Search

China's educational reform from the late 1990s, has substantially increased university capacity. This has been most evident in undergraduate enrolments. As an increasingly large cohort of university graduates enters the job market yearly, the demand for university graduates has not caught up with supply. Some university students plan to pursue postgraduate studies in order to delay their entry into the competition for jobs and to improve their educational credentials. This paper reports on findings from a survey of university students in Xi'an, China, identifying the types of students who aspire to postgraduate education. The findings confirm the importance of three sets of factors: (1) parents' education and financial capacity; (2) university attended; and (3) academic performance. The paper argues that educational policy change in China has resulted in students having to pay tuition fees and having responsibility for finding jobs, thus creating conditions conducive to students with better family and financial resources, and better academic standing, to aspire to postgraduate education. Further policy implications of these findings regarding the expansion, financing and affordability of graduate education in China are discussed. (Contains 5 tables and 2 figures.)

Purpose We and others have reported that Sarcophagine-based bifunctional chelators could be effectively used in the syntheses of 64Cu radiopharmaceuticals. The resulted 64Cu-Sarcophagine complexes demonstrated great in vivo stability. The goal of this study was to further derivatize Sarcophagine cage with amino and maleimide functional groups for conjugation with bioligands.Methods Starting from DiAmSar, three novel chelators (AnAnSar, BaMalSar, and Mal2Sar) with two functional groups have been synthesized. Among those, BaMalSar and Mal2Sar have been conjugated with cyclic peptide c(RGDyC) (denoted as RGD) and the resulted conjugates, BaMalSar-RGD and Mal2Sar-RGD2 have been labeled with 64Cu. The tumor targeting efficacy of 64Cu-labeled RGD peptides were evaluated in a subcutaneous U87MG glioblastoma xenograft model.Results The conjugates, BaMalSar-RGD and Mal2Sar-RGD2 could be labeled with 64CuCl2 in 10 min with high purity (>98%) and high radiochemical yield (>90%). Both 64Cu-BaMalSar-RGD and 64Cu-Mal2Sar-RGD2 exhibited high tumor uptake and tumor-to-normal tissue ratios.Conclusion Three novel chelators with two functional groups have been developed based on Sarcophagine cage. The platform developed in this study could have broad applications in the design and synthesis of 64Cu-radiopharmaceuticals.

Abstract This paper analyzes the employment earnings of university professors in Canada to see if visible minority status affects earnings. Using detailed data from the Analytical File of the 2006 [...]

Two approaches have been adopted to study Chinese overseas. The first one stresses homeland ties and sojourning mentality; the second one focuses on host society conditions and the social construction of Chinese. This paper analyzes the population of Chinese overseas after the Second World War, which has increased steadily over time but unevenly by region from 11 million in 1955 to 39 million in 2007. Certain historical factors and contemporary forces explain the uneven growth. The paper argues that undue emphasis on homeland influence is unwarranted in view of the importance of how receiving society and its policy of accommodation have shaped the growth and development of Chinese overseas communities after the Second World War. Deux approches ont servies a l'etude des Chinois outre-mer. La premiere approche met son accent sur les liens patrimoniaux ainsi que la mentalite du sejour; la deuxieme se focalise sur la societe hote et la construction sociale des Chinois. Selon mon analyse, la population de Chinois outre-mer depuis la Deuxieme Guerre Mondiale augmente de facon stable mais irreguliere selon la region, demontrant une croissance de 11 million a 39 million de 1955 a 2007. Certains facteurs historiques et forces contemporaines expliquent cette croissance inegale. Donc, se propose un argument que l'emphase mise sur l'influence du pays d'origine est deplacee voire meme excessive en vue de l'importance des societes d'accueil et leurs politiques d'accommodement qui ont faconne la croissance et le developpement des communautes de Chinois outre-mer depuis la Deuxieme Guerre Mondiale., THE LITERATURE HAS ADOPTED TWO DIFFERENT perspectives in understanding the development of Chinese overseas communities. The first one, discussed widely in studies of overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia, stresses [...]

Abstract Economic globalization has changed the volume and nature of the world migrant population. This paper explains how and why the pattern of immigration from China to Canada has changed [...]

The literature in inconclusive as to whether the immigrant enclave economy offers returns to immigrant workers and entrepreneurs comparative to those in the mainstream economy. This study uses data from the 2001 Census of Canada on language most often used at work to measure enclave economy participation for Chinese immigrants. The findings show that returns are lower for men or women in the enclave than those in the mainstream economy, respectively, after controlling for human capital, work-related and urban variations. Language features of and job type in the enclave economy explain why returns are inferior to that of the mainstream economy. La documentation sur le sujet n'est pas decisive quant a savoir si l'economie ethnique enclavee enregistre un rendement economique comparable chez les travailleurs et les entrepreneurs immigrants a ceux qui se situent dans le courant economique principal. Les auteurs de cette etude utilisent des donnees du Recensement du Canada de 2001 sur la langue la plus utilisee au travail afin de mesurer la participation des immigrants chinois a l'economie enclavee. Apres les avoir compares au capital humain ainsi qu'aux variations liees au travail et au milieu urbain, les resultats demontrent que le rendement est moins eleve chez les hommes et chez les femmes de l'enclave que celui des gens qui se trouvent dans le courant economique principal. Les caracteristiques de la langue et le type de travail qui s'effectue dans l'economie enclavee expliquent pourquoi le rendement y est inferieur a celui obtenu dans le courant economique principal., THE IMMIGRANT ENCLAVE ECONOMY THESIS first developed by Wilson and Portes (1980) offers a refreshing understanding of how some immigrant groups in North America manage to develop alternate avenues of [...]

ABSTRACT/RESUME Canada's immigration discourse tends to treat immigrants as the object of inquiry. The discourse itself is taken for granted and is seldom scrutinized. This paper discusses the framework by [...]

ABSTRACT/RESUME The debate about whether ethnic identity helps or hinders social mobility is inconclusive because of differences in conceptualizing and measuring 'ethnic identity.' This paper examines how minority language, as [...]

Abstract: Research on ethnic business and immigrant entrepreneurship has posed two major questions. First, why are some immigrant groups more inclined toward entrepreneurship and self-employment? Second, are those immigrants who [...]

Peter S. Li is Professor of Sociology at the University of Saskatchewan and a member of the Prairie Centre of Excellence for Research on Immigration and Integration. His latest books include The Making of Post-War Canada (1996), The Chinese in Canada, 2/e (1998), and Race and Ethnic Relations in Canada, 2/e (Ed., 1999). Yahong Li is a doctoral candidate at the Department of Sociology, University of Saskatchewan. His dissertation research examines the development of Chinese language newspapers in Canada. Researchers have used the concept of immigrant enclave economy to describe the business and labour relations of immigrant firms, as distinct from those relations found in the core and peripheral sectors. The research has focused on whether the immigrant enclave economy offers similar or different returns to enclave employers and workers compared to their counterparts in the open market. Thus far, the literature on enclave economy has not sufficiently explored the enclave consumer market. Using advertisements in one of the largest Chinese daily newspapers in Toronto, this paper attempts to reconstruct business and consumer activities in the Chinese enclave economy. The findings indicate that both Chinese and non-Chinese businesses participate in the economy, although they tend to focus on different products or services. The Chinese firms place more advertisements in the Chinese newspapers, but non-Chinese firms contribute a disproportionate share of advertising revenue. The data also show that the geographical location of firms is closely related to the residential concentration of immigrants. The study indicates that the Chinese enclave consumer market is substantial and multifaceted, and that it overlaps with the core economy in many ways. The need to broaden the concept of immigrant enclave economy to include the enclave consumer market is highlighted. Les chercheurs ont utilise le concept de l'economie enclavee des immigrants pour decrire les relations d'affaires et de travail des entreprises d'immigrants, comme independantes des relations evoquees dans les secteurs de base et peripheriques. La recherche s'est concentree sur le fait que l'economie enclavee des immigrants offre ou non des rendements semblables ou differents aux employeurs et aux travailleurs en enclave, comparativement a leurs homologues sur le marche libre. Jusqu a maintenant, la documentation sur l'economie enclavee n'a pas examine suffisamment le marche des consommateurs en enclave. En utilisant des annonces dans un des plus importants journaux quotidiens chinois a Toronto, la presente communication essaie de reconstruire les activites commerciales et de consommation dans l'economie enclavee chinoise. Les conclusions indiquent que les entreprises chinoises et non chinoises participent a l'economie, bien qu'elles aient tendance a se concentrer sur des produits ou des services differents. Les entreprises chinoises placent des annonces plus nombreuses dans les journaux chinois, mais les entreprises non chinoises contribuent une part disproportionnee des recettes publicitaires. Les donnees demontrent egalement que le lieu geographique des entreprises concerne de pres la concentration residentielle des immigrants. L'etude indique que le marche des consommateurs en enclave chinois est considerable et polyvalent, et qu'il superpose l'economie de base de bien des facons. Le besoin d'elargir le concept de l'economie enclavee des immigrants pour englober le marche consommateur enclave est mis en evidence., Introduction Recent research on immigrant communities uses the concept of 'enclave economy' to refer to the economic activities and labour relations of immigrant workers and ethnic business employers that often [...]

Sharon McIrvin Abu-Laban is Professor of Sociology at the University of Alberta. She specializes in the study of families, gender and aging. Her research and scholarly publications focus on aging and intergenerational relations, gender and family adaptation and the integration of diasporic youth and women into Canadian society, with a focus on Arab and Muslim immigrants. She has published in Canadian and international journals and anthologies and is coeditor of The Arab World: Dynamics of Development and Muslim Families in North America. Peter S. Li is Professor of Sociology at the University of Saskatchewan, and Chair of the Economic Domain at the Prairie Centre of Excellence for Research on Immigration and Integration. His recent books include The Making of Post-War Canada (1996) and The Chinese in Canada, 2nd edition (1998); another edited book, Race and Ethnic Relations in Canada, 2nd edition, is forthcoming in 1999., ********** Immigration has built, shaped and re-shaped the Canadian nation. The acceptance of some applicants but not others, the dispersal, placement and settlement of newcomers, their mesh with the perceived [...]

Research on this paper was supported in part by a grant from the Prairie Centre of Excellence for Research on Immigration and Integration, and in part by a grant from [...]

Studies of racial inequality have not paid sufficient attention to a social process of cultural production that results in the marginalization of minority art and culture. This paper argues that Canada's policy towards Occidental arts and the arts community, and its multicultural policy towards minority arts and cultures have produced two different support structures, or unequal art worlds, for enhancing the artistic development of the dominant group and visible minorities. The first is a formal, legitimized and high-status art world of white Canadians, and the second a marginal, folkloric and low-status multicultural circle reserved for recent immigrants of mainly non-white origin. The formal art world of Canada and the multicultural circle of visible minorities are distinguishable by differences in social organization, rules of operation, standards of evaluation, source of patronage, and forum of communication; as well, their products differ in form and content and carry unequal aesthetic and market value. The Government's patronizing policy towards minorities' art and culture and the institutionalization of these two separate art worlds stifle the artistic creativity and aesthetic development of visible minorities. Canada's art and multicultural policies reflect and reinforce a cultural hegemony that upholds the dominance of Occidental values and culture., Much empirical research on racial inequality in North America has focused on differences in life opportunities and career outcomes (Jencks, et al., 1972; Featherman and Hauser, 1978; Boyd, Goyder, Jones, [...]

This paper argues that the expansion of corporate capitalism since the turn of the century and the corresponding proliferation of the wage labour market have transformed the way the family reproduces labour, and created contradictions for the family with respect to the problem of labour maintenance and labour renewal. As corporate capitalism expands, an increasing segment of domestic female labour is being converted into wage labour, and along with it, the rising dependency of the family on the wage economy. In this process, the family finds it necessary to increase its capacity to earn wages as a means to maintain the labour power of its members on a daily basis; in so doing, the process of labour maintenance becomes contradictory to that of labour renewal since the two compete on the same financial resources and since the continuation of wage labour relationship does not rely on generational labour renewal. The strategies followed by Canadian families in expanding on the earning capacity and reducing fertility and family size may be seen as adaptive mechanisms in response to the contradictions created by the wage economy., Like the family in other advanced capitalist countries,(1) the Canadian family in recent decades has experienced profound changes that are sometimes attributed to the influx of women into the paid […]

The literature has argued that race and gender are bases of class fractions in that their social construction enables segments of a class to be constituted on racialized and gender-linked characteristics. However, previous empirical works tend to consider race or gender as fractionalizing the working class only. Using the 1986 Census data, this paper analyses the interactive effects of race and gender on earnings as grounds of fractionalizing classes. The findings indicate that race and gender groupings produce unequal effects on earnings: males have an income advantage over females, but race fractionalizes the earnings of men to a greater extent than for women. When inter-class differences in earnings are removed, race and gender remain important in explaining earnings, although their effects are stronger among the managerial, the professional, and the working class. The gender gap is more pronounced, but race remains important in fractionalizing the earnings of men even after controlling for other variables. The paper argues that it is insufficient to subsume gender and race relations under class relations, and that there are compelling theoretical grounds to consider gender and race inequality as having roots both within and outside the sphere of production.

Gender Differences in Work Interruptions as Unequal Effects of Marriage and Childrearing: Findings From A Canadian National Survey Research on work interruption has shown substantial gender differences in the propensity to quit. Although the adverse effects of job interruption have been used to explain why some women have lower earnings, gender difference in job discontinuity has largely been interpreted as results of unequal work environment. This paper compares work interruption for men and women using a 1984 national sample of Canadians, and argues that some of their differences in job discontinuity can be attributed to the unequal effects of marriage and childrearing. The findings show that although women are more likely than men to experience work interruption, and for a longer duration, job interruption affects women more adversely than men in terms of their likelihood to return to work, when differences in work environment facing part-time work and full-time work have been taken into account. Gender differences in work interruption can be attributed to unequal effects of marriage and childrearing. Our data confirm that marriage and childrearing explain a substantial part of job discontinuity for women but not for men.