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ObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate the dietary exposure risk to infants by investigating the chloropropanol ester （MCPDE） and glycidyl ester （GE） contamination levels in infant formula sold in Shanghai City.MethodsThe dietary exposure of 3-MCPDE， 2-MCPDE， and GE for infants through infant formula was assessed by the point assessment method according to the risk monitoring data of MCPDE and GE in 90 infant formula sold in Shanghai City in 2020 and the dietary consumption data of infants.ResultsThe detection rates of 3-MCPDE， 2-MCPDE， and GE in infant formula sold in Shanghai City were 100%， 100%， and 12.2%， respectively. The mean contents were 0.084， 0.021， and 0.005 mg/kg， and the maximum values were 0.231， 0.034， and 0.031 mg/kg， respectively. The mean and 95 percentile values of daily 3-MCPDE intake of infants aged 0-6 months in Shanghai City through infant formula were 1.262 and 2.166 μg/kg·BW， accounting for 63.1% and 108.3% of the tolerable daily intake （TDI） of 3-MCPDE （2 μg/kg·BW）， respectively. The mean and 95 percentile value of daily 3-MCPDE exposure of infants aged 6-12 and 12-36 months through infant formula were lower than the TDI value. The mean value of daily 2-MCPDE exposure of infants in different month-age groups through infant formula were 0.118-0.319 μg/kg·BW. The margin of exposure values of mean and 95 percentile of daily GE exposure of infants in different month-age groups through infant formula were greater than 10 000.ConclusionFor infants and young children aged 0-36 months in Shanghai City， the health risks of daily intake of 3-MCPDE and GE through infant formula were generally at an acceptable level. However， for infants aged 0-6 months with high food consumption， the health risk of exposure to 3-MCPDE through infant formula merits further evaluation.

ObjectiveTo investigate the pollution level of deoxynivalenol （DON） in wheat flour and its products sold in Shanghai， and to assess the health risks of DON exposure for residents in Shanghai who ingested DON from wheat flour and its products.MethodsRisk monitoring data of DON in wheat flour and its products sold in Shanghai from 2017 to 2021 were combined with the consumption data of wheat flour and its products by Shanghai residents. A probabilistic assessment method was used to assess dietary exposure of DON in wheat flour and its products.ResultsThe overall detection rate of DON in wheat flour and its products was 77.3% （1 041/1 347）， with a mean concentration of 226.3 μg·kg-1， P50 of 130.0 μg·kg-1 and a maximum value of 3 080.0 μg·kg-1. The mean daily exposure and 95th percentile daily exposure （by body weight） of DON from wheat flour and its products in Shanghai residents were 0.279 μg·kg-1 and 1.146 μg·kg， accounting for 27.9% and 114.6% of the daily tolerable intake of DON TDI， 1 μg·kg， respectively. The probability assessment results indicated that 6.1% of the whole population in Shanghai had DON exposure exceeding the TDI value. Among them， 12.8% of the population aged 6 years old and below， 16.4% of the population aged between 7 and 17 years old， 3.9% of the population aged between 18 and 59 years old and 3.2% of the population aged 60 years old and above exceeded the TDI value for daily DON exposure through wheat flour and its products.ConclusionCertain populations in Shanghai may face certain health risks from daily DON intake wheat flour and its products. Special attention should be paid to the health risk of daily DON exposure through wheat flour and its products for individuals age below 18 years old .

ObjectiveTo assess the health risk of dietary exposure to nonylphenol in infants aged 0-36 months through infant formula in Shanghai.MethodsA monitoring of nonylphenol pollution in infant formula was conducted in 2022. A total of 90 samples were obtained from maternal and infant stores， supermarkets， and online stores in Shanghai. Based on the daily consumption data of infant formula， a point assessment method was used to assess the dietary exposure to nonylphenol in infant formula.ResultsThe prevalence of nonylphenol in infant formula retailed in Shanghai was 95.6% （86/90）. The amount of nonylphenol varied from non-detected to 22.70 μg·kg-1， with the mean value of 8.47 μg·kg-1 and the P50 value of 7.77 μg·kg-1. The mean daily nonylphenol exposure （estimated by body weight） from infant formula in infants aged 0-6 months， 7-12 months and 13-36 months in Shanghai was 0.091， 0.068 and 0.054 μg·kg-1， respectively； furthermore， the P95 value of daily exposure （by body weight） was 0.228， 0.152 and 0.119 μg·kg-1， respectively. These amounts were much lower than the tolerable daily intake （TDI） of nonylphenol （by body weight 5 μg·kg-1）.ConclusionThe health risk of daliy nonylphenol intake from infant formula remains low among infants aged 0-36 months in Shanghai.

ObjectiveTo investigate chlorate contamination level in infant formula sold in Shanghai， and to evaluate the dietary exposure risk to infants in Shanghai.MethodsWith the risk monitoring data of chlorate in infant formula sold in Shanghai in 2020， combined with the dietary consumption data of infants， the dietary exposure of chlorate in infant formula was assessed via the point assessment method.ResultsIn 2020， the overall detection rate of chlorate in 120 infant formula samples was 98.3% （118/120）， the mean content was 124.5 μg⋅kg-1， the 50 percentile value was 64.6 μg⋅kg-1， and the maximum value was 1 475.0 μg⋅kg-1. The mean and 95 percentile value of daily chlorate intake from infant formula for infants aged 0‒36 months in Shanghai were 1.10 and 1.84 μg⋅kg-1， accounting for 36.7% and 61.3% of the tolerable daily intake （TDI） of chlorate （3μg⋅kg-1）， respectively. The mean， 50 percentile value and 95 percentile value of daily chlorate exposure of infants in different month-age groups （0‒6 months， 6‒12 months， 12‒36 months） through infant formula were lower than the TDI value.ConclusionThe health risk of daily chlorate intake from infant formula for infants and young children aged 0‒36 months in Shanghai is at an acceptable level.

SUMMARY: Cytochrome P450 proteins (CYPs) play critical roles in plant development and adaptation to fluctuating environments. Previous reports have shown that CYP86A proteins are involved in the biosynthesis of suberin and cutin in Arabidopsis. However, the functions of these proteins in rice remain obscure. In this study, a rice mutant with incomplete male sterility was identified. Cytological analyses revealed that this mutant was defective in anther development. Cloning of the mutant gene indicated that the responsible mutation was on OsCYP86A9. OsMYB80 is a core transcription factor in the regulation of rice anther development. The expression of OsCYP86A9 was abolished in the anther of osmyb80 mutant. In vivo and in vitro experiments showed that OsMYB80 binds to the MYB‐binding motifs in OsCYP86A9 promoter region and regulates its expression. Furthermore, the oscyp86a9 mutant exhibited an impaired suberin deposition in the root, and was more susceptible to drought stress. Interestingly, genetic and biochemical analyses revealed that OsCYP86A9 expression was regulated in the root by certain MYB transcription factors other than OsMYB80. Moreover, mutations in the MYB genes that regulate OsCYP86A9 expression in the root did not impair the male fertility of the plant. Taken together, these findings revealed the critical roles of OsCYP86A9 in plant development and proposed that OsCYP86A9 functions in anther development and root suberin formation via two distinct tissue‐specific regulatory pathways. Significance Statement: The cytochrome P450 subfamily CYP86A is very important for plant development. However, their functions remain obscure in rice. Here, we reported that OsCYP86A9, a member of CYP86A subfamily, is critical for the development of anther and root suberin, and these functions are determined by two distinct tissue‐specific regulatory pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]