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Because the physical properties of carbon fiber and glass fiber are very different, the fiber volume fraction in carbon/glass hybrid fiber composites cannot be tested by burning method or digestion method, respectively. Furthermore, these methods partially consume the fiber, especially for carbon fibers. To investigate the fiber volume fraction in carbon/glass hybrid fiber composites correctly, the test method is put forward. The burning method and the digestion method were combined to calculate the volume fraction of carbon fiber and glass fiber, respectively. The results show that the relative error between the measured value and the theoretical value is very small. The result of the present work implies that the feasibility and accuracy of this method through experimental verification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the association between serum albumin (ALB) levels and diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. In this cross-sectional study, we retrospectively collected clinical data from patients with type 2 diabetes who were admitted to the Endocrinology Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University between January 1, 2021, and December 1, 2022. All included patients underwent measurements of serum albumin levels and screening for diabetes-related complications. The association between serum albumin levels and retinopathy was assessed using logistic regression after adjusting for potential confounders. Further, stratified analyses and curve fitting were conducted to delve deeper into the relationship. After inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, a total of 1947 patients were analyzed. Among these, 982 were male and 965 were female. The mean serum albumin level was 39.86 ± 3.27 g/L. Diabetic retinopathy was present in 41.24% of the patients. After adjusting for potential confounders, we observed a significant inverse association between serum albumin levels and the incidence of retinopathy. Specifically, for every 10 g/L increase in albumin level, the odds of retinopathy decreased (odds ratio [OR] = 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.48–0.94; P = 0.0209).The curve fitting validated the inverse relationship between serum albumin and retinopathy without evidence of non-linearity or threshold saturation effects. Stratified analyses consistently indicated no interaction effects across subgroups. This cross-sectional study identified a significant inverse relationship between serum albumin levels and diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, due to the cross-sectional nature of this study, further prospective studies are warranted to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study how certain arithmetical conditions on the lengths of conjugacy classes of primary elements and π-elements of a finite group G influence the structure of G, some new results are obtained and several well-known results in the literature are developed. In particular, the structure of a kind of outer p-supersolvable groups is described, some new conditions implying π-supersolvability are found, and the upper bound for the order of Sylow subgroups is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let G be a finite group and H a subgroup of G. H is said to be N H -embedded in G if there exists a normal subgroup T of G such that H T is a Hall subgroup of G and H ∩ T ≤ H s ̄ G , where H s ̄ G is the largest s -semipermutable subgroup of G contained in H. In this paper, we give some new characterizations of p -nilpotent and supersolvable groups by using N H -embedded subgroups. Some known results are generalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we research on two kinds of cover-avoiding subgroups of a finite group and get some results on p-supersolvable and p-nilpotent properties of a group G. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of the interaction between heavy metals and sensors for detection has been repeatedly introduced. In this paper, a voltammetric sensor (PDA@W-g-C3N4/ITO) based on the combination of multifunctional polydopamine and graphite carbon nitride is prepared for the first time for Cu2+ detection. On the basis of studying the influence of the experimental parameters such as buffer solution, pH, enrichment potential, and enrichment time on the peak current of copper ion dissolution, the detection limit for Cu2+ is 3.789 nmol•L−1. This is lower than that of graphite carbon nitride sensor (W-g-C3N4/ITO), due to the interaction between Cu2+ and PDA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigated influence of M p -supplemented p-subgroups contained in a normal subgroup on structure of finite groups. We obtained some new criteria for p-supersolvability of finite groups, decided all possible non-Abelian pd-chief factors under our assumption and gave a Frobenius type theorem. Some earlier results on M p -supplemented p-subgroups appear as particular cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peel plies as indispensable auxiliary materials have gained broad attention in composite material forming process. However, the detection method of specific components of peel plies has rarely been reported. In this paper, shredding-infrared spectroscopy technology was put forward to investigate the specific components of peel plies. There were two ways to test the specific components of peel plies using infrared spectroscopy: direct dissolution and pretreatment (shredding) before dissolution. Compared with the sample prepared by direct dissolution, the sample fabricated via pretreatment displayed significant merits, such as saving time cost and excellent detection accuracy. In addition, the testing mechanism was illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semiconductor photocatalysts has become one of the most attractive technologies in the field of environmental remediation. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is widely concerned due to the potential applications in the degradation of organic dyes. Nonetheless, the inherent wide band gap of TiO2 has been proved to restrict the photocatalytic activation under visible light, and a variety of strategies have been attempted to develop TiO2 composite catalysts with short band gap compositions, such as carbonaceous nanomaterials. In the recent progress, the present review attaches more importance to the unique morphology and fickle structure of carbonaceous–TiO2 photocatalysts, among which there are sandwich-like structure, foam-like structure, core–shell structure, nanotube, nanorod structure, semi-wrapped structure, etc., and all of them have been demonstrated in this paper. Furthermore, reviews of the enhanced mechanisms, synthesis method and performance comparison of carbonaceous–TiO2 photocatalysts reported in the literature are also suggested and conducted. In brief, this work provides some novel insights for the preparation of TiO2 composites as photocatalysts with excellent performance and contributes to promoting their application in environmental protection issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that process scaling-up has always been a challenge in biopharmaceutical and food industry. In recent years, newly emerging microscale bioreactors like Ambr15 and Ambr250 have attracted significant attention for that they can provide high throughput and accelerate upstream process development. In this work, we developed the first multiphase Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model for an in-depth characterization of Ambr bioreactor systems. A number of advanced computational methods, including Reynolds stress turbulence model, population balance model, multiple reference frame (MRF), sliding mesh (SM) and user defined functions (UDFs), were integrated for the first time to systematically study the gas-liquid mixing in Ambr250 bioreactor. We provided detailed comparison between MRF and SM method, demonstrated the limitation of MRF for predicting bubble distribution in asymmetric reactors. Characteristics of hydrodynamics, mass transfer, turbulent dissipation and bubble size distribution were predicted from our CFD models and validated by existing experimental data for a variety of operating conditions for both the Ambr15 and Ambr250 bioreactors. The predicted kLa value ranges are 0.18-7.90 h-1 and 2.15-11.52 h-1 for Ambr250 and Ambr15, respectively. This work thus provides a superior framework for the computational modeling of microscale stirred bioreactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A gradient composite membrane has been put forward in this paper, which is cost-efficient and remarkable to solve the problem of inherent tradeoff between flux and selectivity. The hierarchical composite membrane exhibited an ideal morphology, which was comprised of oxidized multi-wall carbon nanotubes (OMWCNTs) functional layer built via electrospraying, ultrathin electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) midlayer and microfibrous polypropylene (PP) nonwoven support. Experimental results showed that when the additive amount of OMWCNTs was 1 wt%, the composite membranes presented an excellent flux (up to 3891.85 L m −2 h −1 at a low pressure of 0.1 MPa) and a superior indigo rejection ratio (98.73%). Compared with PAN/PP composite membrane, its rejection ratio increased 3.11 times, while the water flux only reduced 17.30%. It was owing that the excellent hydrophilicity of OMWCNTs network and ultrathin electrospun PAN midlayer endowed the composite membrane with a high flux. And the high rejection efficiency of OMWCNTs-PAN/PP composite membranes was achieved on the account of the combination of gradient structures (i.e., OMWCNTs network and ultrathin PAN nanofibrous membrane) and multilevel filtration mechanisms. Therefore, the OMWCNTs-PAN/PP composite membranes have opened up an innovative alternative for the fabrication of high flux and rejection composite membranes in wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the poor capacity utilization and insufficient cyclability of TiO 2 /C anodes for lithium-ion batteries, we synthesized branch-like TiO 2 @mesoporous carbon nanofibers (TiO 2 @MCNFs) as free-standing anodes via electrospinning technique, hydrothermal treatment and a subsequent carbonization process, where anatase TiO 2 branches were densely embedded on the mesoporous carbon nanofiber trunks. Due to the copious highly-exposed TiO 2 nanocrystal lattices on the branch except for the trunk support, the abundant intrinsic crystal channels for fluent Li + transportation, and the interlaced carbon nanofiber framework with a high structural integrity and mechanical flexibility, the branch-like TiO 2 @MCNFs composites presented a superior initial discharge capacity of 1932 mAhg −1 and an excellent reversible capacity of ∼617 mAhg −1 after 100 cycles. And compared with those of the reported TiO 2 /C electrodes, the initial discharge capacity and reversible capacity of the branch-like TiO 2 @MCNFs composites increased by ∼2 times and ∼50%, respectively. Hence, the unique architecture of the branch-like TiO 2 @MCNFs composites and their superior electrochemical performances may provide new insights for the development of better host materials for practical lithium-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let be a finite group. A subgroup of is said to be a Hall -semiembedded subgroup of if is a Hall subgroup of for any , where . In this paper, we investigate the influence of Hall -semiembedded subgroups on the structure of the finite group . Some new results about to be a -group are obtained, where is a saturated formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella typhimurium ( S. typhimurium) is an extremely dangerous foodborne bacterium that infects both animal and human subjects, causing fatal diseases around the world. Salmonella's robust virulence, antibiotic-resistant nature, and capacity to survive under harsh conditions are largely due to its ability to form resilient biofilms. Multiple genome-scale metabolic models have been developed to study the complex and diverse nature of this organism's metabolism; however, none of these models fully integrated the reactions and mechanisms required to study the influence of biofilm formation. This work developed a systems-level approach to study the adjustment of intracellular metabolism of S. typhimurium during biofilm formation. The most advanced metabolic reconstruction currently available, STM_v1.0, was 1st extended to include the formation of the extracellular biofilm matrix. Flux balance analysis was then employed to study the influence of biofilm formation on cellular growth rate and the production rates of biofilm components. With biofilm formation present, biomass growth was examined under nutrient rich and nutrient deficient conditions, resulting in overall growth rates of 0.8675 and 0.6238 h−1 respectively. Investigation of intracellular flux variation during biofilm formation resulted in the elucidation of 32 crucial reactions, and associated genes, whose fluxes most significantly adapt during the physiological response. Experimental data were found in the literature to validate the importance of these genes for the biofilm formation of S. typhimurium. This preliminary investigation on the adjustment of intracellular metabolism of S. typhimurium during biofilm formation will serve as a platform to generate hypotheses for further experimental study on the biofilm formation of this virulent bacterium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prepared thermally reduced graphene oxide (TRG) grafted with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) (TRG-g-PMMA and TRG-g-PVAc) by γ-ray irradiation-induced graft polymerization and studied their effects on poly( l-lactic acid) (PLLA) nanocomposites. PMMA and PVAc chains were proved to be grafted on the TRG surface successfully. TRG- g-PMMA and TRG- g-PVAc was found to restrict the crystallization behavior of PLLA compared with TRG. Moreover, tensile-test results showed that TRG- g-PMMA and TRG- g-PVAc could enhance the elongation at break of PLLA nanocomposites without reducing the tensile strength and modulus compared with TRG, which indicated that the grafting of PMMA and PVAc chains on TRG could improve the toughness of PLLA nanocomposites. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:5-12, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oleuropein and its hydrolysis products are olive phenolic compounds that have antimicrobial effects on a variety of pathogens, with the potential to be utilized in food and pharmaceutical products. While the existing research is mainly focused on individual genes or enzymes that are regulated by oleuropein for antimicrobial activities, little work has been done to integrate intracellular genes, enzymes and metabolic reactions for a systematic investigation of antimicrobial mechanism of oleuropein. In this study, the first genome-scale modeling method was developed to predict the system-level changes of intracellular metabolism triggered by oleuropein in Staphylococcus aureus, a common food-borne pathogen. To simulate the antimicrobial effect, an existing S. aureus genome-scale metabolic model was extended by adding the missing nitric oxide reactions, and exchange rates of potassium, phosphate and glutamate were adjusted in the model as suggested by previous research to mimic the stress imposed by oleuropein on S. aureus. The developed modeling approach was able to match S. aureus growth rates with experimental data for five oleuropein concentrations. The reactions with large flux change were identified and the enzymes of fifteen of these reactions were validated by existing research for their important roles in oleuropein metabolism. When compared with experimental data, the up/down gene regulations of 80% of these enzymes were correctly predicted by our modeling approach. This study indicates that the genome-scale modeling approach provides a promising avenue for revealing the intracellular metabolism of oleuropein antimicrobial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, carbon nanofibers@TiO 2 (CNFs@TiO 2 ) composites as photocatalysts for dye degradation have attracted intense attention. However, only few contributions had been made to investigate systematically the differences between the various preparation approaches and the influence of thermal treatment on the photocatalytic activity. In this work, the electrospun CNFs@TiO 2 composites which were prepared by hydrothermal reaction and blended spinning, respectively, have been fabricated via stabilization in air at 280 °C and then carbonization in N 2 at heat treatment temperature between 500 and 1100 °C. The composites which were prepared by hydrothermal reaction and blended spinning showed the outstanding photocatalytic activity at 900 °C and 1100 °C, respectively. And the photocatalytic activity of composites prepared by hydrothermal reaction was higher than that prepared by blended spinning, but reversibility of the composites showed a reverse trend. These results indicated that the effect of heat treatment temperature on the photocatalytic activity depended on the synergistic effect among the adsorptive property of CNFs, TiO 2 loading amount and anatase phase content in composites. Hence, combining the merits of hydrothermal reaction and blended spinning, a novel method for preparing CNFs@TiO 2 composites with high TiO 2 loading amount and strong interfacial interaction could be envisioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let G be a finite group and $$H\le G$$ . In this paper, we investigate the influence of the index of H in $$\langle H, H^{g}\rangle $$ on the structure of G. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detection of malfunctioning reactions or molecules from clinical data is essential for disease treatments. In order to find an alternative to the existing oversimplistic mathematical models, a kinetic model is developed in this work to infer the malfunctioning reactions/molecules by quantifying the similarity between the clinical profile and the output profiles predicted from the model in which certain reactions/molecules malfunction. The new approach was tested in IL-6 and TNF-α/NF-κB signaling pathway, for four abnormal conditions including up/downregulation of single reaction rate constants and up/downregulation of single molecules. Since limited quantitative clinical data were available, the IL-6 ODE model was used to generate artificial clinical data for the abnormal steady-state value shown in two key molecules: nuclear STAT3 and SOCS3. Similarly, the TNF-α/NF-κB model was used to obtain the data in which abnormal oscillation dynamic was shown in the profile of NF-κB. The results show that the approach developed in this study was able to successfully identify the malfunctioning reactions and molecules from the clinical data. It was also found that this new approach was noise-robust and that it managed to reveal unique solution for the faulty components in a network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb dating has been greatly advanced and widely applied in the past decade because it is a cheap and fast technique. The internal error of LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb dating can be better than 1%, but reproducibility (accuracy) is relatively poor. In in order to quantitatively assess the accuracy of this technique, zircons from two dioritic rocks, a Mesozoic dioritic microgranular enclave (FS06) and a Neoproterozoic diorite (WC09-32), were dated independently in eight laboratories using SIMS and LA-ICPMS. Results of three SIMS analyses on FS06 and WC09-2 are indistinguishable within error and give a best estimate of the crystallization age of 132.2 and 760.5 Ma (reproducibility is ∼1%, 2RSD), respectively. Zircon U-Pb ages determined by LA-ICPMS in six laboratories vary from 128.3±1.0 to 135.0±0.9 Ma (2SE) for FS06 and from 742.9±3.1 to 777.8±4.7 Ma (2SE) for WC09-32, suggesting a reproducibility of ∼4% (2RSD). Uncertainty produced during LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb analyses comes from multiple sources, including uncertainty in the isotopic ratio measurements, uncertainty in the fractionation factor calculation using an external standard, uncertainty in the age determination as a result of common lead correction, age uncertainty of the external standards and uncertainty in the data reduction. Result of our study suggests that the uncertainty of LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb dating is approximately 4% (2RSD). The uncertainty in age determination must be considered in order to interpret LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb data rationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new SIMS U-Pb zircon age of 654.2 ± 2.7 Ma was reported from the middle Datangpo Formation in Changyang County of Hubei Province, China. The age is identical with that of 654 ± 3.8 Ma from the top Datangpo Formation in western Hunan Province, revealing that the volcanic activities (~654 Ma) may have occurred widely in South China. The occurrence of the tuff beds (~654 Ma) at different intervals of the Datangpo Formation indicates that the erosion process after the Datangpo deposition varied significantly in different areas. It is thus consequently suggested that the rift in South China was active until the Nantuo glaciation. In addition, the new age confirms that the Nantuo glaciation started much later than 654 Ma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prove that a finite group G is p-supersolvable or p-nilpotent if some subgroups of G are weakly s-semipermutable in G. Several earlier results are generalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Neoproterozoic glaciations represent a remarkable milestone in Earth evolution due to their major influence on atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere. The early Cryogenian, ‘Sturtian’ glaciations, evidence for which has been recorded worldwide, may have lasted for about 50 million years, but the precise timing and synchroneity of these glaciations have been disputed. Jiangkou glacigenic strata in South China can be attributed to the Sturtian glacial episode as they share sedimentological, stratigraphic and lithological similarities with Sturtian strata in South Australia. As such, dating the onset of the Jiangkou glaciation would contribute to testing the synchroneity of the worldwide Sturtian glaciation. In this paper, we demonstrate by means of SIMS U–Pb zircon dating that the Jiangkou glaciation in South China was initiated at 715.9 ± 2.8 Ma. The new age is, within uncertainty, synchronous with dates obtained from the lower parts of glacigenic successions in Laurentia and Oman, thereby indicating thereby indicating a synchroneity and global extent to the Sturtian glaciation. The synchronous occurrence of the Sturtian glaciation in mid- to low-latitude regions implies rapid ice sheet advancement in response to ice-albedo feedback, as supported by numerical climatic modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zircon is the most useful mineral for studies in U-Pb geochronology and Hf and O isotope geochemistry. Matrix effect is a major problem of the microbeam techniques such as SIMS and LA-(MC)-ICPMS. Therefore, external standardization using well-characterized natural zircon standards is fundamental for accurate microbeam measurements. While the isotopic geochronology and geochemistry laboratories equipped with microbeam analytical facilities have been increasingly established in China during the past decade, applications of the isotopic microanalysis are still limited due to shortage of available standards. We report here the Qinghu zircon as a potential new working reference for microbeam analysis of zircon U-Pb age and O-Hf isotopes. This zircon was separated from the Qinghu quartz monzonite from the western Nanling Range, Southeast China. It is fairly homogeneous in U-Pb age and Hf and O isotopes in terms of large amounts of mircobeam measurements by LA-MC-ICPMS and SIMS at the scales of 20-60 μm. SIMS measurements yield consistent Pb/U age within analytical uncertainties with that obtained by ID-TIMS. Precise determinations of O isotopes by IRMS and Hf isotopes by solution MC-ICPMS are in good agreement with the statistical mean of microbeam measurements. We recommend U-Pb age of = 159.5 ± 0.2 Ma (2SE), δO = 5.4‰± 0.2‰ (2SD) and Hf/Hf = 0.283002 ± 0.000004 (2SD) as the best reference values for the Qinghu zircon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zircon is the most useful mineral for studies in U-Pb geochronology and Hf and O isotope geochemistry. Matrix effect is a major problem of the microbeam techniques such as SIMS and LA-(MC)-ICPMS. Therefore, external standardization using well-characterized natural zircon standards is fundamental for accurate microbeam measurements. While the isotopic geochronology and geochemistry laboratories equipped with microbeam analytical facilities have been increasingly established in China during the past decade, applications of the isotopic microanalysis are still limited due to shortage of available standards. We report here the Qinghu zircon as a potential new working reference for microbeam analysis of zircon U-Pb age and O-Hf isotopes. This zircon was separated from the Qinghu quartz monzonite from the western Nanling Range, Southeast China. It is fairly homogeneous in U-Pb age and Hf and O isotopes in terms of large amounts of mircobeam measurements by LA-MC-ICPMS and SIMS at the scales of 20–60 μm. SIMS measurements yield consistent 206Pb/ 238U age within analytical uncertainties with that obtained by ID-TIMS. Precise determinations of O isotopes by IRMS and Hf isotopes by solution MC-ICPMS are in good agreement with the statistical mean of microbeam measurements. We recommend U-Pb age of = 159.5 ± 0.2 Ma (2SE), δ18O = 5.4‰± 0.2‰ (2SD) and 176Hf/ 177Hf = 0.283002 ± 0.000004 (2SD) as the best reference values for the Qinghu zircon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under study is the influence of the index of H in 〈 H,H〉 for g ∈ G on the structure of a group G, where H is either a second maximal subgroup of G or a Sylow subgroup of G. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let G be a finite group and p a prime. In this article, we give a criterion of p-nilpotency of G by means of the normalizer and a generalization of normality of subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We call H an SΦ-supplemented subgroup of a finite group G if there exists a subnormal subgroup T of G such that G = HT and H ∩ T ≤ Φ( H), where Φ( H) is the Frattini subgroup of H. In this paper, we characterize the p-nilpotency and supersolubility of a finite group G under the assumption that every subgroup of a Sylow p-subgroup of G with given order is SΦ-supplemented in G: Some results about formations are also obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we classify the -groups all of whose proper subgroups have cyclic Frattini subgroups, for an odd prime . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we classify p-groups whose non-normal subgroups have index p in their normalizers. This answers a problem posed by Berkovich and Janko. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce the concept of weakly s-semipermutable subgroups. Let G be a finite group. Using the condition that the minimal subgroups or subgroups of order p of a given Sylow p-subgroup of G are weakly s-semipermutable in G, we give a criterion for p-nilpotency of G and get some results about formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A subgroup H of a finite group G is said to be SS-quasinormal in G if there exists a supplement B of H in G such that H is permutable with every Sylow subgroup of B. In this paper, we get some new characterizations of supersolvability and p-nilpotency of G by assuming some subgroups of prime power order of G are SS-quasinormal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we characterize the nilpotency and supersolvability of a finite group G by assuming some subgroups of prime power order have the semi cover-avoiding property in G. Some earlier results are generalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We extended the normal index from maximal subgroups to proper subgroups. We give a quantitative version of all results obtained by using -normal subgroups and obtain some new characterizations of solvable, supersolvable and nilpotent groups by the normal indices of proper subgroups. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents a method of validating the MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) surface reflectance (MOD09) based on ground spectral measurements and high-resolution remote sensing images. Given that the spatial resolution of the MODIS image is too low to directly compare ground measurements with the MODIS pixels, registration is first made between MODIS and a high-resolution image. Afterwards, the same sizable sample area to one MODIS pixel is chosen in a high resolution image (a pixel in MODIS corresponds to many pixels in a high-resolution image), after which image classification is conducted in each sample area. Finally, reflectance is measured for each class in each area. Taking the ratio of every class area to each sample area as the weight, the weighted mean reflectance is then calculated for each sample area (a pixel for MODIS), which is treated as the measured reflectance of the corresponding pixel in the MODIS image. A contradistinctive analysis is carried out between measured reflectance and MODIS retrieval reflectance from the space in order to determine the accuracy of the MODIS land surface reflectance product and correct its error. The experiment indicates that a linear positive correlativity between the MODIS pixel retrieval reflectance from space and the measured (calculated) surface reflectance exists. From this, we can build an error correction model of the MODIS surface reflectance product by linear regression. The accuracy of the MODIS surface reflectance products after error correction is remarkably improved. Likewise, the relative error can be controlled by 10%, thereby satisfying the requirements of various remote sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let G be a finite group. In this paper, we study how certain arithmetical conditions on the conjugacy class lengths of real elements of G influence the structure of G. In particular, a new type of prime graph is introduced and studied. We obtain a series of theorems which generalize some existed results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early Yanshanian (Jurassic) granitoids are widespread in the Nanling Range of South China, and are associated with numerous non-ferrous and rare metal mineral deposits. These granitoids consist mainly of slightly peraluminous biotite monzogranites and K-feldspar granites that are closely associated in time and space with subordinate amphibole-bearing granites and muscovite- and garnet-bearing granites. In most previous studies, the biotite-bearing granites were classified as crustal transformation-type (corresponding to the S-type) granites which were interpreted to be derived from the regional Paleoproterozoic meta-sedimentary rocks. In this paper, we re-analyze the geochemical characteristics of a number of representative Early Yanshanian Nanling granitoids. There exists a clear negative correlation between SiO2 and P2O5 for the studied granitoids. The Early Yanshanian Nanling granitoid suites (including amphibole-bearing granodiorites→biotite monzogranites→K-feldspar granites→two-mica (muscovite) granites) are metaluminous to slightly peraluminous I-type or fractionated I-type granites. They were derived predominantly from Proterozoic igneous protoliths. The juvenile crust and/or newly mantle-derived materials might also have been involved in some of these granites. In addition, the I- and fractionated I-type granites are closely associated in time and space with minor amount of A-type felsic and mafic volcanic and intrusive rocks as well as alkaline rocks. All these rocks constitute a typical assemblage of anorogenic, intraplate magmatism, suggesting a dominant lithospheric extensional regime for the Nanling Range and neighboring region during the Early Yanshanian period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Let be a complete set of Sylow subgroups of a finite group G, that is, for each prime p dividing the order of G, contains one and only one Sylow p-subgroup of G. A subgroup H of G is said to be -permutable in G if H permutes with every member of . In this paper we characterize p-nilpotency of finite groups G with assumption that some maximal subgroups or some 2-maximal subgroups of Sylow subgroups of G are -permutable. Some recent results are extended. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

High-precision major element and Hf isotope data are reported for the Neoproterozoic Suxiong volcanic rocks along the western margin of the Yangtze Block. These volcanic rocks have variable ϵHf(T) values and Fe/Mn ratios. The relatively primitive basalts have high Fe/Mn ratios and high Hf-Nd isotopic compositions, indicating that they were generated by partial melting of garnet clinopyroxene in mantle plume at high pressure. Thus, the Suxiong basalts are genetically related to the proposed Neoproterozoic super-plume. On the contrary, a few differentiated basalts have low Fe/Mn ratios and low Hf-Nd isotopic compositions. They are likely to experience assimilation-fractional crystallization process. The Suxiong rhyolites have consistent Hf and Nd model ages of 1.3–1.4 Ga. They are likely generated by shallow dehydration melting of pre-existing young arc igneous rocks associated with the basaltic underplating/intrusion in a continental rift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the problem concerning the influence of the index of maximal subgroup or the degree of primitive permutation representation of the finite simple groups on the structure of a group. Let G be a finite group and s be the index of maximal subgroup of the Monster M. In this paper, we prove that there exists an epimorphism from G to M or As if G has the primitive permutation representation of degree s, and as a consequence we prove that the Monster is determined by every s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce the notion of θ-pair of a proper subgroup of a finite group and give necessary and sufficient conditions for supersolvability and nilpotence of a finite group. As application, we give a proof to a recent open problem of Skiba in the unsolved problems in group theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let N be a finite group and G be a finite simple group and let πt(N) and πt(G) be the set of indices of maximal subgroups of groups N and G respectively. If πt(N) ⊆ πt(G), we give the structure of N. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the Zircon SHRIMP uranium-lead dating for the Cangshuipu volcanic rocks and its implications for the lower boundary age of the Nanhua strata in South China. Occurrence of the continental volcanic rocks and volcaniclastic sedimentary conglomerates of the Cangshuipu Formulation in Yiyang of Hunan Province; Configuration of the strata in the Yiyang region; Representation of the lower boundary with a younger age than previously reported.

Discusses the Jurassic high Sr/low Y granitoids in eastern China. Finding that they have high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios and low abundance in Y and Yb; How they compare to adakites defined by Defant and colleagues; How these high Sr/low Y granitoids compare to typical adakites in circum-Pacific margins; Finding of relatively flat HREE patterns with Y/Yb values of -10 close to the chondritic value; Indication that the geochemical characteristics show a residue mineral assemblage of hornblende, garnet and plagioclase for the high Sr/low Y granitoids melt; Conclusion they were generated by partial melting at 9—13 kbar (30—45 km in depth); Similarity to the Archaean high-Al TTG; Assertion that these high Sr/low Y granitoids should not be cited as evidence for a thickened crust and/or the presence of the "Eastern China Plateau" in Jurassic.

Focuses on a study that examined the similarities between the metamorphosed mafic rocks found in Hainan Island, China with depleted N-type mid-ocean ridge basalts. Protolith of the mafic rocks; Methodology of the study; Results and discussion; Conclusion.

Provides information on a study which examined the geological, petrological, and geochemical of a shoshonitic intrusive suite in southeast Guangxi of China. Geological background of the suite; Discussion; Conclusions.

Knowledge regarding the abundance and distribution of solar wind (SW)‐sourced water (OH/H2O) on the Moon in the shallow subsurface remains limited. Here, we report the NanoSIMS measurements of H abundances and D/H ratios on soil grains from three deepest sections of the Chang'E‐5 drill core sampled at depths of 0.45–0.8 m. High water contents of 0.13–1.3 wt.% are present on approximately half of the grain surfaces (topmost ∼100 nm), comparable to the values of Chang'E‐5 scooped soils. The extremely low δD values (as low as −995‰) and negative correlations between δD and water contents indicate that SW implantation is an important source of water beneath the lunar surface. The results are indicative of homogeneous distribution of SW‐derived water in the vertical direction, providing compelling evidence for the well‐mixed nature of the lunar regolith. Moreover, the findings demonstrate that the shallow subsurface regolith of the Moon contains a considerable amount of water. Plain Language Summary: Recently, China's Chang'E‐5 mission targeted a higher latitude on the Moon than previous Apollo and Luna missions, and brought back scooped and drilled samples to the Earth. These new soil samples provide an opportunity to investigate the distribution, abundance, and origin(s) of water in Moon's middle latitude. Here, we focus on using the NanoSIMS technique to analyze water content on soil near‐surface regions to understand whether the solar wind (SW)‐derived water could be preserved after burial at depth. Our results show that more than half of the core soils have high water contents on the rims of grains, similar to those of the Chang'E‐5 scooped soils. This finding suggests that the SW remains an important source of water in the Moon's subsurface. Our work provides direct evidence that the lunar regolith below the surface contains considerable water from SW implantation. This type of water could be a promising water resource in future exploration. Key Points: More than half of the soils from the single drill core have high water contents and low D/H ratios below the surfaceThe solar wind (SW)‐derived water could be preserved for hundreds of millions of years if buried at depthLunar regolith from the drill core contains considerable water from SW implantation, which is much more accessible [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]