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This study aimed to examine the impact of green supply chain management (GSCM) practices on the performance of manufacturing firms. It explored the mediating role of green innovation (GI) and the moderating role of information sharing (IS) and information technology innovation (ITI) on the relationship between GSCM practices and manufacturing firms’ performance. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire from employees working in manufacturing firms in Pakistan. Random sampling was used to select the participants. The hypotheses were tested using partial least squares (PLS) analysis. The study revealed that GSCM practices significantly positively impacted manufacturing firms’ performance. It highlighted the mediating role of green innovation, suggesting that GSCM practices fostered innovation and improved firm performance. The study also uncovered the moderating role of information sharing and IT innovation, indicating that the effectiveness of GSCM practices in driving performance varied based on the extent of information sharing and IT innovation within the industry. The findings of this study had practical implications for industry practitioners and policymakers. Implementing effective GSCM practices and promoting green innovation could enhance firm performance in the manufacturing sector. Recognizing the importance of information sharing and IT innovation was crucial, as they significantly enhanced the effectiveness and efficiency of GSCM practices. This study contributed to the existing literature by examining the relationships among GSCM practices, green innovation, information sharing, IT innovation, and manufacturing firm performance. It provided insights into the mechanisms through which GSCM practices impacted firm performance, offering a comprehensive understanding of the role of green innovation and the moderating effects of information sharing and IT innovation.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant eukaryotic mRNA modification and is involved in various biological processes. Increasing evidence has implicated that m6A modification is an important anti-viral defense mechanism in mammals and plants, but it is largely unknown how m6A regulates viral infection in plants. Here we report the dynamic changes and functional anatomy of m6A in Nicotiana benthamiana and Solanum lycopersicum during Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) infection. m6A modification in the PepMV RNA genome is conserved in these two species. Overexpression of the m6A writers, mRNA adenosine methylase A (MTA), and HAKAI inhibit the PepMV RNA accumulation accompanied by increased viral m6A modifications, whereas deficiency of these writers decreases the viral RNA m6A levels but enhances virus infection. Further study reveals that the cytoplasmic YTH-domain family protein NbECT2A/2B/2C as m6A readers are involved in anti-viral immunity. Protein-protein interactions indicate that NbECT2A/2B/2C interact with nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD)-related proteins, including NbUPF3 and NbSMG7, but not with NbUPF1. m6A modification-mediated restriction to PepMV infection is dependent on NMD-related factors. These findings provide new insights into the functionality of m6A anti-viral activity and reveal a distinct immune response that NMD factors recognize the m6A readers-viral m6A RNA complex for viral RNA degradation to limit virus infection in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The accumulation of microbial necromass carbon has gained increasing attention due to its slow decomposition. However, it remains unclear what induces the accumulation of microbial necromass carbon via reiterated community turnover on large spatial scales. This study explores the characteristics of soil necromass carbon accumulation in terrestrial ecosystems. Location: Global. Time Period: Contemporary (1999–2022). Major Taxa Studied: Soil microorganisms. Methods: A dataset was compiled using 993 observations from 82 peer‐reviewed papers on the effects of coefficients of microbial necromass accumulation (hereafter NAC) in equilibrium. Linear mixed‐effect models and structural equation models were used to ascertain the controlling factors of the NAC. Results: The average NAC was higher in croplands (28.2) and forests (26.8) than in grasslands (21.1). Edaphic factors seemingly affected the NAC, which was lower in soils with high pH and clay content on a global scale. Biotic factors, particularly those related to living microorganism abundance and microbial biomass nitrogen content, were the pivotal drivers of NAC and accounted for approximately 43.6% of its geographic variability. More organic carbon was likely to be preserved in soil with a higher NAC, regardless of ecosystem type. Conclusions: Novel findings regarding the overriding controls for the living microorganism abundance and microbial biomass nitrogen that drive the NAC highlight an urgent need for viable strategies to manipulate microbial attributes for enhancing carbon sequestration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas, and its mitigation is a pressing task in the coming decade. However, it remains unclear which specific process between concurrent nitrification and denitrification dominates worldwide N2O emission. We snagged an opportunity to ascertain whence the N2O came and which were the controlling factors on the basis of 1315 soil N2O observations from 74 peer‐reviewed articles. The average N2O emission derived from nitrification (N2On) was higher than that from denitrification (N2Od) worldwide. The ratios of nitrification‐derived N2O to denitrification‐derived N2O, hereof N2On:N2Od, exhibited large variations across terrestrial ecosystems. Although soil carbon and nitrogen content, pH, moisture, and clay content accounted for a part of the geographical variations in the N2On:N2Od ratio, ammonia‐oxidizing microorganisms (AOM):denitrifier ratio was the pivotal driver for the N2On:N2Od ratios, since the AOM:denitrfier ratio accounted for 53.7% of geographical variations in N2On:N2Od ratios. Compared with natural ecosystems, soil pH exerted a more remarkable role to dictate the N2On:N2Od ratio in croplands. This study emphasizes the vital role of functional soil microorganisms in geographical variations of N2On:N2Od ratio and lays the foundation for the incorporation of soil AOM:denitrfier ratio into models to better predict N2On:N2Od ratio. Identifying soil N2O derivation will provide a global potential benchmark for N2O mitigation by manipulating the nitrification or denitrification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]