages characterized by veinlets, from early to late: (1) quartz+potassic feldspar±molybdenite±pyrite; (2) quartz+molybdenite veins containing minor pyrite and chalcopyrite; (3) quartz+polymetal sulfide; and (4) quartz+carbonate+fluorite. Most of the ores are formed during stages 2 and 3. Four types of fluid inclusions (FIs) are distinguished in this study based on petrographic and microthermometric criteria, i.e. pure CO2, NaCl–H2O, CO2–H2O and daughter mineral-bearing fluid inclusions. All of the four types of FIs can be observed in the hydrothermal quartz formed in stages 1, 2 and 3; while the stage 4 minerals contain only NaCl–H2O fluid inclusions. Fluid inclusions of stage 1 are mainly homogenized between 350 and 460°C, with salinities ranging from 5.7 to 17.9wt.% NaCl equiv. The stage 2 FIs yield homogeneous temperatures of 300–380°C and salinities of 3.5–16.9wt.% NaCl equiv. FIs of stage 3 are homogenized between 250 and 370°C, with salinities of 1.8–14.3 and 28.6–39.1wt.% NaCl equiv. FIs of stage 4 are homogenized at temperatures of 115 to 265°C, yielding salinities of 0.5 to 1.2wt.% NaCl equiv. Daughter minerals, such as halite, chalcopyrite and some unknown minerals, are frequently present in stage 3 FIs, which probably represent a reducing and oversaturated fluid-system resulting from fluid-boiling. The daughter mineral-bearing FIs coexist with vapor- and liquid-rich NaCl–H2O FIs that have contrasting salinities. These FIs are homogenized in divergent ways at similar temperatures, suggesting that fluid boiling took place in stages 2 and 3. The estimated pressures range from 70 to 270MPa in stage 1, through 30–150MPa in stage 2, to 30–85MPa in stage 3, corresponding to a depth of no less than 3km. In other words, the ore-forming fluids are characterized by high temperature, high salinity, high fO2 and high CO2 content; and fluid-boiling resulted in CO2 release, fO2 decrease and ore mineral precipitation. We suggest that the CO2-rich fluid is a distinctive feature of porphyry systems developed in continental collision setting, in transitional compressional to extensional regime, contrasting to the CO2-poor NaCl–H2O fluids observed in volcanic arcs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Hydrothermal alteration and mineralization at the Wunugetu porphyry Cu-Mo deposit, China, include four stages, i.e., the early stage characterized by quartz, K-feldspar and minor mineralization, followed by a molybdenum mineralization stage associated with potassic alteration, copper mineralization associated with sericitization, and the last Pb-Zn mineralization stage associated with carbonation. Hydrothermal quartz contains three types of fluid inclusions, namely aqueous (W-type), daughter mineral-bearing (S-type) and CO-rich (C-type) inclusion, with the latter two types absent in the late stage. Fluid inclusions in the early stage display homogenization temperatures above 510°C, with salinities up to 75.8 wt.% NaCl equivalent. The presence of S-type inclusions containing anhydrite and hematite daughter minerals and C-type inclusions indicates an oxidizing, CO-bearing environment. Fluid inclusions in the Mo- and Cu-mineralization stages yield homogenization temperatures of 342-508°C and 241-336°C, and salinities of 8.6-49.4 and 6.3-35.7 wt.% NaCl equivalent, respectively. The presence of chalcopyrite instead of hematite and anhydrite daughter minerals in S-type inclusions indicates a decreasing of oxygen fugacity. In the late stage, fluid inclusions yield homogenization temperatures of 115-234°C and salinities lower than 12.4 wt.% NaCl equivalent. It is concluded that the early stage fluids were CO bearing, magmatic in origin, and characterized by high temperature, high salinity, and high oxygen fugacity. Phase separation occurred during the Mo- and Cu-mineralization stages, resulting in CO release, oxygen fugacity decrease and rapid precipitation of sulfides. The late-stage fluids were meteoric in origin and characterized by low temperature, low salinity, and CO poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Mesozoic granitoids are widespread in the southern margin of the North China Craton, and of particular geological interests because of their indication for lithospheric evolution and close association with porphyry Mo mineralization. In this contribution, in situ LA-ICP-MS U–Pb, Hf isotope and trace element analyses of zircon crystals have been combined to constrain the emplacement time and petrogenesis of the Heyu granitic batholith which hosts the Yuchiling porphyry Mo system, Henan Province, China. As inferred from field investigations, the concentrically zoned Heyu batholith mainly consists of four texturally distinguishable phases, and displays a pattern of monotonically decreasing U–Pb age from 143.0±1.6Ma for Phase 1, through 138.4±1.5Ma for Phase 2, through to ca. 135Ma for Phase 3, and to 133.6±1.3Ma for the Mo-mineralized Yuchiling granite porphyry (Phase 4). The εHf(t) values (−27.7 to −3.4) and the two stage Hf model ages (1403 to 2924Ma) of zircon grains, together with the ages of local strata, suggest that the magmas forming the Heyu batholith were dominantly sourced from the crust, with input of a mantle component. The higher Ce/Ce* ratios of the zircon crystals in the mineralized Yuchiling porphyry compared to those in the Mo-barren phases suggests that fluids exsolved from oxidic magmas might be more favorable for Mo enrichment. A regional synthesis suggests that intensive lithospheric thinning in the southern margin of the North China Craton should not be earlier than 130Ma. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Neurons at the top of primate ventral visual stream [inferior temporal cortex (IT)] have selectivity for objects that is highly tolerant to variation in the object's appearance on the retina. Previous nonhuman primate (Macaca mulatta) studies suggest that this neuronal tolerance is at least partly supported by the natural temporal contiguity of visual experience, because altering that temporal contiguity can robustly alter adult IT position and size tolerance. According to that work, it is the statistics of the subject's visual experience, not the subject's reward, that instruct the specific images that IT treats as equivalent. But is reward necessary for gating this type of learning in the ventral stream? Here we show that this is not the case--temporal tolerance learning proceeds at the same rate, regardless of reward magnitude and regardless of the temporal co-occurrence of reward, even in a behavioral task that does not require the subject to engage the object images. This suggests that the ventral visual stream uses autonomous, fully unsupervised mechanisms to constantly leverage all visual experience to help build its invariant object representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: We easily recognize objects and faces across a myriad of retinal images produced by each object. One hypothesis is that this tolerance (a.k.a. “invariance”) is learned by relying on the fact that object identities are temporally stable. While we previously found neuronal evidence supporting this idea at the top of the nonhuman primate ventral visual stream (inferior temporal cortex, or IT), we here test if this is a general tolerance learning mechanism. First, we found that the same type of unsupervised experience that reshaped IT position tolerance also predictably reshaped IT size tolerance, and the magnitude of reshaping was quantitatively similar. Second, this tolerance reshaping can be induced under naturally occurring dynamic visual experience, even without eye movements. Third, unsupervised temporal contiguous experience can build new neuronal tolerance. These results suggest that the ventral visual stream uses a general unsupervised tolerance learning algorithm to build its invariant object representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Whether we are riding in a car or walking, our internal map of the environment must be continuously updated to maintain spatial constancy. Using a memory eye movement task, we examined whether nonhuman primates can keep track of changes in the distance of nearby objects when moved toward or away from them. We report that memory-guided eye movements take into account the change in distance traveled, illustrating that monkeys can update retinal disparity information in order to reconstruct three-dimensional visual space during motion in depth. This ability was compromised after destruction of the vestibular labyrinths, suggesting that the extraretinal signals needed for updating can arise from vestibular information signaling self-motion through space. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Uranium (U) is a toxic and radioactive element. Excessive amounts of aqueous U(VI) generated from U mining, processing and nuclear industry may result in severe and irreversible damage to the environment. Herein, Ficus microcarpa aerial root (FMAR), a biowaste material, was used to adsorb U(VI) from aqueous solutions for the first time. Potassium permanganate (KMnO 4)-modified FMAR biochar was synthesised, characterised and compared with raw (unmodified) biochar with respect to U(VI) adsorption. The results showed that the adsorption capability of the modified FMAR biochar was evidently higher than that of the raw biochar. Multiple characterisation techniques confirmed that the discrepancy was mainly due to the increased content of O−H and formation of irregular sheet-like nanostructure with the ultrafine MnO 2 nanoparticles on the biochar surfaces after KMnO 4 modification. The abundance of O−H and nanoscale MnO 2 notably enhanced the adsorption of U(VI) by means of coordination and Lewis acid-base interaction. The results indicate that KMnO 4 -modified FMAR biochar has a good potential to serve as an environment-friendly adsorbent for the removal of U(VI) from solution. Unlabelled Image • A novel biochar was synthesised from Ficus microcarpa aerial root (FMAR) biowaste. • Ultrafine MnO 2 particles covered modified biochar after KMnO 4 modification. • The increased O H and generated MnO 2 enhanced the adsorption ability. • FMAR biochar serves as an environment-friendly adsorbent to remove U(VI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of illness associated with seafood consumption globally. In this study, we examined 136 V. parahaemolyticus isolates from Ningbo, China for antimicrobial resistance phenotypes, genotypes, virulence factor genes (tdh, trh, T3SS) and molecular typing. Carbenicillin resistance (100.0%) was the most prevalent in all isolates followed by ampicillin with 46.1% in aquatic, 9.2% in clinical, and 83.3% in environmental isolates. Trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (7.7%), streptomycin (3.1%), tetracycline (3.1%), and nalidixic acid (1.6%) resistance were only present in aquatic isolates. The virulence factor genes tdh (83.1%) and trh (10.8%) were found in clinical isolates while tdh was carried by aquatic (6.2%) and environmental (83.3%) isolates. T3SS2α genes were present in tdh+/trh− isolates and T3SS2β genes were present only in trh+ isolates. Molecular typing by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus‐polymerase chain reaction classified our 136 isolates into nine clusters at a 0.66 similarity and aquatic isolates showed high degrees of genetic diversity. Our findings characterized the risk factors among aquatic, clinical, and environmental V. parahaemolyticus isolates from Ningbo, China. Practical Applications: The threat of pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus to seafood safety is more serious than ever before as antimicrobial resistance has emerged and developed globally in the past decades. This study emphasizes the antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence, and molecular characterization of aquatic, clinical, and environmental V. parahaemolyticus isolated in Ningbo, which will be helpful for improving seafood safety management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional CO 2 capture process represented by monoethanolamine has excessive energy consumption, serious oxidative degradation and metal corrosion, which limits its potential for large-scale industrial applications. This study produced a highly effective biphasic 3-amino-1-propanol (MPA)–polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether (NHD)–H 2 O absorbent with easy modulation of phase separation and low levels of oxidative degradation and metal corrosion. The principal absorbent was MPA, and NHD served as the phase separation solvent. NHD's solvent effect decreased the energy barrier preventing MPA from forming zwitterions (MPA+COO−) and carbamate, thus promoting chemical absorption. The large polarity difference between the reaction products and NHD triggered phase separation, producing a low-polarity CO 2 -lean phase and a high-polarity CO 2 -rich phase; 97.41% of the absorbed CO 2 accumulated in 43.7% of the CO 2 -rich phase solution. The sensible heat and latent heat of the MPA–NHD–H 2 O absorbent were relatively low because of the low saturation vapor pressure, high vaporization enthalpy, and excellent phase separation performance of NHD. The regeneration energy was as low as 2.66 GJ/t CO 2 , which was 30% less than that for monoethanolamine. Additionally, the oxidative degradation rate for the proposed absorbent was only 10.7% of that for monoethanolamine. This study provides a theoretical reference for application of the MPA–NHD–H 2 O biphasic absorbent. [Display omitted] • A highly effective MPA-NHD-H 2 O biphasic absorbent for CO 2 capture was developed. • The solvent effect induced by NHD reduced the energy barrier during the absorption of CO 2 by MPA. • The heat duty of MPA-NHD-H 2 O absorbent was reduced by 30% relative to 5 M MEA. • The oxidative degradation rate was only 10.7% of that for 5 M MEA, and a negligible rate of corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Crystallization and precipitation of high-concentration AMP reaction products was inhibited. • Effect of DETA in trace presence on the solubility of HCO 3 − was verified. • Average regeneration heat of AMP–DETA absorbent was reduced by 21.2 % relative to 5 M MEA. • The metal corrosion rate of AMP–DETA absorbent was only 7.9% of MEA. 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) combines the advantages of the faster reaction rate of primary/secondary amines and the high absorption capacity of tertiary amines, making it a highly promising alternative to monoethanolamine (MEA). However, at high AMP concentrations, the absorption products are prone to solid crystallization, resulting in unstable operation of the carbon capture system. In this work, by adding a small amount of diethylenetriamine (DETA) to AMP, the crystallization of reaction products can be effectively controlled and AMP-DETA absorbent possesses a high absorption rate, low regeneration energy, and low metal corrosion rate. Wetted-wall column tests were performed to comprehensively evaluate the mass transfer kinetics and the effect of crucial conditions, and the diffusion coefficient, gas–liquid mass transfer coefficient, enhancement factor, and mass transfer resistance distribution were obtained. The effect of the addition of DETA on the solubility of HCO 3 − was verified. DETA carbamate was more likely to form intermolecular hydrogen bonds with HCO 3 −, thus reducing the formation of dimeric or multichain macromolecules between HCO 3 − molecules through hydrogen bonds and inhibiting the crystallization of high concentration HCO 3 −. HCO 3 − can accelerate the desorption rate by participating in the deprotonation of protonation amines. The results demonstrated that the average regeneration energy of the AMP–DETA absorption system was reduced by 21.2 % relative to that of 5 M MEA, and its metal corrosion rate was 0.07 mm/a, which was only 7.9 % of MEA under the same conditions. The results contribute to the industrial application of AMP–DETA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced sensors have gained widespread use in determining fruit freshness characterization indicators, with researchers striving for high sensitivity, a broad detection range, and cost-effectiveness. In this study, we present a flexible multimode pressure-strain sensor (FMPSS) that employs Au electrodes and PEDOT/PSS films for tactile sensing of blueberry firmness and tamper-evident packaging. The FMPSS was fabricated using an ion sputtering technique, incorporating serpentine-shaped Au electrodes and PDMS encapsulation for the force-sensitive films. Our prepared FMPSS demonstrates exceptional linearity and repeatability across a detection range of 0–1200 kPa. Furthermore, it exhibits rapid response/recovery times, long-term cycling stability, and notable sensitivity to subtle deformations. Multiple applications of the FMPSS in fruit quality control were demonstrated, employing a multi-mechanism and modular approach. The pressure mode of the sensor enables instant and rapid assessment of blueberry firmness, achieving an average sensing accuracy of 88.75% when combined with the ANN model. Additionally, the strain mode accurately detects the unsealed state of the blueberry package, highlighting its potential for tamper-evident applications. The flexibility and convenience of the FMPSS make it suitable for assessing the firmness of various fruits and integrating it with fruit packaging and robotic systems. This versatility positions the FMPSS as a promising tool with diverse applications in fruit quality control. • Flexibility improvements have been made to the rigid fruit sensing system. • Designed a flexible multimode sensor (FMPSS) based on Au electrodes and a force-sensitive thin film..• The pressure mode of the FMPSS can be used as a tactile sensor to sense the freshness of the fruit non-destructively. • The strain mode of FMPSS can accurately detect the opening state of the fruit package. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification of quality issues in batch production is relevant for stable and successful production. The identification of systematic quality issues and the identification of root causes is complex and challenging. Powerful multivariate statistical methods exist to perform batch analysis, yet their application is difficult due to data diversity and complexity in model training. Here, insights from data analysis projects on four batch plants are presented and real world challenges are reviewed. This leads to a semi‐automatic process for more efficient batch analysis overcoming the mentioned tedious tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]