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The aim of this paper is to study the malonyl ginsenosides in the fresh roots of Panax ginseng. D101 macroporous adsorption resin, ODS, and preparative HPLC were employed to separate the chemical components from the 70% ethanol extract of the fresh roots of P. ginseng, and the structures of the separated compounds were identified based on the data of high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Two malonyl ginsenosides were isolated from the fresh roots of P. ginseng and identified as 3-O-\[6-O-malonyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl\]-20-O-\[ β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl\]-dammar-24-ene-3β,12β,20S-triol(1) and 3-O-\[6-O-malonyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl\]-20-O-\[ β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl\]-dammar-24-ene-3β,12β,20S-triol(2), respectively. Compounds 1 and 2 are new compounds isolated from fresh roots of P. ginseng for the first time and named as malonyl ginsenoside-Ra_1 and malonyl ginsenoside-Ra_2, respectively.

This study assesses the spatial distribution characteristics and ecological risk of phthalate esters (PAEs) in the surface sediments of the mainstream and tributaries of the Songhua River, China, using concentrations and composition of six PAEs, which were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometery (GC-MS). We assess the ∑ 6 PAEs ecological risk using the hazard quotient (HQ) method and environmental risk levels (ERL). The results were as follows. ① It was found that the total concentrations of ∑ 6 PAEs ranged from 6832.5 to 36298.9 ng·g -1 dry weight (average 18388.6 ng·g -1 ), with the main contributions coming from di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP). The difference between the main stream ∑ 6 PAEs (6832.5-36298.9 ng·g -1 , average 18616.9 ng·g -1 ) and the tributary ∑ 6 PAEs (10367.6-26593.3 ng·g -1 , average 18264.1 ng·g -1 ) was not significant ( P >0.05). The mean concentrations of individual PAEs in the tributary stream differed little from that of the main stream. The ∑ 6 PAEs concentration of the Songhua River decreased initially but then increased from the upstream to the downstream. The average ∑ 6 PAEs concentration in natural agricultural areas (18677.5 ng·g -1 ) was similar to that found in urban industrial areas (18063.7 ng·g -1 ), and DBP and DEHP contributed 98% of ∑ 6 PAEs. ② The main sources of ∑ 6 PAEs were domestic, agricultural production, and industrial production using plasticizers. ③ The ecological risk assessment indicated that DMP and BBP in the surface sediments of the Songhua River did not pose an ecological risk for aquatic organisms, and that DEP was associated with a low ecological risk, whereas DEHP and DBP posed a high ecological risk for aquatic organisms.

Objective: To explore the cause and the treatment of liver hydatidosis complicated by biliary fistula, to reduce or prevent the incidence of the complication., Methods: From 1982 to 2002, 1 666 patients with liver hydatidosis were treated surgically in our hospital, and a retrospective analysis was conducted in 13 from the cohort, who developed biliary fisltula after the surgeries., Results: The incidence of liver hydatidosis-associated biliary fistula was 0.78% (13/1666), and 8 (61.5%) out of such cases were due to the primary liver hydatidosis, 3 (15.38%) were caused by damage to the small accessory hepatic duct or parahepatic byliary duct, and 2 (7.69%) by the puncture of the needle., Conclusion: Biliary fistula often arises from liver hydatidosis itself, and can be partly attributed to erroneous operation on the part of the operators, and prevention of this complication, therefore, is possible through careful operation.