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This study investigated the effectiveness of an 8-month Team Building through Physical Challenges (TBPC; Glover & Midura, 1992) program on the self-perceptions and perceived social regard of middle school physical education students (N = 1802). Data were analyzed using multilevel analyses where midpoint and final evaluations were conducted separately. Results revealed that at the midpoint evaluation, students in the experimental and control conditions were not different on any of the subscales assessed. At the end of the program, students in the experimental condition, compared with those in the control condition, showed significantly higher scores on 6 of the 10 subscales assessed and the effect sizes were medium to very large. The findings support the effectiveness of the TBPC program in creating positive psychological outcomes for students in a field-based setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined how goal conflict influences the pattern of the moderating effects of intention stability on the intention-behavior relations in the context of physical activity participation. A longitudinal study of 136 young adult students with three waves of data collection (a 2-week interval between waves) was conducted. Results showed a significant three-way interaction among intention, goal conflict,& intention stability in explaining vigorous-intensity physical activity (Beta = -.25, p < .05). Consistent with our expectation, the pattern of the three-way interaction revealed that when the level of goal conflict was low, the intention-behavior relations were stronger with stable intentions and weaker with unstable intentions. However, when the level of goal conflict was high, the intention-behavior relations were weaker with stable intentions and stronger with unstable intentions. Possible underlying processes of goal conflict and intention stability on the intention-behavior relations are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many randomized trials in the treatment of bone metastases have reported that radiotherapy reduces bone pain and decreases analgesic consumption. However, reporting of other pain-related functional outcomes has been sparse. The primary objective of this study was to prospectively determine changes in pain intensity and its functional interference following palliative radiotherapy for painful bone metastases. Materials and Methods: Patients with symptomatic bone metastases treated with palliative radiotherapy from May 2003 to June 2005 were followed with the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) at baseline, 1, 2, and 3 months after the delivery of radiotherapy. Radiotherapy outcome was assessed using the International Bone Metastases Consensus response definitions. Results: One hundred and ninety-nine patients were treated with palliative radiotherapy. All three pain scores and seven functional interference items at two months showed a significant improvement compared to the baseline. Complete, partial and overall response rates of the 101 patients who completed the BPI assessment at two months were 21%, 45% and 66%, respectively. Conclusions: External beam radiation therapy was found to be effective in palliating pain from bone metastases and reducing pain-related functional interference. Incorporating functional interference outcomes in future clinical trials may improve the assessment of meaningful treatment effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric reduction (TCRF), a minimally invasive procedure, has been used to treat tongue base obstruction in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS). An adjunctive method was objectively evaluated.Method: A prospective, nonrandomized clinical study was undertaken on 20 consecutive OSAS patients with isolated tongue base obstruction. Under local anesthesia, multiple lesions of the ventral tongue (genioglossus insertion) and dorsal tongue were given at each treatment session. A visual analog scale was used to assess changes in speech and swallowing. Polysomnography and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were used to assess outcome. Patients were maintained on nasal continuous positive airway pressure after each treatment.Results: Patients received a mean 4.6 +/- 0.6 treatments for a mean total of 7915 +/- 1152 joules. There was no significant change in speech or swallowing at 3 months after completion of treatment. Patients reported a significant decrease in sleepiness with a mean change in ESS from 12.4 +/- 2.9 to 7.3 +/- 3.0 (P < 0.001). Mean apnea/hypopnea index decreased from 35.1 +/- 18.1 to 15.1 +/- 17.4 (P < 0.001). Transient mild to moderate pain and swelling occurred after each treatment. There were no significant complications (ulceration, paresthesia, infection).Conclusion: TCRF can successfully treat the OSAS patient with tongue base obstruction. Combined treatment of the ventral (genioglossus insertion) and dorsal tongue appears safe and may improve outcome with less total energy when compared with traditional dorsal-only applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Our goal was to evaluate the long-term outcomes of temperature-controlled radiofrequency reduction of the tongue base in sleep-disordered breathing.Methods: The 18 patients from our initial pilot study were reevaluated. Clinical examinations, polysomnography (PSG), questionnaires, visual analog scales, and a comparative SF-36 were used to assess long-term outcomes.Results: Sixteen of the original 18 patients completed this study; 2 patients were lost to follow-up. The mean follow-up was 28 months. There was a mean weight increase of 3.1 +/- 7.9 kg. The original pretreatment Respiratory Disturbance Index (RDI) was a mean of 39.5 with a mean mean oxygen saturation nadir (LSAT) of 81.9%, and the posttreatment RDI was a mean of 17.8 with a mean LSAT of 88.3%. Follow-up PSG data showed a persistent improvement of the mean Apnea Index compared with pretreatment (5.4 vs 22.1) without significant changes compared with posttreatment (4.1). However, there were changes in the follow-up Hypopnea Index (HI) of 22.9 compared with the pretreatment and posttreatment HI values of 17.4 and 13.6, respectively. This resulted in a relapse of the RDI from a posttreatment value of 17.8 to 28.7. The LSAT also worsened from 88.3% to 85.8%. However, there was no significant deterioration in the quality-of-life measurements by SF-36 or in daytime sleepiness by Epworth Sleepiness Scale.Conclusion: The success of temperature-controlled radiofrequency tongue base reduction for sleep-disordered breathing may reduce with time. PSG demonstrated that long-term relapse is primarily reflected in the HI without significant detrimental effects on the patient's quality of life (SF-36) and sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale). Continual evaluation of this treatment modality is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the airway dimension of simple snorers and subjects with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in a Far-East Asian population (Chinese). Study Design: Prospective study of 117 near-consecutive patients evaluated for snoring and possible OSA from January 1998 to December 1998 in a sleep laboratory. Overnight polysomnography (PSG) was performed on all patients and the sleep parameters, including respiratory disturbance index (RDI), snoring index, minimal oxygen saturation (min O2), percentage of slow wave sleep (SWS), and rapid eye movement (REM) were recorded. Three-dimensional computerized tomography (CT) during awake periods was performed. The anteroposterior (AP) and the lateral distance of the retropalatal (RP) region in the oropharynx, the smallest area of RP, and retroglossal (RG) regions, and the total volume of the oropharynx were measured. Result: Ninety-eight patients were diagnosed with OSA (mean RDI, 41.48 +/- 26.45 events per hour; min O2, 72.82 +/- 12.86%), whereas 19 were simple snorers. The AP and the lateral distance of the RP region, as well as the smallest area of the RP region, are significantly smaller in subjects with OSA. However, no differences in the RG region and the total volume of the oropharynx were found between the two groups. Linear regression analysis demonstrated that the lateral dimension and the smallest RP area in overweight subjects inversely correlated with the RDI, but only the AP dimension of the RP area was found to have an inverse correlation with the RDI in the underweight subjects. Conclusion: In Far-East Asians (Chinese), the RP airway was found to be the primary site of narrowing in subjects with OSA, and the narrowest RP area was inversely correlated with RDI. Furthermore, weight may influence the pattern of RP narrowing by contributing to lateral collapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is a jaw cyst with a proclivity for local invasion and recurrence. This 20-year retrospective study was conducted to evaluate methods of treatment and recurrence rates. Forty-nine patients were identified with an average age at presentation of 39.5 years. The molar region of either the mandible or maxilla was the principal primary location; the maxillary antrum was also a common site. The majority of cysts were unilocular and associated with adjacent dentition. Initial therapy was typically enucleation with or without extraction of associated teeth; seven cases of recurrent or second primary odontogenic keratocysts required more extensive surgery. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 15 years with an average duration of 4.3 years. The overall recurrence rate was 35%, and the average time to recurrence 4 years. A recurrence rate of 60% was documented for patients with basal cell nevus syndrome or a family history thereof. Long-term follow-up is necessary following initial OKC treatment. The high rate of recurrence in patients with documented or suspected basal cell nevus syndrome suggests the need for more aggressive initial surgical management in this selected patient population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypermutation and malignant transformation are potential complications arising from temozolomide treatment of IDH-mutant gliomas. However, the natural history of IDH-mutant low-grade gliomas without temozolomide treatment is actually under-studied. We retrieved retrospectively from our hospitals paired tumors from 19 patients with IDH-mutant, 1p19q non-codeleted Grade 2 astrocytomas where no interim adjuvant treatment with either temozolomide or radiotherapy was given between primary resections and first recurrences. Tissues from multiple recurrences were available from two patients and radiotherapy but not temozolomide was given before the last specimens were resected. We studied the natural molecular history of these low-grade IDH-mutant astrocytomas without pressure of temozolomide with DNA methylation profiling and copy number variation (CNV) analyses, targeted DNA sequencing, TERTp sequencing, FISH for ALT and selected biomarkers. Recurrences were mostly higher grades (15/19 patients) and characterized by new CNVs not present in the primary tumors (17/19 cases). Few novel mutations were identified in recurrences. Tumors from 17/19 (89.5%) patients showed either CDKN2A homozygous deletion, MYC or PDGFRA focal and non-focal gains at recurrences. There was no case of hypermutation. Phylogenetic trees constructed for tumors for the two patients with multiple recurrences suggested a lack of subclone development in their evolution when under no pressure from temozolomide. In summary, our studies demonstrated, in contrast to the phenomenon of temozolomide-induced hypermutation, IDH-mutant, 1p19q non-codeleted Grade 2 astrocytomas which had not been treated by temozolomide, acquired new CNVs at tumor recurrences. These findings improve our understanding of the molecular life history of IDH-mutant astrocytomas., (© 2024 The Author(s). Brain Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Neuropathology.)

The unique strain distribution on the surface of a Pd icosahedral nanocrystal is leveraged to control the sites for oxidation and reduction involved in the galvanic replacement reaction. Specifically, Pd is oxidized and dissolved from the center of each {111} facet due to its tensile strain, while the Pt(II) precursor adsorbs onto the vertices and edges featuring a compressive strain, followed by surface reduction and conformal deposition of the Pt atoms. Once the galvanic reaction is initiated, the {111} facets become more vulnerable to oxidation and dissolution, as the vertices and edges are protected by the deposited Pt atoms. The site-selected galvanic reaction naturally results in the formation of Pt icosahedral nanoframes covered by compressively strained {111} facets, which show enhanced catalytic activity and durability toward oxygen reduction relative to commercial Pt/C.

Controlling the polymorphism of metal nanocrystals is a promising strategy for enhancing properties and discovering new phenomena. However, previous studies on Rh nanocrystals have focused on their thermodynamically stable face-centered-cubic (fcc) phase. Herein, a facile synthesis of Rh-based nanocrystals featuring the metastable hexagonal close-packed (hcp) phase is reported by using Ru seeds in their native hcp phase to template the deposition of Rh atoms. The success of such phase-controlled synthesis relies on the templating effect promoted by the small lattice mismatch between Ru and Rh and the slow dropwise titration of the precursor at an elevated temperature, ensuring the layer-by-layer growth mode and thus the formation of a conformal hcp-Rh shell. Faster injection rate of Rh(III) precursor leads to the formation of a rough Rh shell in the conventional fcc phase due to accelerated reaction kinetics. Considering both thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of this system, the hcp-Rh phase is favored when the low surface energy from smooth overlayers balances the high bulk energy of the metastable phase, achieved through tight control of reaction rates and deposition patterns. These Ru hcp @Rh hcp core-shell nanocrystals demonstrate thermal stability up to 400 °C, while exhibiting higher catalytic activity toward ethanol oxidation reaction compared to Ru hcp @Rh fcc counterparts., (© 2024 The Author(s). Small Methods published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

The retina plays a crucial role in processing and decoding visual information, both in normal development and during myopia progression. Recent advancements have introduced a library-independent approach for data-independent acquisition (DIA) analyses. This study demonstrates deep proteome identification and quantification in individual mice retinas during myopia development, with an average of 6,263 ± 86 unique protein groups. We anticipate that the use of a predicted retinal-specific spectral library combined with the robust quantification achieved within this dataset will contribute to a better understanding of the proteome complexity. Furthermore, a comprehensive mice retinal-specific spectral library was generated, encompassing a total identification of 9,401 protein groups, 70,041 peptides, 95,339 precursors, and 761,868 transitions acquired using SWATH-MS acquisition on a ZenoTOF 7600 mass spectrometer. This dataset surpasses the spectral library generated through high-pH reversed-phase fractionation by data-dependent acquisition (DDA). The data is available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD046983. It will also serve as an indispensable reference for investigations in myopia research and other retinal or neurological diseases., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Following cesarean section, a significant number of women encounter moderate to severe pain. Inadequate management of acute pain post-cesarean section can have far-reaching implications, adversely impacting maternal emotional well-being, daily activities, breastfeeding, and neonatal care. It may also impede maternal organ function recovery, leading to escalated opioid usage, heightened risk of postpartum depression, and the development of chronic postoperative pain. Both the Chinese Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) guidelines and the American ERAS Society guidelines consistently advocate for the adoption of multimodal analgesia protocols in post-cesarean section pain management. Esketamine, functioning as an antagonist of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor, has been validated for pain management in surgical patients and has exhibited effectiveness in depression treatment. Research has suggested that incorporating esketamine into postoperative pain management via pain pumps can lead to improvements in short-term depression and pain outcomes. This study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of administering a single dose of esketamine during cesarean section., Aim: To investigate the effect of intraoperative injection of esketamine on postoperative analgesia and postoperative rehabilitation after cesarean section., Methods: A total of 315 women undergoing elective cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia were randomized into three groups: low-dose esketamine (0.15 mg/kg), high-dose esketamine (0.25 mg/kg), and control (saline). Postoperative Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores were recorded at 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours. Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) scores were noted on 2 days, 7 days and 42 days. Ramsay sedation scores were assessed at specified intervals post-injection. Postoperative adverse reactions were also recorded., Results: Low-dose group and high-dose group compared to control group, had significantly lower postoperative VAS pain scores at 6 hours 12 hours, and 24 hours ( P < 0.05), with reduced analgesic usage ( P < 0.05). EPDS scores and postpartum depression rates were significantly lower on 2 days and 7 days ( P < 0.05). No significant differences in first exhaust and defecation times were observed ( P > 0.05), but ambulation times were shorter ( P < 0.05). Ramsay scores were higher at 5 minutes, 15 minutes, and upon room exit ( P < 0.05). Low-dose group and high-dose group had higher incidences of hallucination, lethargy, and diplopia within 2 hours ( P < 0.05), and with low-dose group had lower incidences of hallucination, lethargy, and diplopia than high-dose group ( P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Esketamine enhances analgesia and postpartum recovery; a 0.15 mg/kg dose is optimal for cesarean sections, balancing efficacy with minimized adverse effects., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: There is no conflict of interest in this study, and all copyrights and intellectual property rights are relatively clear and have no disputes., (©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

The cyclization of heteroatom-functionalized alkynes induced by d 6 -transition-metal centers has traditionally been associated with the vinylidene pathway. However, recent evidence suggests that d 6 -transition-metal centers can also activate alkynes through non-vinylidene pathways. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive experimental and theoretical investigation into the reactions between the Ru(II) complex [Ru([9]aneS3)(bpy)(OH 2 )] 2+ and 2-alkynylanilines. Our study revealed that the selectivity between the vinylidene and non-vinylidene pathways can be tuned by reaction temperature, substrate, and solvent polarity. This strategic control allows for the preferential formation of either C2- or C3-metalated indole zwitterion complexes. Additionally, we identified a rare decyclization mechanism that enables the conversion of C2-metalated indoles to C3-metalated indoles, underscoring the significance of product stability in these pathways. Overall, this work demonstrates practical approaches to control the preference between vinylidene and non-vinylidene pathways, which is crucial for the design of new catalysts and metalated heterocyclic complexes., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The vitreous humor (VH) is a transparent gelatin-like substance that occupies two-thirds of the eyeball and undergoes the most significant changes during eye elongation. Quantitative proteomics on the normal growth period in the VH could provide new insights into understanding its progression mechanism in the early stages of myopia. In this study, a data-independent acquisition (SWATH-MS) was combined with targeted LC-ESI-MS/MS to identify and quantify the relative protein changes in the vitreous during the normal growth period (4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days old) in the chick model. Chicks were raised under normal growing conditions (12/12 h Dark/light cycle) for 28 days, where ocular measurements, including refractive and biometric measurements, were performed on days 4 (baseline), 7, 14, 21 and 28 ( n = 6 chicks at each time point). Extracted vitreous proteins from individual animals were digested and pooled into a left eye pool and a right pool at each time point for protein analysis. The vitreous proteome for chicks was generated using an information-dependent acquisition (IDA) method by combining injections from individual time points. Using individual pool samples, SWATH-MS was employed to quantify proteins between each time point. DEPs were subsequently confirmed in separate batches of animals individually on random eyes ( n = 4) using MRMHR between day 7 and day 14. Refraction and vitreous chamber depth (VCD) were found to be significantly changed ( p < 0.05, n = 6 at each time point) during the period. A comprehensive vitreous protein ion library was built with 1576 non-redundant proteins (22987 distinct peptides) identified at a 1% false discovery rate (FDR). A total of 12 up-regulated and 26 down-regulated proteins were found across all time points compared to day 7 using SWATH-MS. Several DEPs, such as alpha-fetoprotein, the cadherin family group, neurocan, and reelin, involved in structural and growth-related pathways, were validated for the first time using MRMHR under this experimental condition. This study provided the first comprehensive spectral library of the vitreous for chicks during normal growth as well as a list of potential growth-related protein biomarker candidates using SWATH-MS and MRMHR during the emmetropization period.

Ageism remains an obstacle to building an age-friendly environment. Although the rise of ageist microaggressions (i.e., subtle discrimination) threatens older adults from maintaining well-being, the mechanism of ageist microaggressions remains understudied. The present study examined ageist microaggressions using a transactional model. Specifically, we examined whether ageing and death anxieties contribute to self-ageism and influence benevolent and hostile ageism. These ageist beliefs might lead to benevolent and hostile ageist microaggressions, respectively. Cross-sectional data from 214 Hong Kong middle-aged adults ( M age   = 50.97) were obtained. The results from a structural equation model revealed that ageing anxiety, but not death anxiety, was a significant predictor of self-ageism, hostile ageism, and hostile ageist microaggressions. A revised model further suggested that benevolent and hostile ageism were predictive of hostile ageist microaggressions. The results highlight the importance of defying the conventional perception of ageing to reduce ageing anxiety, ageism and ageist microaggressions for an age-friendly society., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.