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Background: The resistance to endocrine therapy can lead to recurrence and metastasis of breast cancer (BC), affecting the survival period. Tiaogan Bushen Xiaoji (TGBSXJ) Formula, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) decoction, has been widely used in the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) BC. However, the underlying mechanism of TGBSXJ Formula in ER+BC treatment has not been totally elucidated. Methods: Network pharmacology (NP) and RNA sequencing were used to predict the candidate ingredients and explore the potential targets of TGBSXJ Formula. Then, the results of NP and RNA sequencing were investigated by in vitro experiments. Results: Active ingredients of TGBSXJ Formula mainly included Mangiferin, Rutin, Anemarrhena asphodeloides saponin BII, Ganoderic acid A and Acacetin, etc. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was created based on the active ingredients of TGBSXJ Formula and target genes of ER+ BC, in which TGF-β, MMP2 and SMAD3 were defined as the hub genes. In vitro experiments showed that TGBSXJ Formula significantly inhibited the viability, colony ability and migration of ER+ BC cells, and significantly increased the sensitivity to TAM. Western blot analysis showed that TGBSXJ Formula significantly downregulated TGF-β, E-cadherin, MMP2, MMP9, N-cadherin, p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 in ER+ BC cells. Conclusion: TGBSXJ Formula increases the sensitivity of ER+ BC cells to TAM by inhibiting the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C15H13ClN2O3, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 4.9709(11) Å, b = 31.691(7) Å, c = 8.512(2) Å, β = 92.376(4)°, V = 1339.8(5) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt (F) = 0.0559, wRref (F 2) = 0.1676, T = 296(2) K.

C16H15ClN2O3, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 4.9561(17) Å, b = 31.458(11) Å, c = 9.764(3) Å, β = 93.581(6)°, V = 1519.3(9) Å3, Z = 4, R gt(F) = 0.0497, wR ref(F 2) = 0.1359, T = 296(2) K.

Poor conductivity and low catalytic activity of NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) limit its application as an electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In this work, heterostructure along with oxygen vacancy and amorphous structure, which is available to the enhancement of catalytic activity were introduced in the surface of NiFe-LDH by Co and W codoping using hydrothermal method. The overpotential of OER at 50 mA cm−2 is decreased from 304 mV of NiFe-LDH to 263 mV of W 0.5 Co 0.5 @NiFe-LDH. Moreover, the existence of W6+ species in LDH can significantly improve the electrochemical kinetics of OER as well as the stability of catalyst. This work provides a new strategy to induce active sites in the surface as well as inhibit the formation of defects in the bulk so as to enhance the catalytic activity and still maintain the stability nature of catalysts. Oxygen defects and amorphous structure are introduced by Co and W codoping in the surface of NiFe-LDH using hydrothermal method, which is available to enhance the catalytic performance for OER. [Display omitted] • Co and W elements are successfully co-dopped in the surface of NiFe-LDH by hydrothermal method. • Oxygen vacancies and amorphous structure are generated in NiFe-LDH by CoW surface codoping. • Multiple phase heterostructure in NiFeCoW-LDH enhances the oxidation ability of active sites. • The optimized W 0.5 Co 0.5 @NiFe-LDH presents a low overpotential of 263 mV at 50 mA cm−2 for OER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]