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The end of the COVID-19 pandemic is in sight, but it brought tremendous challenges and opportunities to academia. This paper analyzes the equilibrium between teaching laxity and strictness and corresponding outcomes through the lens of the approach-avoidance framework. On one side, instructors are likely to allow flexibility in course policies and procedures, given the learners' difficulties amid the pandemic. On the other hand, however, this intention could lead to a lack of control in class and eventually jeopardize academic integrity and rigor. Therefore, we explicate the motivation mechanism and the adverse effects of teaching laxity. Furthermore, a portfolio of teaching methods and mapping based on psychological distance and behavioral control theories is presented. This research contributes to a further understanding of pedagogical innovations in the Information Systems (IS) domain in the unprecedented crisis.

Biomass burning (BB) can produce ice nucleating particles (INPs) and influence cloud ice formation and climate effects, but the distribution and budget of BB‐induced INPs are not well understood. This study quantified INPs from BB at −17°C to −30°C and explored their spatiotemporal distributions. The results indicate that the INPs of BB aerosol were 5.42 × 1021 in 2019, approximately two orders of magnitude lower than those of dust aerosol, but much more than those of marine organic aerosol. Globally, INPs from BB were mainly influenced by wildfires, but in regions like East Asia, residential BB contributed significantly, accounting for about 57%. INPs from BB would have more pronounced effects in high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and parts of the Southern Hemisphere, particularly during peak wildfire periods. Thus, BB should be unignorable in evaluating the fates and impacts of INPs. Plain Language Summary: Atmospheric ice nucleating particles (INPs) are crucial for the ice formation, properties, and fates of clouds, significantly influencing the cloud‐aerosol interaction and resultant climate effects. Particles from the biomass burning (BB) have been reported to have sufficiently high ice nucleation activity within mixed‐phase cloud temperature ranges. However, the budget and spatiotemporal distributions of INPs from BB have not yet been explored. Our study developed an immersion freezing parameterization scheme for BB aerosol within the temperature of −17°C to −30°C. The first global estimates of INPs from the BB indicated underappreciated impacts compared to dust emissions in East Asia and high latitudes of the northern hemisphere. This study suggested that the contribution of BB to INPs should be considered in evaluating INP fates. Key Points: On a global scale, the ice nucleating particles (INPs) from biomass burning (BB) were lower than those from dust, but much higher than those of marine organic aerosolINPs from BB are largely from wildfires, contributing nearly 60% of the total 5.42 × 1021 BB INPs at −17°C to −30°CResidential biofuel emissions are unignorable INP sources in East Asia [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are growing concerns about the climate impacts of absorbing organic carbon (also known as brown carbon, BrC) in the environment, yet its chemical composition and association with the light absorption capabilities remain poorly understood. This study characterized water-soluble and water-insoluble organic carbon (WSOC and WIOC) from residential solid fuel combustion at the molecular level and evaluated their quantitative relationship with mass absorption efficiency (MAE). The MAE values at λ = 365 nm from biomass burning were significantly higher than those from coal combustion (p < 0.05). Thousands of peaks were identified in the m/z range of 150–800, with the most intense ion peaks occurring between m/z 200–500 for WSOC and m/z 600–800 for WIOC, respectively. The CHO group predominated in the WSOC extract from biomass burning emissions, while sulfur-containing compounds (SOCs) including CHOS and CHONS were more intense in the WIOC extract, particularly from coal emissions. Emissions of the CHON group were positively correlated with the fuel nitrogen content (r = 0.936; p < 0.05), explaining their higher abundance in coal emissions compared to biomass. The SOC emissions were more predominant during flaming phases, as indicated by a positive correlation with modified combustion efficiency (MCE) (r = 0.750; p < 0.05). The unique formulas of coal combustion aerosols were in the lower H/C and O/C regions, with higher unsaturated compounds in the van Krevelen (VK) diagram. In the WIOC extract, coal combustion emissions contained significantly higher fractions of condensed aromatics (32 %–59 %) compared to only 4.3 %–9.7 % in biomass burning emissions. In contrast, the CHOS group in biomass burning emissions was characterized by larger condensed aromatic compound fractions than those in coal combustion. Moreover, the CHOS aromatic compound fractions were positively correlated with MAE values in both WSOC (r = 0.714; p < 0.05) and WIOC extracts (r = 0.929; p < 0.001), suggesting that these compounds significantly contributed to MAE variabilities across different fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are growing concerns about the climate impacts of absorbing organic carbon (also known as Brown Carbon, BrC) in the environment, however, the chemical composition and association with the light absorption ability of BrC remain poorly understood. In this study, focusing on one major source of BrC, water-soluble and water-insoluble organic carbon (WSOC; WISOC) from residential solid fuel combustions were characterized at the molecular level, and evaluated for their quantitative relationship with mass absorption efficiency (MAE). The MAE values at λ=365 nm from biomass burning were significantly higher than the coal combustion smokes. Thousands of peaks were identified in the m/z range of 150–800, with the most intense ion peaks of 200–500 m/z for WSOC and 600–800 m/z for WISOC, respectively. CHO group was the most abundant component in the WSOC extracts from biomass burning emissions compared to coals; while sulfur-containing compounds (CHOS+CHONS, SOCs) were more intense in the WISOC extracts, especially in coal emissions. Emissions of the CHON group were positively correlated with the fuel N content (r=0.936, p<0.05), which explained higher CHON emissions in coal emissions compared to biomass burning emissions. The SOCs emissions were more predominant in flaming phases, as seen from a positive correlation between SOCs and modified combustion efficiency (MCE) (r=0.750, p<0.05). The unique formulas of coal combustion aerosols were in the lower H/C and O/C regions with higher unsaturated compounds in the van Krevelen (VK) diagram. In WISOC extracts, coal combustion emissions had significantly high fractions of condensed aromatics (32–59 %) which was only 4.3–9.7 % in biomass burning emissions. The CHOS group in biomass burning emissions was characterized by larger condensed aromatic compound fractions compared to coal combustion. The CHOS aromatic compounds fractions were positively correlated with MAE values, in both WSOC (r=0.714, p<0.05) and WISOC extracts (r=0.929, p<0.001), suggesting the abundance of CHOS aromatic compounds explained MAE variabilities across the different fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]